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This book is dedicated to my wife, Bee.
Contents
Foreword, xi
Preface, xiii
Acknowledgments, xxi
Editor, xxiii
Contributors, xxv
Section i Introduction
chapter 1 ◾ Graphene-Enabled Wireless Nanoscale Networking Communications in the Terahertz Band 3
Sergi abadal, JoSep Solé-pareta, eduard alarcón, and albert cabelloS-aparicio
chapter 2 ◾ Graphene-Based Antenna Design for Communications in the Terahertz Band 25
Sergi abadal, Seyed ehSan hoSSeinineJad, M ax leMMe, peter haring bolivar, JoSep Solé-pareta, eduard alarcón, and albert cabelloS-aparicio
Sergi abadal, chriStoS lia SkoS, andrea S pitSillideS, va SoS va SSiliou, JoSep Solé-pareta, albert cabelloS-aparicio, and eduard alarcón
Section ii Nanoscale, Molecular Networking Communications
chapter 4 ◾ Channel Modeling for Nanoscale Communications and Networking 71
ke yang, rui Zhang, Qa MMer h abba Si, and akra M aloM ainy
chapter 5 ◾ Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for Nanoscale Communications and Networking 101 v. MuSa, g piro, p bia, l a grieco, d caratelli, l. MeScia, and g boggia
Sergi abadal, x avier tiMoneda, JoSep Solé-pareta, eduard alarcón, albert cabelloS-aparicio, anna ta Sola Mprou, odySSea S tSilipakoS, chriStoS lia SkoS, M aria k afeSaki, eleftherioS n econoMou, coSta S SoukouliS, alexandroS pitilakiS, nikolaoS v k antartZiS, Moha MM ad SaJJad Mir MooSa, fu liu, and Sergei tretyakov
chapter 7 ◾ Synchronization for Molecular Communications and Nanonetworking 151
ethungShan Shitiri and ho -Shin cho
chapter 8 ◾ Multiple Access Control Strategies for Nanoscale Communications and Networking 167
fabriZio granelli, criStina coSta, and riccardo ba SSoli
chapter 9 ◾ Media Access Control for Nanoscale Communications and Networking 185
Sergi abadal, JoSep Solé-pareta, eduard alarcón, and albert cabelloS-aparicio
chapter 10 ◾ Signal Processing for Nanoscale Communication and Networking 201
hoSSein MooSavi and franciS M. bui
Section iii Molecular Nanoscale Communication and Networking of Bio-Inspired Information and Communications Technologies
chapter 11 ◾ Communication Between Living and Nonliving Systems 213
uche k chude- okonkwo, b t. M aharaJ, re Z a M alekian, and a v va SilakoS
chapter 12 ◾ Molecular Communication and Cellular Signaling from an Information-Theory Perspective 235
kevin r pilkiewicZ, pratip r ana, Michael l. M ayo, and preeta M ghoSh
chapter 13
◾ Design and Applications of Optical Near-Field Antenna Networks for Nanoscale Biomolecular Information 259 hongki lee, hyunwoong lee, gwiyeong Moon, and donghyun kiM
chapter 14 ◾ Basis of Pharmaceutical Formulation
Shahna Z uSM an, k aryM an ahMed fawZ y, r ayiSa beevi, and anab uSM an
281
chapter 15 ◾ Droplet-Based Microfluidics: Communications and Networking 321 werner ha SelM ayr, andrea Z anella, and giacoMo Morabito
Section iv Advances in Nanoscale Networking-Communications Research and Development
chapter 16 ◾ Nanostructure-Enabled High-Performance Silicon-Based Photodiodes for Future Data-Communication Networks 349 hilal canSiZoglu, ceSar bartolo pere Z, Jun gou, and M. Saif iSla M
chapter 17 ◾ Nanoscale Materials and Devices for Future Communication Networks 379
Miao Sun, Moha MM ad taha, SuMeet walia, M adhu bha Skaran, Sharath Srira M, willia M Shieh, and r anJith r aJa Sekharan unnithan
chapter 18 ◾ Microwave-Absorbing Properties of Single- and Multilayer Materials: Microwave-Heating Mechanism and Theory of Material–Microwave Interaction 411 yuk Sel akinay
chapter 19 ◾ Dynamic Mechanical and Fibrillation Behaviors of Nanofibers of LCP/PET Blended Droplets by Repeated Extrusion 425 han-yong Jeon
chapter 20 ◾ Nanoscale Wireless Communications as Enablers of Massive Manycore Architectures 437
Sergi abadal, JoSep Solé-pareta, eduard alarcón, and albert cabelloS-aparicio
Section v Appendices
APPENDIX A, 471
APPENDIX B, 475
APPENDIX C, 479
APPENDIX D, 481
INDEX, 487
Foreword
After a quarter century of nanoscience research and development, nanotechnologies are starting to improve products and services in many industry sectors, including information technology, medical technology and treatment methods, transportation efficiency and safety, energy production and distribution, environmental management, and even nanodrops in eye-drop solutions.
Nanotechnology has contributed to advances in computing and electronics, which will result in faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of data. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory demonstrated a 1-nm transistor in 2016, and with the deployment of magnetic random access memory (MRAM), computers will boot almost instantly. In addition, ultra-high definition displays that use quantum dots to produce incredibly vibrant colors are more energy efficient.
For nanotechnologies to reach their full potential, they must be networkable and capable of communicating. This book addresses the methods and technology to create and manage nanoscale networks and communications. This effort has all the challenges of networking and communications technology that we rely on every day in our relatively giantsized world. The design of the nanomachines necessary to enable nanoscale networking is addressed in both the nanomaterial- and biological-based nanomachine realms of networking and communications.
Nanomachines will have their place in the Internet of Things, and that will require signal propagation and processing and synchronization, as well as switching and routing, which are covered in this book. Communication across different scales of technology such as nano-to-micro and micro-to-nano is also covered, along with communications between living and nonliving systems.
The potential future of nanotechnology is as fascinating as it is amazing; that is, if the world’s regimes decide not to use their nuclear arsenals to demonstrate their machismo, realms like quantum entanglement photon swapping, nanoscale photon detectors, quantum dot networks, and, especially, quantum nanorobotics will take us where no geek or geekess has ever gone before.
Michael Erbschloe Information Security Consultant
Preface
SCOPE OF COVERAGE
This comprehensive handbook serves as a professional reference, as well as a practitioner’s guide to today’s most complete and concise view of nanoscale networking and communications. It offers in-depth coverage of nanoscale networking and communications theory, technology, and practice as they relate to established technologies, as well as recent advancements. It explores practical solutions to a wide range of nanoscale networking and communications issues. Individual chapters are authored by leading experts in the field and address the immediate and long-term challenges in the authors’ respective areas of expertise.
The primary audience for this handbook consists of: engineers/scientists interested in monitoring and analyzing specific measurable nanoscale networking and communications environments, which may include anything from intrabody wireless nanosensor networks for advanced health monitoring systems to terabit wireless network-on-chip for ultra-high-performance computer architectures; professionals in nanoscale networking and communications and related areas interested in a cutting-edge research field, at the intersection of nanotechnologies and information and communication technologies; other individuals with an interest in using nanoscale networking and communications to understand specific environments; undergraduates, graduates, academia, government, and industry; anyone seeking to exploit the benefits of nanoscale networking and communications technologies, including assessing the architectures, components, operation, and tools of nanoscale and quantum computing; and anyone involved in the technology aspects of nanoscale networking and communications who has knowledge at the level of the introduction to nanoscale computing or equivalent experience. This comprehensive reference and practitioner’s guide will also be of value to students in upper-division undergraduate and graduate-level courses in nanoscale networking and communications.
ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK
The book is organized into four sections composed of 20 contributed chapters by leading experts in their fields, as well as four appendices, including an extensive glossary of nanoscale networking and communications terms and acronyms, as follows:
Section I: Introduction
Section I discusses graphene-enabled wireless nanoscale networking communications in the terahertz band, as well as graphene-based antenna design for communications in the
terahertz band. It also covers terahertz programmable metasurfaces: networks inside networks. For instance:
Chapter 1, “Graphene-Enabled Wireless Nanoscale Networking Communications in the Terahertz Band,” sets the stage for the rest of the book, by revisiting the background and current design trends. Then, it describes a theoretical framework that aims to enable the systematic evaluation of the unique features of graphene antennas in a THz link, including the peculiarities of the THz wireless channel. The methodology is exemplified in a simple use case of indoor communications, and its relevance is discussed in the context of advanced protocols at the physical and link layers of design.
Chapter 2 , “Graphene-Based Antenna Design for Communications in the Terahertz Band,” provides a detailed description of the state of the art of graphene-based antennas for terahertz band communications, by depicting current design trends, outlining the theoretical foundations behind them, and evaluating a representative set of implementations. The qualitative comparison made in this chapter may, in the future, guide the design of antennas for area-constrained applications, depending on their specific requirements in terms of miniaturization, functional reconfigurability, and efficiency.
Chapter 3, “Terahertz Programmable Metasurfaces: Networks Inside Networks,” focuses on the communication requirements and implementation constraints of the controller network within the metasurface. Guidelines for the design of appropriate wired and wireless solutions are extracted from the analysis, paving the way to the realization of programmable terahertz metasurfaces. In other words, this chapter focuses on the challenge of designing nanonetworks for internal software-defined metamaterials (SDM) communication.
Section II covers channel modeling for nanoscale communications and networking, as well as channel modeling and capacity analysis for nanoscale communications and networking. In addition, the section also covers nanoscale channel modeling in highly integrated computing packages, synchronization for molecular communications and nanonetworking, multiple access control strategies for nanoscale communications and networking, media access control for nanoscale communications and networking, and signal processing for nanoscale communication and networking. For instance:
Chapter 4 , “Channel Modeling for Nanoscale Communications and Networking,” presents and analyzes the development of an interference model, utilizing time spread onoff keying (TS-OOK) as a communication scheme of the THz communication channel inside the human body, as well as the probability distribution of signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SINR) for THz communication within different human tissues such as the blood, skin, and fat. In addition, this chapter evaluates performance degradation by investigating the mean values of SINR under different node densities in the area and the probability of transmitting pulses. The chapter concludes that the interference restrains the achievable communication distance to approximately 1 mm and a more specific range that depends on the particular transmission circumstance. The results presented in this chapter also show that by controlling the pulse transmission probability and node density, the system performance can be ameliorated.
Chapter 5, “Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for Nanoscale Communications and Networking,” aims to investigate physical transmission rates and communication ranges reachable in human tissues, starting from the formulation of a sophisticated channel model that takes into account the frequency and spatial dependence of the skin permittivity. Next, the chapter presents the channel model formulated for the stratified media stack describing human tissues. In addition, it describes the investigated transmission techniques. The chapter also discusses the SNR measured in the frequency domain and illustrates physical transmission rates and communication ranges achievable in human tissues as a function of transmission techniques, distance, and position of both transmitter and receiver.
Chapter 6, “Nanoscale Channel Modeling in Highly Integrated Computing Packages,” reviews recent efforts that, with the aim of bridging this gap, identify possible propagation paths, define modeling and simulation methodologies, and provide first frequencydomain evaluations of the nanoscale wireless channels within computing packages. In this chapter, the authors also lay down the fundamentals of channel modeling in highly integrated environments. They then review the computer package environments, both in the wireless network-on-chip (WNoC) and SDM, by taking into full consideration realistic chip or system packages and the potential antenna placement. Then, the authors perform a frequency-domain study of the wireless channel within a set of computing packages relevant to both scenarios. They also show that by deriving communication metrics from the channel exploration, architects can accurately estimate the performance and cost of future nanoscale wireless communications in highly integrated computing packages. Finally, the authors provide a summary of results and an outlook of this research field.
Chapter 7, “Synchronization for Molecular Communications and Nanonetworking,” delves into the problem of synchronization in molecular communication systems and networks. The authors emphasize that the synchronization purpose is twofold—to perform coordinate actions among a network of nanomachines and to provide the correct sampling time for data detection. The naturally available biological oscillators can be valid tools to achieve the coordinated actions, as the oscillations can be used to approximate the clock signals. They have also seen that extending the conventional synchronization concepts tuned to adapt to the unique challenges in molecular communication allows these concepts to be valid tools for symbol synchronization and data detection.
Chapter 8, “Multiple Access Control Strategies for Nanoscale Communications and Networking,” reviews the existing well-known approaches to medium access control (MAC) strategies, outlining their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their expected performance. The next section in the chapter provides a vision of existing approaches in today’s networks, in order to better understand the background knowledge on MAC. Other sections address two technological scenarios and the respective MAC solutions existing in the literature: nanoscale communications and molecular communications. Then, the chapter introduces nanoscale communications in the terahertz band and surveys the available MAC strategies for such a scenario. In addition, the chapter introduces the concept of bio-nanocommunications, while presenting proposed techniques for MAC, with their pros and cons. Furthermore, the chapter lists the main simulators for nano- and biocommunications, which are currently available in the research community for experimentation. Finally,
the chapter briefly discusses the integration between nano- and molecular communications within the Internet, in the so-called internet of bio-nano things (IoBNT).
Chapter 9, “Media Access Control for Nanoscale Communications and Networking,” reviews the problem of MAC for nanoscale communication networks. In essence, the authors provide a brief overview of the main characteristics of different nanonetwork contexts and analyze how they affect the design of appropriate methods at the MAC level. They set the focus on three representative scenarios: First, the authors examine electromagnetic (EM) nanonetworks in the terahertz (THz) band, which is seen as an extremely downscaled version of personal area networks (PANs) or wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Next, the authors analyze EM nanonetworks located within computing packages. Then, they delve into the biocompatible molecular communications scenario. Finally, the authors summarize the main conclusions of the analysis and provide a brief outlook of future perspectives.
Chapter 10, “Signal Processing for Nanoscale Communication and Networking,” reviews the theoretical frameworks for the neural communication in manmade nanonetworks. More specifically, the authors give an overview and identify the deficiencies of the existing solutions in the following areas: neural compartments relevant to the signaling aspects of neurons, communication system models for neural communication, and the motivation and justification for novel research efforts in signal processing for neural communication. The remainder of the chapter is organized as follows: reviews of the latest developments in computational neuromodeling and an overview of system models for neural communication.
Section III: Molecular Nanoscale Communication and Networking of Bio-Inspired Information and Communications Technologies
Section III discusses the communication between living and nonliving systems, as well as the molecular communication and cellular signaling from an information-theory perspective. Next, the section explains the design and applications of optical near-field antenna networks for nanoscale biomolecular information, the basis of pharmaceutical formulation, and the droplet-based microfluidics: communications and networking. For instance: Chapter 11, “Communication Between Living and Nonliving Systems,” focuses on the fundamentals of establishing communication between living and manmade (nonliving) systems. First, the authors explore the basics and characteristics of communication among living systems. Second, they discuss the communication basics and potentials of communication between living and nonliving systems. Third, the authors present some exemplary application concepts for the living-to-nonliving systems communication. Finally, they highlight issues such as toxicity and biocompatibility, which arise from the introduction of a manmade nonliving system into the microenvironment of the cells.
Chapter 12 , “Molecular Communication and Cellular Signaling from an Information-Theory Perspective,” provides some level of initiation to those interested in using information in the study of biological systems. While we cannot hope that a single chapter will treat the entire breadth of applications that might interest biologists (e.g., this chapter does not even touch upon the use of information theory in understanding the
collective behavior of animals or the self-assembly of supramolecular structures), it uses several exactly solvable examples to help the reader build a functional intuition about how to think about biological systems from an information theoretic perspective and how to avoid making some common errors in the interpretation of information-theory results. Despite the coarseness of some of the assumptions made in the name of computational facility, the examples presented in this chapter are nonetheless reasonable baseline models for the study of certain classes of molecular communication processes. Finally, this chapter demonstrates how even much more complicated signaling scenarios can often be reduced to one of these simpler problems.
Chapter 13, “Design and Applications of Optical Near-Field Antenna Networks for Nanoscale Biomolecular Information,” discusses theoretical backgrounds of a nanoantenna. Performance of various nanoantenna designs and the effects of design parameters on the channel characteristics are also explored in this chapter. Next, the chapter recommends the microwave and radiofrequency (RF) antennas and the optical nanoantennas that may be considered for coupled operations with fluorescent molecules and quantum dots for a broad range of utilities and improved performances. The chapter also explains how the receiver and/or transmitter in a nanoantenna network can be any object, even on a quantum scale, that may absorb or excite photons. Finally, the chapter explains why nanoantennas have emerged as a platform in biomedical imaging and sensing applications.
Chapter 14 , “Basis of Pharmaceutical Formulation,” covers why microcapsules and nanocoating are the two drug-delivery technologies for delivering the drug interleukin-12. Next, the chapter discusses how nanotechnology is currently taking a big place in the pharmaceutical industry, but, along with advantages, it also has disadvantages. This chapter also discusses the research that is being done through the observation of the nanoparticle–biological interface, as well as how to recognize the possible hazards of wangled nanomaterials, along with the discovery of a new experimental design, and the methods that would guide researchers in the development of harmless and more effectual nanoparticles that could be used in a variety of treatments and products. The chapter also explains how nanoparticles can react with proteins, membranes, cells, DNA, and organelles, because of the formation of protein coronas, particle wrapping, intracellular uptake, and biocatalytic processes that result in positive or negative outcomes, owing to the nanoparticles–biological interfaces, which depend on colloidal forces and biophysicochemical interactions. Furthermore, this chapter also analyzes how these interfaces show that the size, shape, surface chemistry, roughness, and surface coatings of nanomaterials play an important role in the development of prognostic relationships between structure and activity. Finally, the chapter discusses why knowledge about the interface is important for getting a better understanding about the interrelationship between the intracellular activity and the function of designed and built nanomaterials, which is essential for the development of nanoparticle drug-delivery systems.
Chapter 15, “Droplet-Based Microfluidics: Communications and Networking,” introduces the emerging field of microfluidic communications and networking, where tiny volumes of fluids, so-called droplets, are used for communications and/or addressing purposes in microfluidic chips. This chapter starts with the basics of droplet-based microfluidics.
In particular, the authors discuss the analogy between microfluidic and electric circuits and the resistance increase brought by droplets in microfluidic channels. Moreover, they describe different droplet-generation methods, including concepts for the accurate droplet creation at prescribed times, and with a certain size, at a certain distance. Then, the authors discuss different information-encoding schemes for droplet-based microfluidic systems and compare them in terms of encoding/decoding complexity, error performance, and the resulting channel capacity. Furthermore, they characterize the microfluidic communication channel, showing that the noise can be modeled as a Gaussian random variable. This chapter also serves as a basis for switching and addressing in microfluidic networks. Next, the authors introduce the concept of microfluidic networking. After discussing some constraints and the main switching principle, they present single- and multiple-droplet switches that control the path of single or multiple droplets within the network, respectively. Finally, the authors discuss various addressing schemes for a microfluidic bus network, which is a promising network topology, owing to its simplicity, flexibility, and scalability.
Section IV: Advances in Nanoscale Networking-Communications Research and Development
Section IV discusses the nanostructure-enabled high-performance silicon-based photodiodes for future data-communication networks, as well as nanoscale materials and devices for future communication networks. Next, this section covers the microwave-absorbing properties of single- and multilayer materials: microwave-heating mechanism and theory of material–microwave interaction, dynamic mechanical and fibrillation behaviors of nanofibers of LCP/PET blended droplets by repeated extrusion, and nanoscale wireless communications as enablers of massive manycore architectures.
Chapter 16, “Nanostructure-Enabled High-Performance Silicon-Based Photodiodes for Future Data-Communication Networks,” provides a brief description of approaches to realize high-speed and high-efficiency Si-based photodiodes. In this chapter, Si-based photodiodes with innovative light-trapping nanostructures will be introduced for lowcost high-bandwidth links for future communication networks. Next, the chapter presents CMOS-compatible materials (Si, SiGe, and Ge-on-Si), their implementation in high-speed photodiodes, trade-off between speed and efficiency of devices based on Si, and how innovative nanostructures break this trade-off by light trapping. A study that uses rigorous coupled-wave theory is included in this chapter to analyze light trapping by periodic nanostructures. Also, in this chapter, recently demonstrated Si photodiodes for short-reach optical fiber links and Ge-on-Si photodiodes for long-reach optical fiber links are reviewed, and light-trapping and bandwidth-enhancement properties of integrated nanostructures are discussed. Then, Si photodiodes in the avalanche mode, as well as for long-haul optical communication and potential applications in single-photon detectors for quantum communications, are presented in this chapter. Finally, a brief summary is provided to highlight key outcomes, limitations, and integration of high-speed Si photodiodes with nanostructures.
Chapter 17, “Nanoscale Materials and Devices for Future Communication Networks,” reviews the recent research progress in modulator technologies for the future communication technologies in academia and industry. Next, the authors introduce a design of
plasmonic modulators, using vanadium dioxide (VO2) as modulating material, realized on a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer with only a 200 nm × 140 nm modulating section within a 1 µ m × 3 µ m device footprint. Then, they demonstrate a plasmonic bandpass filter integrated with materials exhibiting phase transition, which can be used as a thermally reconfigurable optical switch. In this chapter, the authors first present a plasmonic modulator with only a 200 nm × 140 nm modulating section within a 1 µ m × 3 µ m device footprint, using vanadium oxide as a modulating material by taking advantage of the large refractive index contrast between the semiconductor and metallic phases. Then, they move on to demonstrate a photonic switch using vanadium dioxide as a switching material, with a hexagonal nanohole array structure, with a maximum 37% transmission at the optical communication band. In conclusion, the authors’ work demonstrated in this chapter is one of the many solutions in the world tackling this challenge, which will lay down the foundation for next-generation nanoscale-photonics circuits on a CMOS chip integrated with electronics, in order to handle the internet of things (IoT), big data, machine-learning applications, and cloud computing for 5G and beyond.
Chapter 18 , “Microwave-Absorbing Properties of Single- and Multilayer Materials: Microwave-Heating Mechanism and Theory of Material–Microwave Interaction,” investigates the microwave-absorption properties of single- and multilayer composites, which are based on composite thickness, number of layers, and size of fillers. Next, the other important phenomena, such as polarization and loss mechanism, are also evaluated for microwave-absorption properties. Finally, this chapter also offers experimental data for single- and multilayer composites.
Chapter 19, “Dynamic Mechanical and Fibrillation Behaviors of Nanofibers of LCP/ PET Blended Droplets by Repeated Extrusion,” analyzes the distribution and components of droplets, as well as the miscibility of liquid crystal polymer:polyethylene terephthalate (LCP:PET) blending. Next, the chapter discusses how the droplet-behavior change is supposed to relate with the flow property, miscibility, and surface property of LCP and PET. In this chapter, droplet-behavior change by repeating extrusion a number of times is observed; in that, the process of analysis on blending condition and weight ratio is also observed. In the case of blending, high LCP content is also shown in this chapter; in comparison with PET content and LCP, it becomes a matrix, with PET representing a droplet shape. By repeated extrusion, as shown in this chapter, the LCP:PET blended droplet shows an enlarged droplet size and the PET droplet wraps LCP. Next, the chapter covers the observation of the viscosity difference of two immiscible materials, which is the cause of this phenomenon. Finally, the chapter addresses the blend of two immiscible materials, how the agglomerative phenomenon leads to a reduction of material properties, and how the droplet size correlates with the mechanical properties.
Chapter 20, “Nanoscale Wireless Communications as Enablers of Massive Manycore Architectures,” reviews the state of the art of the field, by focusing on nanoscale technologies for wireless on-chip communication in the millimeter-wave and terahertz bands. The scaling of trends for these interconnects are analyzed in the chapter from the physical, link, and network levels, in order to assess the practicality of the idea in the extremely demanding manycore era.
This chapter reviews the nanonetwork challenges associated with manycore processors, as well as several alternative technologies, and makes the case for wireless on-chip interconnects, which are enabled by emerging nanoscale technologies in the millimeterwave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands. Through different scalability analyses, the authors of this chapter demonstrate the wireless nanoscale interconnects, which are capable of delivering the flexibility and the fast and low-power broadcast capabilities that are required to enable the next generation of manycore processors. Finally, the authors discuss the future prospects in the pathway of actually implementing the vision.
John R. Vacca Managing and Consulting Editor TechWrite Pomeroy, Ohio
Acknowledgments
There are many people whose efforts have contributed to the successful completion of this book. I owe each a debt of gratitude and want to take this opportunity to offer my sincere thanks.
A very special thanks to my executive editor, Rick Adams, without whose continued interest and support I could not make this book possible, and editorial assistant, Jessica Vega, who provided staunch support and encouragement when it was most needed. Thanks to my production editor, Paul Boyd; project manager, John Shannon; and copyeditor, Swati Sharma, whose fine editorial work has been invaluable. Thanks also to my project coordinator, Sherry Thomas, whose efforts on this book have been greatly appreciated. Finally, thanks to all the other people at CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), whose many talents and skills are essential to a finished book.
Thanks to my wife, Bee Vacca, for her love, help, and understanding during my long work hours. Also, a very special thanks to Michael Erbschloe for writing the foreword. Finally, I wish to thank all the following authors who contributed chapters that were necessary for the completion of this book: Sergi Abadal, Josep Solé-Pareta, Eduard Alarcón, Albert Cabellos-Aparicio, Seyed Ehsan Hosseininejad, Max Lemme, Peter Haring Bolivar, Christos Liaskos, Andreas Pitsillides, Vasos Vassiliou, Ke Yang, Rui Zhang, Qammer H. Abbasi, Akram Alomainy, V. Musa, G. Piro, P. Bia, L. A. Grieco, D. Caratelli, L. Mescia, G. Boggia, Xavier Timoneda, Anna Tasolamprou, Odysseas Tsilipakos, Maria Kafesaki, Eleftherios N. Economou, Costas Soukoulis, Alexandros Pitilakis, Nikolaos V. Kantartzis, Mohammad Sajjad Mirmoosa, Fu Liu, Sergei Tretyakov, Ethungshan Shitiri, Ho-Shin Cho, Fabrizio Granelli, Cristina Costa, Riccardo Bassoli, Hossein Moosavi, Francis M. Bui, Uche K. Chude-Okonkwo, A.V. Vasilakos, B. T. Maharaj, Reza Malekian, Preetam Ghosh, Kevin R. Pilkiewicz, Pratip Rana. Michael L. Mayo, Hongki Lee, Hyunwoong Lee, Gwiyeong Moon, Donghyun Kim, Shahnaz Usman, Karyman Ahmed Fawzy, Rayisa Beevi, Anab Usman, Werner Haselmayr, Andrea Zanella, Giacomo Morabito, Hilal Cansizoglu, Cesar Bartolo Perez, Jun Gou, M. Saif Islam, Miao Sun, Mohammad Taha, Sumeet Walia, Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, William Shieh, Ranjith Rajasekharan Unnithan, Yuksel Akinay, and Han-Yong Jeon.
Editor
John R. Vacca is an information technology consultant, professional writer, editor, reviewer, researcher, and internationally known, best-selling author based in Pomeroy, Ohio. Since 1982, John has authored/edited 80 books; some of his most recent books include the following:
• Computer and Information Security Handbook, 3E (Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [June 10, 2017])
• Security in the Private Cloud (Publisher: CRC Press [an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC] [September 1, 2016])
• Cloud Computing Security: Foundations and Challenges (Publisher: CRC Press [an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC] [August 19, 2016])
• Handbook of Sensor Networking: Advanced Technologies and Applications (Publisher: CRC Press [an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC] [January 14, 2015])
• Network and System Security, 2E (Publisher: Syngress [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [September 23, 2013])
• Cyber Security and IT Infrastructure Protection (Publisher: Syngress [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [September 23, 2013])
• Managing Information Security, 2E (Publisher: Syngress [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [September 23, 2013])
• Computer and Information Security Handbook, 2E (Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [May 31, 2013])
• Identity Theft (Cybersafety) (Publisher: Chelsea House Pub [April 1, 2012])
• System Forensics, Investigation, and Response (Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning [September 24, 2010])
• Managing Information Security (Publisher: Syngress [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [March 29, 2010])
• Network and Systems Security (Publisher: Syngress [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [March 29, 2010])
• Computer and Information Security Handbook, 1E (Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann [an imprint of Elsevier Inc.] [June 2, 2009])
• Biometric Technologies and Verification Systems (Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books [March 16, 2007])
He has also authored more than 600 articles in the areas of advanced storage, computer security, and aerospace technology (copies of articles and books are available upon request). John was also a configuration management specialist, computer specialist, and the computer security official (CSO) for NASA’s space station program (Freedom) and the International Space Station Program, from 1988 until his retirement from NASA in 1995. In addition, John is also an independent online book reviewer. Finally, John was one of the security consultants for the MGM movie titled AntiTrust, which was released on January 12, 2001. A detailed copy of his author bio can be viewed at http://www.johnvacca. com. John can be reached at john2164@windstream.net.
Contributors
Sergi Abadal
NaNoNetworking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat)
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Qammer H. Abbasi
School of Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland
Karyman Ahmed Fawzy
RAK Medical and Health Sciences University
Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, Pakistan
Yuksel Akinay
Karabük University
Karabük, Turkey
Eduard Alarcón
NaNoNetworking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat)
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
Akram Alomainy
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science
Queen Mary University of London
London, United Kingdom
Cesar Bartolo Perez University of California Davis, California
Riccardo Bassoli University of Trento Trento, Italy
Rayisa Beevi
RAK Medical and Health Sciences University Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, Pakistan
Madhu Bhaskaran
Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility
RMIT University Melbourne, Australia
P. Bia
Elettronica S.p.A Design Solution Department Rome, Italy
