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NANOPARTICLETECHNOLOGYHANDBOOK

THIRDEDITION

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

NANOPARTICLE TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK

THIRDEDITION

Editedby MAKIO NAITO

KIYOSHI NOGI

TOYOKAZU YOKOYAMA

KOUHEI HOSOKAWA

Elsevier

Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands

TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates

Copyright © 2018ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbe foundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanas maybenotedherein).

Notices

Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.

Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbe mindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.

Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData

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AcquisitionEditor: KostasMarinakis

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ListofContributorsxvii

Prefacexxi

PrefacetotheSecondEditionxxiii

PrefacetotheFirstEditionxxv

FUNDAMENTALS

1.BasicPropertiesandMeasuringMethods ofNanoparticles

TOYOKAZUYOKOYAMA,HIROAKIMASUDA, MICHITAKASUZUKI,KENSEIEHARA,KIYOSHINOGI, MASAYOSHIFUJI,TAKEHISAFUKUI,HISAOSUZUKI, JUNICHITATAMI,KAZUYUKIHAYASHI,AND KENJITODA

1.1.SizeEffectandPropertiesofNanoparticles3

1.2.ParticleSize9

1.3.ParticleShape10

1.4.ParticleDensity13

1.5.MeltingPoint,SurfaceTension,and Wettability17

1.6.SpecificSurfaceAreaandPore19

1.7.CompositeStructure22

1.8.CrystalStructure27

1.9.SurfaceCharacteristics31

1.10.MechanicalProperty34

1.11.ElectricalProperties37

1.12.MagneticProperties40

1.13.OpticalPropertyofNanoparticle44

2.StructuralControlofNanoparticles YOSHINOBUFUKUMORI,TOSHIYUKINOMURA, TADAFUMIADSCHIRI,SATOSHIOHARA,FUMIOSAITO, MAKIONAITO,KIKUOOKUYAMA,MASAYOSHI KAWAHARA,HISAOSUZUKI,TAKAFUMISASAKI, MASAYOSHIFUJI,SHINJIINAGAKI,HIROFUMI TAKEUCHI,ANDYOSHINORIANDO

2.1.StructureConstructionandFunction AdaptationofNanoparticles49

2.2.ParticleSize55

2.3.ParticleShape69

2.4.CompositeStructure76

2.5.PoreStructure91

2.6.NanoparticleDesignforDrugDeliverySystem100 2.7.Nanotubes(CarbonNanotube)105

3.CharacteristicsandBehaviorof NanoparticlesandItsDispersionSystems HIDEHIROKAMIYA,KUNIAKIGOTOH,MANABU SHIMADA,TETSUOUCHIKOSHI,YOSHIOOTANI, MASAYOSHIFUJI,SHUJIMATSUSAKA,TATSUSHI MATSUYAMA,JUNICHITATAMI,KOHIGASHITANI, KAZUEKURIHARA,NAOYUKIISHIDA,MICHITAKA SUZUKI,HIROYAABE,YASUFUMIOTSUBO,AND MINORUMIYAHARA

3.1.IntroductionofNanoparticleDispersionand AggregationBehavior109 3.2.SingleNanoparticleMotioninFluid114 3.3.BrownianDiffusion120 3.4.AdsorptionPropertiesandWettabilityof NanoparticleSurface121 3.5.InteractionsBetweenParticles123 3.6.AggregationandDispersion,Characterization, andControl149

3.7.RheologyofSlurry158 3.8.SimulationofColloidalDispersionSystem162

4.ControlofNanostructureofMaterials

HIROYAABE,YOSHINARIMIYAMOTO,MITSUO UMETSU,TETSUOUCHIKOSHI,TATSUYAOKUBO, MAKIONAITO,YUJIHOTTA,TOMOKOKASUGA, AKIHIKOSUDA,HIDETOSHIMORI,REIJIMEZAKI, TSUTOMUMORIMOTO,AKIRAAZUSHIMA, KATSUYOSHIKONDOU,KEIZOUEMATSU,TAKAHIRO TAKADA,KIYOSHINOGI,HIDETOSHIFUJII,JUNAKEDO, YOSHIAKIKINEMUCHI,YOSHIOSAKKA,YUKIO YAMAGUCHI,YOSHITAKEMASUDA,ANDSHINJI INAGAKI

4.1.AssemblyofNanoparticlesand Functionalization169 4.2.Nanoparticles-ArrangedStructures170 4.3.NanoporeStructure181 4.4.NanocompositeStructure193 4.5.StructureControlofNanoparticle CollectivesbySinteringandBonding212 4.6.Self-Assembly239

5.CharacterizationMethodsfor NanostructureofMaterials

SATOSHIOHARA,TADAFUMIADSCHIRI, TAKASHIIDA,MASATOMOYASHIMA,TAKESHI MIKAYAMA,HIROYAABE,YUICHISETSUHARA, KIYOSHINOGI,MINORUMIYAHARA,KENJIKANEKO, ANDAKIRAOHTOMO

5.1.NanostructureandFunction (CharacterizationofLocal Nanostructure)255

5.2.CrystalStructure256

5.3.SurfaceStructure265

5.4.NanoporeCharacterization282

5.5.GrainBoundariesand Interfaces288

5.6.EvaluationMethodsforOxide Heterostructures297

6.EvaluationMethodsforPropertiesof NanostructuredBody

TAKEHISAFUKUI,JUNICHITATAMI,SHUJISAKAGUCHI, FUMIHIROWAKAI,TETSUYASENDA,TAKASHIAKATSU, TETSUYABABA,YUJINOGUCHI,MASARUMIYAYAMA, ATSUSHIYAMAMOTO,SUSUMUYONEZAWA, TOMOICHIROOKAMOTO,MOTOHIDEMATSUDA, MASANOBUAWANO,TSUTOMUKATAMOTO,KENJI TODA,SOSHUKIRIHARA,AKIHIKOSUDA,AND KIYOSHINOGI

6.1.FunctionalityofNanostructures andTheirCharacteristic Evaluation301

6.2.MechanicalProperties306

6.3.ThermophysicalProperties318

6.4.ElectricProperties325

6.5.ElectrochemicalProperties338

6.6.MagneticProperties349

6.7.OpticalProperties352

6.8.CatalyticProperty357

6.9.PropertiesofGasPermeation andSeparationMembranes360

7.EnvironmentalandSafetyIssuesWith Nanoparticles

HISAOMAKINO,HITOSHIEMI,AKIMASAYAMAGUCHI, EIJIIRITANI,NORIKAZUNAMIKI,TOSHIHIKOMYOJO, ANDKENJIYAMAMOTO

7.1.Introduction365

7.2.NanoparticlesandEnvironment365

7.3.SafetyofNanoparticles379 7.4.RemovalofNanoparticles388

APPLICATIONS

CategoryA-Medical,Cosmetic,Biological

1.DevelopmentofNewCosmeticsBasedon Nanoparticles

HIROSHIFUKUI

1.UseofNanoparticles399 2.UseasCompoundParticles401 3.FutureDevelopment404 References404

2.DesignofNanoparticlesforOralDelivery ofPeptideDrugs

HIDEKIICHIKAWA

1.ParticulateDesignandFunctions407 2.CaseStudies409 References413

3.DevelopmentofPhotocatalystInserted IntoSurfaceofPorousAluminosilicate

TOSHIOKAKUI

1.StructureofTiO2 AluminosilicateComplex415 2.PhotocatalysisofTiO2 AluminosilicateComplex416 3.PhotoenduaranceofPaperWithTiO2 AluminosilicateComplex417 References418

4.NanoparticleFormationofDNA (GlobuleTransformation)

SHINJIKATSURA

1.ToleranceofDNANanoparticlesAgainst MechanicalStress419 2.MicromanipulationofDNANanoparticles420 References422

5.AddressingofNanoparticlesbyUsing DNAMolecules

SHINJIKATSURA

1.StretchingofDNAMolecules423 2.AddressingofNanoparticles424 References426

6.Developmentofthe ThermoresponsiveMagnetic NanoparticleandItsDeployment intheBiotechnologyField

AKIHIKOKONDO

1.MagneticNanoparticleMaterial427

2.WhatIsaThermoresponsive Polymer?427

3.ThermoresponsiveMagnetic Nanoparticles428

4.ApplicationExamplesofthe ThermoresponsiveMagneticNanoparticles totheBiotechnologyField429

5.FuturePerspective434 References434

7.PinpointDrugandGeneDelivery

SHUN’ICHIKURODA

1.Bio-Nanocapsules435

2.PotentialApplicationsofBio-Nanocapsule437

3.Assignment438

4.Conclusion438 References438

8.ACancerTreatment StrategyThatCombinestheUseof Inorganic/BiocomplexNanoparticles WithConventionalRadiation Therapy

KENTAMORITA,YUYANISHIMURA, TAKAHIROSUZUKI,CHIAKIOGINO, ANDAKIHIKOKONDO

1.Introduction439

2.ScreeningforInorganicNanoparticles ApplicabletoRadiosensitizing440

3.CancerTherapyUsingaCombination ofInorganicNanoparticlesandX-Ray Irradiation440

4.Bio-Nanocapsule441

5.Conclusions442 References443

9.DevelopmentofFunctionalSkinCare CosmeticsUsingBiodegradablePLGA Nanospheres

HIROYUKITSUJIMOTOANDKAORIHARA

1.NanocosmeticsThatWhitenSkin andEliminateWrinkles445

2.EvaluationoftheCutaneousPermeabilityof PLGANanospheresandTheirFunctional Effect446

3.FunctionalCosmeticsUsingPLGA Nanospheres448 References450

10.PLGANanoparticleDesignand PreparationforDDSandMedical Device

HIROYUKITSUJIMOTOANDYOSHIAKI KAWASHIMA

1.Introduction451

2.PLGANanoparticleDDSs451 3.AppliedTechnologyWithPLGA NanoparticlesasBaseCarrier452

4.PLGANanoparticleSystemPlatforms andImplementationinNanomedical Systems454

5.Conclusion459 References460

11.PLGANanosphereTechnologyfor NovelNanomedicineandFunctional Cosmetics

YUSUKETSUKADA,AIKOSASAI,HIROYUKI TSUJIMOTO,HIROMITSUYAMAMOTO,ANDYOSHIAKI KAWASHIMA

1.Introduction461

2.PreparationMethodandApplicationfor PracticalUseofPLGANS461

3.DrugDeliverySystemFormulationand PharmacologicalPerformanceofPLGANS462

4.ApplicationofPLGANSforCosmetics464

5.Conclusions466 References467

12.DeliverytotheBrain HIROMITSUYAMAMOTO

1.SurfaceModificationtoImprovetheNanoparticle DistributionintheBrain469

2.EffectofAdministrationRouteontheBrain Distribution471

3.PerspectiveofBrainTargetingWith Nanoparticles472 References472

13.BioimagingWith QuantumDots KENJIYAMAMOTO

1.DevelopmentsofQuantumDots473

2.DevelopmentofBioimaging474

3.BioimagingandQuantumDots474

4.QuantumDotsLabelfortheAntibody476

5.InVivoImagingoftheQuantumDots Stained Cell:TheLocalizationinOrgans476

6.ObservationoftheLocalizationFrom OutsideoftheBody477 Reference477

14.ApplicationofQuantumDotsfor BiomedicalEngineering KENJIYAMAMOTO

1.ApplicationforLaboratoryTest479 2.DiagnosisbyImagingAnalysis480

15.ApplicationofPolymericNanoparticles andPolymericMicellesforTreatmentof BiofilmInfectionDisease

HIROMITSUYAMAMOTOANDCHISATOTAKAHASHI

1.Introduction481

2.AntibacterialEffectofPLGANanoparticle Formulations482

3.AntibacterialEffectofPolymericMicelle Formulations484

4.Conclusions486 References486

CategoryB-Energy,Batteries, Environmental

16.DevelopmentofHigh-Performance ElectrochemicalReactors

MASANOBUAWANO

1.EnvironmentalPurificationby ElectrochemicalReactors487

2.NOx DecompositionintheExhaustGas WithElectrochemicalReactors487

3.DevelopmentoftheElectrochemicalReactors forSimultaneousPurificationofNOx/PM490 References492

17.SuperiorThermalInsulationFilmWith TransparencyAchievedbyHollowSilica Nanoparticles

MASAYOSHIFUJIANDCHIKATAKAI

1.IntroductionofThermalInsulationTechniques493

2.HowtoPrepareNanospacedPolymerFilm494

3.ThermalInsulationPerformanceonFieldTest495 References497

18.DevelopmentofFuelCells TAKEHISAFUKUI

1.DevelopmentTaskofFuelCells500

2.DevelopmentofHigh-PerformanceSolidOxide FuelCellsUsingNanoparticleTechnology500 References503

19.MechanicalSynthesisofComposite OxideandItsApplicationforSOFC Cathode

KOUHEIHOSOKAWA,TOYOKAZUYOKOYAMA, AKIRAKONDO,ANDMAKIONAITO

1.MechanicalProcessingforMaterialSynthesis andParticleBonding505

2.MechanicalSynthesisofLaMnO3 Using NanosizedRawMaterials506

3.TheMechanicalConditionsofthe Attrition-TypeMillRequiredforthe Synthesis506

4.One-StepMechanicalProcessingto PrepareLSM/ScSZCompositeParticles fortheSOFCCathode507

5.EvaluationofSOFCPerformance509 6.Conclusions510 References510

20.ADye-SensitizedSolarCellUtilizing MetalNanoparticle MANABUIHARA

1.WhatIsaDye-SensitizedSolarCell?511

2.EnhancementoftheAbsorption CoefficientoftheRutheniumDye,With theSilverNanoparticleProducedvia VacuumEvaporationontheQuartz Substrate512

3.EnhancementoftheAbsorptionCoefficientof SilverNanoparticle RutheniumDyeWithin PorousTiO2 514 References515

21.RoomTemperatureFabricationof Electrode-SolidElectrolyteCompositefor All-Solid-StateRechargeableLithium Batteries

YASUTOSHIIRIYAMA

1.Introduction517

2.AerosolDeposition517

3.DensificationofElectrodeandSolid ElectrolytePowders518

4.Conclusions522 References523

22.EnhancementofthePerformanceof InsulatingMaterials

MIKIMASAIWATA

1.WithstandVoltageCharacteristics525

2.Tracking-ResistanceandErosion-Resistance Characteristics527

3.ThermalCharacteristics527 References528

23.CollectionTechnology forNanoparticlesinFlueGas

HISAOMAKINOANDNAOKINODA

1.Introduction529

2.OutlineofDustCollectionTechnologies529

3.CollectionCharacteristicsofElectrostatic Precipitators530

4.CollectionCharacteristicsofBagFilters530 FurtherReading531

24.PowderTechnology andNanotechnologyContributed forCleanUtilizationofCoal

HISAOMAKINOANDNAOKINODA

1.PowderTechnologyandNanotechnologyin PulverizedCoalCombustionPowerPlant533

2.PowderTechnologyandNanotechnologyof High-EfficiencyCoalUtilizationSystem534

3.InvestigationofCO2 Captureand StorageMethod535

4.UpgradingofLow-RankCoalandBiomass536 References537

25.ZeoliteMembrane MOTOHIDEMATSUDA

1.Characteristics539

2.Synthesis539

3.SeparationPropertiesofZeoliteMembranes541 References542

26.DevelopmentofNanoparticle CompositeTechniqueforLowPt-Loading PEFCs

HIROKAZUMUNAKATA

1.ParticleDesignforPEFCCatalysts543

2.PreparationofPt/C WCCompositeParticle forPEFCAnode543

3.PreparationofPt/C SnO2 CompositeParticle forPEFCCathode545 References546

27.NovelRecyclingofFiber Reinforced PlasticsbyUsingNanoparticleBonding MAKIONAITO,HIROYAABE,AKIRAKONDO,AND NORIFUMIISU

1.Introduction547

2.TheDevelopmentofNovelRecyclingProcess forGFRP547

3.SmartRecyclingofCompositeMaterials549 References550

28.ImprovementofLithium-IonBattery PerformancesbyControlling NanocompositeStructure

TAKAHIROKOZAWAANDMAKIONAITO

1.CompositeGranuleStructureConsistingof Nanoparticles551 2.CompositeGranuleWithaPorousStructure552

3.High-VoltageCathodeParticleWithaGradient Composition553

4.NanocompositeElectrodeParticlesfor All-Solid-StateLiBatteries556 References557

29.DendrimersandTheirApplicationto OrganicElectronicsDevices

NORIFUSASATOHANDKIMIHISAYAMAMOTO

1.SynthesisandStructureofDendrimer559

2.Metal-AssemblingPropertyofDendrimer559

3.ApplicationtoElectronicDevices561 References562

30.CeramicFilterforTrappingDiesel Particles

HARUHIDESHIKANO

1.ProductionofParticulateMatter563

2.TrappingofParticulateMatter563

3.PressureLoss565

4.FeaturesofPorousSiliconCarbide565

5.FunctionsandCharacteristicsofDiesel ParticulateFilter566

6.FutureofFiltersforTrappingDieselParticles566 References567

31.DevelopmentofExhaustCatalyst

AKIHIKOSUDA

1.SupportedMetalCatalyst569

2.Oxygen-StorageCapacityofCatalyst570

3.ImprovementofOSCofCatalyst570

4.ImprovementofThermalResistanceofCatalyst571 References572

32.ElectricalConductive CNT-DispersedSi3N4 Ceramics

JUNICHITATAMI References577

33.PreparationofSolidElectrolyteParticles andSolid-SolidInterfacesforAll-SolidStateBatteries

MASAHIROTATSUMISAGOANDAKITOSHIHAYASHI

1.Introduction579

2.PreparationofLithium-IonConducting GlassParticlesviaMechanochemistry579

3.FormationofFavorableSolid-Solid InterfacesinSolid-StateBatteries581 4.Conclusions584 References584

34.DevelopmentandMulti-Functionalization ofHigh-FunctionalSeparationMembranes

AKIMASAYAMAGUCHI

1.GasSeparation585

2.LiquidSeparation587 References588

35.DevelopmentofaHigh-Performance SecondaryBatterybyControllingthe SurfaceStructure

SUSUMUYONEZAWA

1.AnodeofaNickel HydrogenBattery591

2.CathodeoftheNickel HydrogenBattery591

3.CathodeofLithium-IonBattery593

4.AnodeoftheLithium-IonBattery594 References594

CategoryC-ElectronicandMagnetic Materials,Memories,LightEmitting Materials,Displays

36.DevelopmentofBrightPhosphorsUsing GlassesIncorporatingSemiconductor Nanoparticles

MASANORIANDO,CHUNLIANGLI,ANDNORIOMURASE

1.SynthesesofHighlyPhotoluminescent SemiconductorNanoparticlesbyanAqueous SolutionMethod597

2.PreparationofGlassPhosphorsIncorporating SemiconductorNanoparticlesbyaSol Gel Method598 References600

37.CloselyPackedColloidalCrystal AssembledWithNanoparticlesandIts ApplicationforSmartMaterialsWith TunableStructuralColor

HIROSHIFUDOUZI

1.CloselyPackedColloidalCrystalFilms601

2.StructuralColorofColloidalCrystal andItsTuningMechanism601

3.TunableStructuralColorbySwelling WithLiquid603

4.TunableStructuralColorbyApplying MechanicalStress604

5.SummaryandOutlook604 References605

38.PracticalIssueofNanosized ColorantParticles

KAZUYUKIHAYASHI

1.Introduction607

2.PreparationofNanosizedColorant ParticlesandImprovementof FunctionalProperties607

3.Conclusion612 References612

39.ExpressionofOpticalFunctionby NanostructureUsingFemtosecondLaser Processing

KAZUYUKIHIRAO

1.Space-SelectiveValenceStateManipulationof Rare-EarthIonsInsideGlasses613

2.PrecipitationControlofGoldNanoparticles InsideTransparentMaterialsbya FemtosecondLaser614

3.NanogratingFabrication616 References617

40.CeramicFillersforHighFrequency DielectricComposites

YUSUKEIMAI

1.Introduction619

2.Particle-FilledPolymerComposites asDielectricMaterials620

3.DesignofDielectricConstantsof Composites621

4.ParticleSizeEffectonDielectricLoss622

5.ControlofTemperature-Dependent PropertiesoftheComposites622 References623

41.MaterialDesignofElectronicLiquid PowderUsedinNovel-TypeBistable ReflectiveDisplay(QR-LPD)

NORIHIKOKAGA,HIROYUKIANZAI,AND MASASHIOTSUKI

1.Introduction625

2.OverviewofQR-LPD625

3.AboutElectronicLiquid Powder626

4.MeasurementofElectrostatic Properties627

5.MeasurementofAdhesiveForce628

6.MaterialDesign628 7.Conclusion630

References630

42.SensingBasedonLocalizedSurface PlasmonResonanceinMetallic Nanoparticles

KOTAROKAJIKAWA

1.LocalizedSurfacePlasmon631 2.TwoSensingMethodsUsingPlasmon632 References633

43.DevelopmentofPhotonicCrystal ResonatorsforTerahertzWaveSensingby UsingNanoparticleStereolithography SOSHUKIRIHARA

References636

44.ACOverheadTransmissionLine Audible-NoiseReductionMeasuresUsing SurfaceImprovement

KIYOTOMIMIYAJIMA

1.AudibleNoiseofACOverhead TransmissionLines637

2.WettingPropertyofPowerLines637

3.PreparationofTestPowerLines638

4.FeaturesofTitaniumOxideThermal-Sprayed Films639

5.Audible-NoiseMeasurement639 References641

45.DevelopmentofPhotonicCrystals BasedonNanoparticleAssembly HIDEKIT.MIYAZAKI

1.NanoparticleAssemblyTechnique643 2.FabricationofPhotonicCrystalsby NanoparticleAssemblyTechnique644 References646

46.MicroelectronicsPackagingbyMetal NanoparticlePastes MASAMINAKAMOTO

1.ConductivePasteTechniqueandMetal NanoparticlePaste647

2.Low-TemperatureFiringandFineElectronic CircuitPatternFormationbyScreen Printing647

3.DirectFormationoftheElectronicCircuit PatternbyInkjetPrinting649

4.ApplicationastheJoiningMaterials650 References650

47.DevelopmentofNovelFerroelectric Materials

YUJINOGUCHIANDMASARUMIYAYAMA

1.CrystalStructureofBismuthLayer Structured Ferroelectrics651

2.CrystalGrowthandExperimentalProcedure652

3.LayeredStructure,Dielectric,and LeakageCurrentPropertiesofBiT BBTi Crystals652

4.GiantPolarizationinBiT BBTi Crystals653 References654

48.DevelopmentofMagnetorheological FluidbyUsingIronNanoparticlesandthe ApplicationtoHapticsDevices JUNICHINOMA

1.Introduction655

2.PreparationoftheNanomagnetorheological Fluid656

3.ParticleClusterBehaviorsof MagnetorheologicalFluidsinShear FlowMode657

4.ApplicationsofNanomagnetorheological Fluid658 References659

49.HighPerformanceWiringBasedon NanoweldingTechnologyforPrinted Electronics

JINTINGJIU,MINORUUESHIMAANDKATSUAKI SUGANUMA

1.Introduction661

2.TheDevelopmentofNanoweldingTechnology661

3.TheApplicationofNanoweldingTechnology663 References666

50.DevelopmentofNewPhosphors KENJITODA

1.HistoryofDevelopmentofNanophosphor667

2.PropertiesofRare-EarthNanophosphor667

3.DevelopmentTrendofNewNanophosphor668 References669

51.DevelopmentofOpticalMemoryUsing SemiconductorNanoparticles YUKIOYAMAGUCHI

1.FluorescenceCharacteristicsofSemiconductor Nanoparticles671

2.OpticalMemoryEffectofSemiconductor NanoparticleThinFilms671

3.MethodsofPreparingandEvaluatingCdSe ThinFilms672

4.DependencyofIntensityofFluorescenceonthe ExcitationLightIntensity673

5.FutureTopics673 References674

CategoryD-Synthesis,Dispersion, Processing

52.NanoparticleSynthesis,Dispersion,and FunctionalizationforIndustrialApplication MUHAMMADM.MUNIR,TAKASHIOGI,ANDKIKUO OKUYAMA

1.Introduction675

2.CurrentStatusofNanoparticleSynthesis Technologies675

3.NewStrategiesontheDevelopmentof NanoparticleMaterials676 4.Conclusion681 References681

53.SupercriticalHydrothermalSynthesis ofNanoparticles

AKIRAYOKO,TSUTOMUAIDA,NOBUAKIAOKI, DAISUKEHOJO,MASANORIKOSHIMIZU,SATOSHI OHARA,GIMYEONGSEONG,SEIICHITAKAMI, TAKANARITOGASHI,TAKAAKITOMAI,TAKAO TSUKADA,ANDTADAFUMIADSCHIRI

1.Introduction683

2.SynthesisandControl684

3.ApplicationsandEvaluation685

4.MechanismandMeasurements687 References689

54.Nozzle-FreeInkjetTechnology TAKEHISAFUKUI

1.PrincipleofNozzle-FreeInkjetTechnology andOutlineofDevelopedSystem691

2.FormationofSlurryUsingNozzle-FreeInkjet Technology693 References694

55.DispersionofFineSilicaParticlesUsing AlkoxysilaneandIndustrialization

HIDEKIGODA

1.Sol GelHybrid695 2.MolecularDesign695

3.UnmeltablePlastics:EpoxyResinHybrid696

4.ToughResin:HybridofthePhenolResin System698

5.SoftSilicaHybrid:HybridoftheUrethane System698

6.CheapEngineeringPlasticsinPlaceforImide: HybridoftheAmideimideSystem698

7.ImideUsefulforElectrolessPlating:Hybridof theImideSystem699 References700

56.BariumTitanateNanoparticles SynthesizedUnderSub-andSupercritical WaterConditions

YUKIYAHAKUTA

1.ExperimentforProducingTetragonalBaTiO3 NanoparticlesbySupercriticalHydrothermal Synthesis701 2.SelectiveProductionofTetragonalBaTiO3 702 References704

57.SurfaceModificationofNanoparticles bySilaneAlkoxidesandTheirApplication inSilicone-BasedPolymerNanocomposites

MOTOYUKIIIJIMA

1.SurfaceModificationofFunctional NanoparticlesUsingSilaneAlkoxides705 2.Silicone-BasedPolymerNanocomposites UsingSiO2 Nanoparticles707 3.Conclusions709 References709

58.FormationofThickElectronicCeramic FilmsWithBondingTechniqueof CrystallineFineParticlesandTheir Applications

MITSUTERUINOUE

1.AerosolDepositionMethod711 2.FormationofThickElectronicCeramicFilms WithAerosolDepositionMethod712

3.ApplicationsofAerosolDepositionCeramic Films713 Reference714

59.DevelopmentofNewMaterialsbythe MildDispersionofNanoparticlesinSlurries byBeadMilling

TOSHIHIROISHII

1.Introduction715 2.BeadMill715

3.OverdispersionandMild Dispersion717

4.BeadMillingfortheMassProductionof Nanoparticles719

5.Conclusions719 References719

60.Three-DimensionalStructuralAnalysis ofNanocompositeMaterialsContaining Nanoparticulates

HIROSHIJINNAI

1.Introduction721

2.TEMTonNanocompositeContaining ParticularFillers722

3.RecentDevelopmentinTEMT722 References725

61.DispersionControlofAl2O3 NanoparticlesinEthanol

TOSHIOKAKUI

1.EffectofMolecularWeightof PEIonNanoparticleSuspension Viscosity727

2.RelationshipBetweenMolecular SizeofPEIandSuspension Viscosity728

3.SurfaceInteractionBetweenAl2O3 NanoparticlesUsingNanocolloidal ProbeAFM728

4.ActionMechanismofPolymerDispersanton Al2O3 NanoparticleSuspension729 References730

62.Liquid CrystallineInorganic Nano-andFineParticles

KIYOSHIKANIEANDATSUSHIMURAMATSU

1.OrganicLiquidCrystalsandLyotropicLiquid CrystallineInorganicFineParticles731

2.DevelopmentofOrganic InorganicHybrid LiquidCrystals732

3.SummaryandProspect736 References737

63.FabricationTechniqueofOrganic NanocrystalsandTheirOpticalProperties andMaterialization

HITOSHIKASAI,HACHIRONAKANISHI,AND HIDETOSHIOIKAWA

1.TheOrganicCompoundsUsedfor Nanocrystallization739

2.FabricationTechniquesofOrganicNanocrystals739

3.Size-DependenceofOpticalPropertiesfor OrganicNanocrystals742

4.OrientationControlofDispersedOrganic NanocrystalsbyExternalField743 References743

64.InstantaneousNanofoamingMethodfor FabricationofClosed-PorositySilicaParticle KEN-ICHIKURUMADA

References749

65.CreationofBoronNitrideNanotubes andPossibilityforaSeriesofAdvanced NanocompositeMaterials

HIROAKIKUWAHARA

1.Introduction751 2.SynthesisMethodsofBoronNitrideNanotubes752 3.ReinforcementofResinsbytheAddition ofBoronNitrideNanotubes753 4.UseofBoronNitrideNanotubesFillersasan InsulatingHeatConductor756 5.CharacterizationofBoronNitride Nanotubes PolymerInterfacialInteractions757 6.Conclusion758 References758

66.FabricationofFunctionalCeramic DevicesProducedbyThree-Dimensional MoldingUsingMicrostereolithography

SHOJIMARUO

References763

67.MorphologyControlofParticlesand TheirPatterning

YOSHITAKEMASUDA

1.MorphologyControlofZnOParticlesand TheirPatterning765 2.PatterningofPtNanoparticlesandIn2O3 769 References774

68.DevelopmentofCeramic-Bonded Carbon YOSHINARIMIYAMOTO,MASAHARUNAKAMURA,

TETSUROTOJO,ANDWEIWUCHEN

1.FabricationofCeramic-BondedCarbons777

2.MicrostructureandPropertiesofCeramic-Bonded Carbons778

3.JoiningofCeramic-BondedCarbonsWith Ceramics779

4.PotentialApplications780 References780

69.Nano/MicrocompositeParticles: PreparationProcessesandApplications

XINGWEI,ATSUSHIYOKOI,ANDHIROYUKIMUTO

1.Introduction781

2.MechanismofElectrostaticAdsorptionMethod andNano/MicrocompositeParticles781

3.ApplicationsonNano/MicrocompositeMaterials783 4.Conclusions785 Acknowledgments785 References785

70.GenerationofMetalNanoparticles UsingReactivePlasmaArcEvaporation NORIYUKINAKAJIMA

1.SummaryoftheReactivePlasmaArcEvaporation Method787

2.NanoparticlesbytheReactivePlasmaArc EvaporationMethod788

3.TheNanoparticles-GenerationRate, Characteristic,andShape788

4.ApplicationoftheNanoparticle789 References790

71.SynthesisofNanoparticlesbyRadio FrequencyInductionThermalPlasma KEITARONAKAMURA

1.AdvantagesoftheMethodofSynthesisof NanoparticlesbyRadioFrequencyInduction ThermalPlasma791

2.ExperimentalConfigurationandEquipment fortheSynthesisofNanoparticles791

3.GenerationofNanoparticlesbyRadio FrequencyInductionThermalPlasma792

4.Conclusions796 References796

72.Self-AssemblyofOxideNanosheets: PreciseStructuralControlandIts Applications

MINORUOSADAANDTAKAYOSHISASAKI

1.Introduction797

2.SynthesisofFunctionalNanosheets797

3.Layer-by-LayerAssemblyofOxide Nanosheets798

4.ApplicationstoNanoelectronics798 References798

73.FabricationofCeramicsWithHighly ControlledMicrostructuresbyAdvanced PowderProcessing YOSHIOSAKKA

1.Introduction801

2.FabricationofFine-GrainedCeramicsby ColloidalProcessing801

3.HighlyConductiveCarbon-Nanotube-Dispersed CeramicsbyHeterocoagulation802

4.ControlofCrystalOrientationbyColloidal ProcessinginStrongMagneticField804

5.Nacre-LikeCeramics805

6.LaminatedComposites806 References807

74.SurfaceModificationofInorganic NanoparticlesbyOrganicFunctional Groups

SEIICHITAKAMI

1.Surface-ModifiedNobleMetalNanoparticles809

2.OrganicModificationofMetalOxide Nanoparticles810

3.HybridizationofInorganicNanoparticlesWith Biomolecules811 References812

75.EvaluationandApplicationsof DispersingCarbonNanotubeinthe Polymers

HIROFUMITAKASE

1.CarbonNanotube813

2.FractureModelofAgglomeratesofCarbon Nanotube813

3.DispersionofCNTbyanExtruder813

4.DispersionofCompositesandItsEvaluation813

5.RelationshipBetweentheAgglomerateFraction Ar andCompositeProperties814 6.Percolation816

7.DevelopmentofCNTCompositeResin Materials816 References817

76.DevelopmentofPolymer Clay NanocompositesbyDispersionofParticles IntoPolymerMaterials ARIMITSUUSUKI

1.Nylon6 ClayHybrid819

2.SynthesisandPropertiesofPolypropylene Clay Hybrid820

3.SynthesisandPropertiesofEthylene Propylene Diene Methylene(Linkage) Clay Hybrid820

4.MorphologyControlbyPolymersWithClay821 References821

77.DevelopmentofDispersionand ComposingProcessesofNanoparticlesand TheirApplicationtoAdvancedFirefighter Uniform

TOYOKAZUYOKOYAMA,SHUJISASABE,AND KENJITAKEBAYASHI

1.Introduction823

2.PreparationofNanocompositeParticlesby Gas-PhaseReactionMethod823

3.DispersionandComposingofNanoparticlesby DryMechanicalMethod825

4.DispersionofNanoparticlesbyWetMethodand ItsApplicationtoAdvancedFirefighterUniform826 References828

78.PreparationofMetalNanoparticles andTheirApplicationforMaterials TETSUYONEZAWA

1.Introduction829

2.NanoparticlePreparationbyChemicalReduction829

3.SputteringProcessestoObtainMetal Nanoparticles831

4.ApplicationsofMetalNanoparticles833

5.ApplicationofCopperNanoparticlesandFine ParticlesforLow-TemperatureSintering834

6.InSituHeatingExperiments834 7.Conclusions837 References837

79.NanotechnologyChallengein Mechanochemistry

QIWUZHANG,JUNYAKANO,ANDFUMIOSAITO

1.Introduction839

2.MaterialsProcessing839 3.Conclusion843 References843 Index845

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ListofContributors

HiroyaAbe JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute,Osaka University

TadafumiAdschiri InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearch forAdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

TsutomuAida TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

TakashiAkatsu MaterialsandStructuresLaboratory,Tokyo InstituteofTechnology

JunAkedo NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

MasanoriAndo NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

YoshinoriAndo DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,MeijoUniversity

HiroyukiAnzai CentralResearch,BridgestoneCorporation

NobuakiAoki TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

MasanobuAwano NationalInstituteofAdvanced IndustrialScienceandTechnology(AIST)

AkiraAzushima GraduateSchoolofEngineering, YokohamaNationalUniversity

TetsuyaBaba NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

WeiwuChen JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute,Osaka University

KenseiEhara NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

HitoshiEmi AssociationofPowderProcessIndustryand Engineering(APPIE)

HiroshiFudouzi OptronicMaterialsCenter,National InstituteforMaterialsScience

MasayoshiFuji CeramicsResearchLaboratory,Nagoya InstituteofTechnology

HidetoshiFujii JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute, OsakaUniversity

HiroshiFukui FrontierScienceBusinessDivision,Shiseido Co.,Ltd.

TakehisaFukui HosokawaPowderTechnologyResearch Institute

YoshinobuFukumori FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciences, KobeGakuinUniversity

HidekiGoda R&DDepartment,Photo-electronicMaterials Division,ArakawaChemicalIndustries,Ltd.

KuniakiGotoh TheGraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceand Technology,OkayamaUniversity

YukiyaHakuta NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

KaoriHara HosokawaPowderTechnologyResearch Institute

AkitoshiHayashi OsakaPrefectureUniversity,Osaka,Japan

KazuyukiHayashi R&DDivision,TodaKogyoCorporation

KoHigashitani DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, KyotoUniversity

KazuyukiHirao DepartmentofMaterialChemistry,Kyoto Univerisity

DaisukeHojo TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

KouheiHosokawa HosokawaMicronCorporation, Osaka,Japan

MasuoHosokawa HosokawaMicronCorporation

YujiHotta NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScience andTechnology(AIST),Nagoya,Japan

HidekiIchikawa FacultyofPharmaceuticalSciencesKobe GakuinUniversity

TakashiIda CeramicsResearchLaboratory,NagoyaInstitute ofTechnology

ManabuIhara ResearchCenterforCarbonRecycling Energy,TokyoInstituteofTechnology

MotoyukiIijima YokohamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama, Japan

YusukeImai NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology,Nagoya,Japan

ShinjiInagaki ToyotaCentralR&DLabs.,Inc.

MitsuteruInoue ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology

EijiIritani DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Nagoya University

YasutoshiIriyama NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan

NaoyukiIshida NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

ToshihiroIshii AshizawaFinetechLtd.,Narashino-shi, Japan

NorifumiIsu LIXILCorporation

MikimasaIwata CentralResearchInstituteofElectricPower Industry

HiroshiJinnai InstituteforMaterialsChemistryand Engineering(IMCE),KyushuUniversity

JintingJiu SenjuMetalIndustryCo.,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan; OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan

NorihikoKaga CentralResearch,BridgestoneCorporation

KotaroKajikawa TokyoInstituteofTechnology

ToshioKakui ChemicalsDivision,LionCorporation

HidehiroKamiya InstituteofSymbioticScienceand Technology,TokyoUniversityofAgriculture&Technology

KenjiKaneko DepartmentofMaterialScienceand Engineering,KyushuUniversity

KiyoshiKanie InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

JunyaKano InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

HitoshiKasai InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

TomokoKasuga ElectrotechnologyApplicationsR&D Center,ChubuElectricPowerCo.,Inc.

TsutomuKatamoto CreativeR&DCenter,TodaKogyo Corporation

ShinjiKatsura FacultyofEngineering,GunmaUniversity

MasayoshiKawahara HosokawaPowderTechnology ResearchInstitute

YoshiakiKawashima DepartmentofPharmaceutical EngineeringSchoolofPharmacy,AichiGakuinUniversity, Nagoya,Japan;GifuPharmaceuticalUniversity, Gifu,Japan

YoshiakiKinemuchi NationalInstituteofAdvanced IndustrialScienceandTechnology(AIST)

SoshuKirihara JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute, OsakaUniversity

MasanoriKoshimizu TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

AkihikoKondo KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan;Department ofChemicalScienceandEngineering,KobeUniversity

AkiraKondo JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute,Osaka University,Osaka,Japan

KatsuyoshiKondou JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute, OsakaUniversity

TakahiroKozawa OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan

KazueKurihara InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

Shun’ichiKuroda TheInstituteofScientificandIndustrial Research,OsakaUniversity

Ken-ichiKurumada GraduateSchoolofEnvironment& InformationSciences,YokohamaNationalUniversity

HiroakiKuwahara CorporateStrategyDivision,TeijinLtd.

ChunliangLi NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

HisaoMakino EnergyEngineeringResearchLaboratory, CentralResearchInstituteofElectricPowerIndustry, Yokosuka-shi,Japan

ShojiMaruo YokoyamaNationalUniversity,Yokohama, Japan

HiroakiMasuda DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, KyotoUniversity

YoshitakeMasuda NationalInstituteofAdvanced IndustrialScienceandTechnology(AIST),Nagoya,Japan

MotohideMatsuda GraduateSchoolofEnvironmental Science,OkayamaUniversity

ShujiMatsusaka DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, KyotoUniversity

TatsushiMatsuyama FacultyofEngineering, SokaUniversity

ReijiMezaki NanomateriaCenter,InstituteofInnovation, TheUniversityofTokyo

TakeshiMikayama KohnoPatentOffice

MinoruMiyahara DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, KyotoUniversity

KiyotomiMiyajima CentralResearchInstituteofElectric PowerIndustry

YoshinariMiyamoto JoiningandWeldingResearch Institute,OsakaUniversity

MasaruMiyayama ResearchCenterforAdvancedScience andTechnology,TheUniversityofTokyo

HidekiT.Miyazaki NationalInstituteforMaterialsScience

HidetoshiMori SchoolofEngineering,AichiUniversityof Technology

TsutomuMorimoto JapanChemicalInnovationInstitute

KentaMorita KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan

HirokazuMunakata TokyoMetropolitanUniversity

HiroyukiMuto ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology, Toyohashi,Japan

MuhammadM.Munir DepartmentofChemical Engineering,HiroshimaUniversity

AtsushiMuramatsu InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearch forAdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

NorioMurase NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

ToshihikoMyojo InstituteofIndustrialEcologicalSciences, UniversityofOccupationalandEnvironmentalHealth

MakioNaito JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute,Osaka University,Osaka,Japan

NoriyukiNakajima InstituteofNanotechnology, Kurimoto,Ltd.

MasamiNakamoto OsakaMunicipalTechnicalResearch Institute

MasaharuNakamura ToyoTansoCo.,Ltd.

KeitaroNakamura NisshinSeifunGroupInc.

HachiroNakanishi InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearch forAdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

NorikazuNamiki KyoritsuGokinCo.,Ltd.

YuyaNishimura KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan

NaokiNoda CentralResearchInstituteofElectricPower Industry,Yokosuka-shi,Japan

KiyoshiNogi JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute,Osaka University

YujiNoguchi TheUniversityofTokyo

JunichiNoma SumiyoshiFactory,KurimotoLtd., Osaka,Japan

ToshiyukiNomura DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, OsakaPrefectureUniversity

TakashiOgi DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, HiroshimaUniversity

ChiakiOgino KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan

SatoshiOhara InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity;OsakaUniversity, Osaka,Japan

AkiraOhtomo InstituteforMaterialsResearch,Tohoku University

HidetoshiOikawa InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearch forAdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

TomoichiroOkamoto NagaokaUniversityofTechnology

TatsuyaOkubo TheUniversityofTokyo

KikuoOkuyama GraduateSchoolofEngineering, HiroshimaUniversity

MinoruOsada NationalInstituteforMaterialsScience

YoshioOtani GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceand Techonology,KanazawaUniversity

YasufumiOtsubo GraduateSchoolofEngineering,Chiba University

MasashiOtsuki CentralResearch,BridgestoneCorporation

FumioSaito InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials(IMRAM),TohokuUniversity

ShujiSakaguchi NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrial ScienceandTechnology(AIST)

YoshioSakka NanoCeramicsCenter,NationalInstitutefor MaterialsScience,Tsukuba,Japan

ShujiSasabe PowderTechnologyResearchInstitute, HosokawaMicronCorporation

AikoSasai HosokawaMicronCorporation,Osaka,Japan

TakayoshiSasaki InternationalCenterforMaterials Nanoarchitectonics,NationalInstituteforMaterials Science

TakafumiSasaki InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

NorifusaSatoh DepartmentofChemistry, KeioUniversity

TetsuyaSenda NationalMaritimeResearchInstitute

GimyeongSeong TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

YuichiSetsuhara JoiningandWeldingResearchInstitute, OsakaUniversity

HaruhideShikano IbidenCo.,Ltd.

ManabuShimada GraduateSchoolofEngineering, HiroshimaUniversity

AkihikoSuda ToyotaCentralR&DLabs.,Inc.

KatsuakiSuganuma SenjuMetalIndustryCo.,Ltd.,Tokyo, Japan;OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan

HisaoSuzuki GraduateSchoolofScienceandTechnology, ShizuokaUniversity

MichitakaSuzuki DepartmentofMechanicalandSystem Engineering,UniversityofHyogo

TakahiroSuzuki KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan

TakahiroTakada MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.

ChisatoTakahashi AichiGakuinUniversity,Nagoya,Japan

ChikaTakai CeramicsResearchLaboratory,Nagoya InstituteofTechnology

SeiichiTakami NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan

HirofumiTakase R&DDivision,TakironCo.,Ltd.

KenjiTakebayashi PowderTechnologyResearchInstitute, HosokawaMicronCorporation

HirofumiTakeuchi LaboratoryofPhamaceutical Engineering,GifuPharmaceuticalUniversity

JunichiTatami GraduateSchoolofEnvironment& InformationSciences,YokohamaNationalUniversity

MasahiroTatsumisago OsakaPrefectureUniversity, Osaka,Japan

KenjiToda GraduateSchoolofScienceandTechnology, NiigataUniversity

TakanariTogashi YamagataUniversity,Yamagata,Japan

TetsuroTojo ToyoTansoCo.,Ltd.

TakaakiTomai TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

HiroyukiTsujimoto HosokawaMicronCorporation;Aichi GakuinUniversity,Nagoya,Japan

TakaoTsukada TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

YusukeTsukada HosokawaMicronCorporation, Osaka,Japan

TetsuoUchikoshi NanoCeramicsCenter,NationalInstitute forMaterialsScience

KeizoUematsu NagaokaUniversityofTechnology

MinoruUeshima SenjuMetalIndustryCo.,Ltd., Tokyo,Japan

MitsuoUmetsu GraduateSchoolofEngineering, TohokuUniversity

ArimitsuUsuki ToyotaCentralR&DLabs.,Inc.

FumihiroWakai Materials&StructuresLaboratory,Tokyo InstituteofTechnology

XingWei Chang’anUniversity,ShaanXi,China

AkimasaYamaguchi EnergyEngineeringResearch Laboratory,CentralResearchInstituteofElectric PowerIndustry

YukioYamaguchi DepartmentofChemicalSystem Engineering,TheUniversityofTokyo

HiromitsuYamamoto UniversitySchoolofPharmacy,Aichi GakuinUniversity,Nagoya,Japan

KenjiYamamoto InternationalClinicalResearchCenter, InternationalMedicalCenterofJapan

KimihisaYamamoto DepartmentofChemistry, KeioUniversity

AtsushiYamamoto NationalInstituteofAdvanced IndustrialScienceandTechnology(AIST)

MasatomoYashima DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,TokyoInstituteofTechnology

AkiraYoko TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan

AtsushiYokoi ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology, Toyohashi,Japan

ToyokazuYokoyama HosokawaMicronCorporation, Osaka,Japan

SusumuYonezawa FacultyofEngineering, UniversityofFukui

TetsuYonezawa HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan

QiwuZhang InstituteofMultidisciplinaryResearchfor AdvancedMaterials,TohokuUniversity

Preface

A“powder,”whichisanassemblageofsmallsolid particles,exhibitsveryuniquebehavior.Forexample, dependingonthecircumstances,apowdercanbehave likeagas,aliquid,orasolid.Furthermore,becauseofthe largerspecificsurfacearearelativetoabulkmaterial, powderscanhaveveryuniqueproperties.Thisisespeciallytruefor“nanoparticles.”Theuniquebehaviorand propertiesofparticleandpowdergivethemawiderange ofindustrialapplicationsthatmakesthemubiquitous inourdailylivesandmakesthempromisingmaterials forcreatingscientificandtechnicalinnovationsinthe future.

Althoughpowdershavelongbeenimportantmaterialsinourdailylives,theacademicstudyofparticleand powdertechnologyhasarelativelyshorthistory.The SocietyofPowderTechnology,Japan(SPTJ)wasestablishedin1956withthemissiontofosterinteractions betweensocietymemberstoenableandfacilitateadvancesinpowdertechnologyaswellasinthepowder andpowdertechnologyindustries.Iamservingasthe 12thPresident(2015 18)ofthesociety.SPTJcelebrated its60thanniversaryin2016.Now,incollaborationwith academiaandindustry,wearetakingthefirststepsfor thenext60years.

Mr.MasuoHosokawa,thechiefeditorofthefirst editionofthisHandbook,wasapioneerinthisindustry. WhenhewasthePresidentofHosokawaMicronCorp., hefoundedHosokawaPowderTechnologyFoundation in1991tocontributetoadvancementofpowdertechnologyonaworldwidescaleandpublishedthefirst issueof“KONAPowderandParticleJournal”onpowdertechnologyin1983.Sincethen,KONAhasbeen publishedannuallyanddistributedworldwide.

Mr.Hosokawaproposedtheconceptof“nanoparticle technology”longbeforepastUSPresidentBillClinton’s NationalNanotechnologyInitiativein2000.Oneofthe activitiesoftheFoundationwastopublishtheNanoparticleTechnologyHandbookinJapanesein2006,

whichwastranslatedintoEnglishandpublishedasthe firsteditionofthisHandbookin2007.Nanoparticle technologyadvancedconsiderablyafter2007,prompting Mr.Hosokawatostartpreparinganupdatedsecond editionoftheHandbook.Heunfortunatelypassedaway onMarch31,2010,beforethesecondeditionwaspublishedin2012.

Becausenanoparticletechnologyhasrapidly advancedsince2012,ithasbeenappliedmorebroadly andinnewareas.Mr.YoshioHosokawa,thesecond PresidentofHosokawaPowderTechnologyFoundation andPresidentofHosokawaMicronCorporation, decidedtopublishathirdeditionoftheHandbook.In thisthirdedition,theapplicationssectionoftheHandbookhasbeenupdatedtoincludethemostrecent advancesinnanoparticletechnology.Nineteenchapters havebeenadded.The79chaptersintheapplications sectionareorganizedinto4categories:CategoryA: medical,cosmetics,andbiologicals;CategoryB:energy, batteries,andenvironmental;CategoryC:electronicand magneticmaterials,memory,light-emittingmaterials, anddisplays;andCategoryD:synthesis,dispersion,and processing.Ihopetheupdatedapplicationssectionwill givereadersstate-of-the-artinformationandknowledge todeveloptheirowninnovativetechnologyandnew products,furtherenhancingourunderstandingofthe fundamentalsofnanoparticletechnology.

Finally,IamgratefultotheHosokawaPowderTechnologyFoundationforitssupportandtoalleditorsand authorsfortheirgreatcontributionstothethirdedition. Iespeciallyexpressmyappreciationtothefirstchief editor,Mr.MasuoHosokawa,forhisoutstanding contributionstothedevelopmentandadvancementof nanoparticletechnology.

Dr.MakioNaito Professor,OsakaUniversity President,TheSocietyofPowderTechnology,Japan

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PrefacetotheSecondEdition

TheNanoparticleTechnologyHandbookwasthefirst handbooktobepublishedinthefieldofnanoparticle technologyaround5yearsago.Sincethen,nanoparticle technologyhasfurtheradvancedandbeenappliedin manynewapplications.Inresponsetothedemand,it wasdecidedtopublishasecondeditionoftheHandbook.Theeditorsareverypleasedtoseetheadvancementofthistechnologyandtobeengagedinthe publicationofthesecondedition.

However,weregrettoinformourreadersofthesad newsthatthechiefeditoroftheHandbook’sfirstedition, Mr.MasuoHosokawa,passedawayonMarch31,2010 afterashortstayinthehospital,attheageof85.Infact,he initiatedtheideaofpublishingahandbookfornanoparticletechnology.Hehadbeengreatlyinterestedin particlesandfinepowdersformanyyearsandhad developedvariousadvancedmachinessuchasaunique finegrindingmillandanairclassifierinthe1950s,which ledtomanyawardsforhim,includingtwodecorations fromtheJapanesegovernment.

Hisenthusiasmanddesiretoseekextremelysmall particlesandtheirinnovativepropertiesresultedinthe inventionoftheconceptsofMechanoFusionandMechanoChemicalBondingtechnologies,whichareinprinciplebasedonthemechanicalactivationoffineparticles forparticlebondingandsurfacemodificationtocreate newfunctionalmaterials.Sincethe1980s,healsointroducedsomeusefultechnologiestogeneratenanoparticlesbythebottom-upmethodandproposed nanoparticletechnologylongbeforetheformerPresident BillClinton’sNationalNanotechnologyInitiativein2000. Startingwiththeevaporationmethodtomakemetal nanoparticlesandthenmovingtousechemicalvapor depositionmethodstocreatecompositenanoparticles,he succeededinbringingnewsystemsfornanoparticle generationtothecommercialmarket.Inaddition,in1991 hefoundedtheHosokawaPowderTechnologyFoundationandin1983publishedthefirstissueoftheEnglish technicaljournal,“KONAPowderandParticleJournal.”

Inthemeantime,publicationofthefirsteditionofthe Handbook,NanoparticleTechnologyhadadvancedand beenemployedinvariousapplications.Inthesecond edition,16newarticleshavebeenaddedintheapplicationsectionforsubjectsrelatedtopolymer/fillercomposites;electronicdevicessuchasdisplays,sensors,and memories;batteries/fuelcells;cosmetics;drugdelivery systemandbiomaterialsformedicaldevices;colormaterials;environmentalprotections;etc.Duringthisperiod oftime,thereweresomeepoch-makingincidentsinthe commercializationofsometechnologies.Fuelcellshave beenintroducedforpowergenerationandheatsupplyin residentialandcommercialuses,andlithiumionbatterieshavebeguntobeadoptedbyelectricandhybrid vehiclesfortransportationuse.Additionally,thenuclear powerplantaccidentcausedbythebigearthquakeand tsunamiintheTohokuareaofJapaninMarch2011hadan enormousimpactonpowersupplyandenvironmental protectionissuesrelatedtothelifestyleandwayof thinkingofthecountry’spopulation.Fromtheseviewpoints,nanoparticleshavegreatpotentialtocontributeto theestablishmentofasustainablelivingenvironmentfor humanbeingsbymakinguseoftheirhighfunctionality andexcellentperformance.

TheeditorsaregratefultotheHosokawaPowder TechnologyFoundationforitssupportandtoallthe contributorsfortheircooperationandwishthatthesecondeditionoftheHandbookwouldbehelpfultoreaders inunderstandingthebasicsofnanoparticlesandtoprovidehintstotheirapplication.

Dr.KiyoshiNogi EmeritusProfessor,OsakaUniversity

Dr.MakioNaito Professor,OsakaUniversity

Dr.ToyokazuYokoyama Fellow,HosokawaMicronCorporation

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PrefacetotheFirstEdition

Duringthelastfewyears,theterm“Nanotechnology” isincreasinglyemployedtodescribetheprocesstechnologiesandanalyticaltechniquesformaterialinthe ultrafinerangeoftheorderofamillionthofamillimeter. Becausetheyaresuretotakeanimportantpartin shapingthe21stcentury,greatattentionisbeingpaidto thesetechnologies,withmanycountriesactively involvedinR&D.Asthelinkbetweenthesenewtechnologiesandtheestablishedparticleandpowdertechnology,“Nanoparticletechnology”includestheconcepts andknow-howtocreate,process,andapplytheultrafine particlesinthenanometerrangeandisoneofthekey technologiesfornewmaterialdevelopments.

Thetechnologiesthatareusedtotreatpowders arrivedwithmankind,andcountlessinventionsand improvementshavebeenmadeduringhistory.These particlesandpowdershaveverydifferentproperties fromthebulkmaterialsfromwhichtheyarederived. Thereareapplicationstobeseeninallindustrialareas.

Thehistoryoftheacademicstudyofparticleand powdertechnologyisnotsoold.Thefirstrelatedsociety, ChubuAssociationofPowderTechnology,wasfounded inJapanin1956.ItlaterbecametheSocietyofPowder Technology,Japan,andcelebratedits50thanniversaryin 2006.Correspondingly,theHosokawaMicromeritics Laboratorywasestablishedin1956andpublishedits 50thanniversaryissueoftheannualtechnicaljournal Funsai (TheMicromeritics)alsoin2006.

Throughoutthisperiodakeyissuehasbeentoreduce thesizeofparticles,tomaximizetheirfunctionalproperties,andthustofindnewapplicationsandcreatenew productswithsuperiorperformance.Greatinteresthas beenshowninsubmicronandevenfinerparticles. Researchanddevelopmenthasadvancedatarapidrate duetothecooperationofacademiaandindustryinmany areas,startingwithparticlecreationandparticlesize analysis,expandingtoencompassparticledesign,and processinginthemicron-andnanometer-sizeranges. Japanhasbeenattheforefrontintheconceptionand developmentofthesetechnologies.

Duetothisinterest,thesecondWorldCongressin ParticleTechnology(WCPT)washeldinKyotoin1990. EightyearslateratthethirdWCPTinBrighton,the authorhighlightedtheimportanceoftheseultrafine particlestoanaudienceofabout700researchersand engineersduringtheopeningspeech.HosokawaMicron Corp.,whichcelebratedits90thanniversaryin2006,has beenengagedinR&Donparticlecreationbythebuild-up (bottom-up)methodinbothgaseousandliquidphasesfor morethan20years.Theresultofthisresearch,ascombinedwiththatonconventionalgrinding(top-down) processes,hasledtotheestablishmentofamassproductionsystemfornanoparticlesandtothefoundation ofabusinessbasedonapplicationofthesenanoparticles tofunctionalmaterials.

Founded15yearsago,theHosokawaPowderTechnologyFoundationholdsanannualsymposiumon powdertechnologyfortheexchangeofinformationon particleengineeringandpowdertechnology.Since2001, themaintopicsofthesymposiumhave,inresponseto therequirementsofindustry,beenrelatedtonanoparticlesandnanostructurecontrol.Thenumberofgrant proposalsreceivedbyourFoundationforresearchinto nanoparticlescontinuestoincrease,andcurrently40%of some120proposalsrelatetonanoparticles.

Asaresultofthistrend,wepublished3yearsago,the book NanoparticleTechnology topromotenanoparticlerelatedengineeringbydocumentingthetechnologies constitutinginthisfield.Thatbookwasverywell received,andtocontinuecontributingtothecommon welfarethroughthepromotionofpowdertechnology, wedecidedtosystematicallyupdate NanoparticleTechnology,addingfurtherdevelopmentsandmanyexamplesofapplications.Theresultsofthateffortwere publishedintheformofahandbook,firstinJapanesein thememorableyear2006,andwiththepresentvolume, inEnglishthisyear.AlthoughR&Dinnanoparticle technologyadvancesrapidly,andthecontentsofthe futureeditionsaresuretochange,wehopethepresent collationofstate-of-the-artknowledgeandinformation