Nanomaterialsfor Electrocatalysis
Editedby
ThandavarayanMaiyalagan
DepartmentofChemistry,SRMInstituteofScience andTechnology,Kattankulathur,India
MahimaKhandelwal
DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering, KoreaUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea
AshokKumarNadda
DepartmentofBiotechnologyandBionformatics, JaypeeUniversityofInformationTechnology, Waknaghat,India
TuanAnhNguyen
MicroanalysisDepartment,InstituteforTropical Technology,VietnamAcademyofScienceand Technology,Hanoi,Vietnam
GhulamYasin
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,CollegeofPhysicsand OptoelectronicEngineering,ShenzhenUniversity, Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
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PART1Introduction
CHAPTER1Nanoelectrocatalysis:Anintroduction 3
GhulamYasin,ShumailaIbraheem,RashidIqbal, AnujKumarandTuanAnhNguyen
1.1 Introduction............................................................3
1.2 Constructionandcharacterizationofnanostructures...............4
1.3 Efficientelectrocatalysisenabledbynanostructures................4
1.3.1Low-dimensionalnanostructures..............................4
1.3.22Dnanostructures..............................................5
1.3.33Dnanostructures..............................................6
1.4 Conclusion.............................................................6 References..............................................................6
CHAPTER22Dhybridelectrocatalysts ................................... 11
RashidIqbal,ShumailaIbraheem,MohammadTabish, AdilSaleem,AnujKumar,TuanAnhNguyenand GhulamYasin
2.1 Introduction...........................................................11
2.2 Graphene-basedelectrocatalysts....................................12
2.3 Graphenenonmetalliccomposites..................................13
2.4 Graphene-metalliccomposites......................................15
2.5 Conclusion............................................................16 References............................................................17
CHAPTER3MXene-basednanomaterialsforelectrocatalysis 23
AnujKumar,CharuGoyal,SonaliGautam, ShumailaIbraheem,TuanAnhNguyenandGhulamYasin
3.1 Introduction...........................................................23
3.2 Structuralandelectronicproperties.................................24
3.2.1Structuralproperties..........................................24 3.2.2Electronicproperties..........................................25
3.3 EngineeringofMXene-basednanomaterial........................27
3.3.1HFetching.....................................................27
3.3.2Lewisacidicetching..........................................28
3.3.3Water-freeetching.............................................30
3.3.4Treatmentwithalkali.........................................30
3.3.5Electrochemicaletching......................................31
3.3.6Chemicalvapordepositionmethod..........................31
3.4.1Oxygenreductionreaction...................................35
3.4.2Oxygenevolutionreaction....................................35
3.4.3Hydrogenevolutionreaction.................................39 3.4.4CO2
4.1
DinhChuongNguyen,ThiLuuLuyenDoan, DuyThanhTran,NamHoonKimandJoongHeeLee
4.2 SynthesismethodsoftheTMnanoparticle-basedcatalysts.......50
4.2.1Hydrothermalmethod.........................................50
4.2.2Solvothermalmethod.........................................52
4.2.3Chemicalreductionmethod..................................53
4.2.4Electrochemicaldepositionmethod.........................55
4.2.5Othersyntheticmethods......................................56
4.3 StructureandpropertiesofTMnanoparticle-basedcatalysts.....57
4.3.1Substrate-freeTMnanoparticle-basedcatalysts............57
4.3.2Carbonsubstrate-assistedTMnanoparticle-based catalysts........................................................61
4.3.3Metallicsubstrate-assistedTMnanoparticle-based catalysts........................................................64
4.4 ApplicationsofTMnanoparticle-basedcatalyststoward theORR,HER,andOER............................................66
4.4.1ORRapplications.............................................66
4.4.2HERapplications..............................................68
4.4.3OERapplications..............................................69
4.5 Summary..............................................................70
CHAPTER5Transitionmetalchalcogenides-based electrocatalystsforORR,OER,andHER ................. 83 TenzinIngselandRamK.Gupta
5.1 Introduction...........................................................83
5.1.1Overpotential(η )..............................................86
5.1.2Tafelplot.......................................................86
5.1.3Faradaicefficiency............................................86
5.1.4Stability........................................................86
5.2 Synthesisofmetalchalcogenides...................................87
5.2.1Solvothermal...................................................87
5.2.2Chemicalvapordeposition...................................88
5.2.3Othermethods.................................................88
5.3 Transitionmetalchalcogenides-basedelectrocatalysts forOER...............................................................89
5.4 Transitionmetalchalcogenides-basedelectrocatalysts forORR...............................................................92
5.5 Transitionmetalchalcogenides-basedelectrocatalysts forHER...............................................................98
5.6 Transitionmetalchalcogenides-basedmultifunctional electrocatalysts......................................................103
5.7 Conclusionandoutlook............................................105 Acknowledgment...................................................106 References...........................................................106
CHAPTER6Metal-organicframework-basedelectrocatalysts forORR,OER,andHER 111 MuhammadRizwanSulaimanandRamK.Gupta
6.1 Introduction.........................................................111
6.2 MOF-basedelectrocatalystsforORR.............................116
6.2.1MOF-derivednitrogen-dopedcarbon-based electrocatalystsforORR....................................117
6.2.2MOF-derivednonpreciousmetal-based electrocatalystsforORR....................................120
6.3 MOF-basedelectrocatalystsforOER.............................124
6.3.1MOF-derivedmetal-freematerialsforOER electrocatalyst................................................124
6.3.2MOF-derivednonpreciousmetal-basedOER electrocatalyst................................................126
6.4 MOF-basedelectrocatalystsforHER.............................130
6.4.1MOF-derivedmetal-freecarbon-basedmaterial forHER.......................................................131
6.4.2MOF-derivedNPM-basedelectrocatalystforHER.......132
6.4.3Metalcarbide,phosphides,andchalcogenides............133
6.5 MOF-basedmultifunctionalelectrocatalysts.....................136
6.5.1MOF-derivedOER/ORRbifunctionalelectrocatalysts...136
6.5.2MOF-derivedHER/OERbifunctionalelectrocatalysts...137
6.5.3MOF-derivedHER/ORRbifunctionalelectrocatalysts...137
6.5.4MOF-derivedHER/OER/ORRtrifunctional electrocatalysts...............................................138
CHAPTER7Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-based
7.1
7.2 Overviewofgrapheneandheteroatom-doped graphene-basedmaterials..........................................147
7.2.1Graphene.....................................................147
7.2.2Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-basedmaterials.............149
7.2.3Synthesisofheteroatom-dopedgraphene-based materials......................................................151
7.3 Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-basedmaterials aselectrocatalystsforORR,OER,andHER.....................152
7.3.1Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-basedmaterials forORR.......................................................152
7.3.2Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-basedmaterials forOER.......................................................156
7.3.3Heteroatom-dopedgraphene-basedmaterials forHER.......................................................158
7.4 Summaryandperspective..........................................160 Acknowledgments..................................................161 References...........................................................161
8.1 Introduction.........................................................169
8.2 M/N/CcatalystsfortheORR......................................170
8.3 SynthesisofhighlyactiveM/N/CcatalystfortheORR.........177
8.3.1Fe/N/Mcatalystsderivedfrommetal-organic frameworks...................................................177
8.3.2Fe/M/Ncatalystsfromsacrificialtemplates...............178
8.3.3Fe/N/CcatalystsderivedfromPANI.......................180
8.3.4Fe/N/Ccatalystfromporousorganicpolymersas precursors.....................................................181
8.3.5OtherstrategiesforobtaininghighlyactiveM/N/C catalysts.......................................................181
8.4 AssessmentofORRperformanceofM/N/Ccatalysts...........181
8.5 PhysicochemicalcharacterizationofpyrolyzedM/N/C catalysts..............................................................185
8.5.1Mössbauerspectroscopy....................................186
8.5.2X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy..........................189
8.5.3X-rayabsorptionspectroscopy.............................191
8.5.4Transmissionelectronmicroscopy.........................194
8.6 Metal-containingheteroatom-dopedcarbon nanomaterialsforOERandHERreactions.......................195 References...........................................................200
CHAPTER9Metal-organicframeworksfortheelectrocatalytic ORRandHER 211
AnujKumar,ShashankSundriyal,CharuGoyal, TribaniBoruah,DipakKumarDas,GhulamYasin, TuanAnhNguyenandSonaliGautam
9.1 Introduction.........................................................211
9.2 EngineeringandeffectivestrategiesformodificationofMOFs212
9.2.1ModificationofMOFsbydoping..........................212
9.2.2MOF-derivedmaterials......................................214
9.2.3MOF-basedcomposites.....................................217
9.3 ApplicationsofMOFs-basedmaterialsinfuelcells.............220
9.3.1MOFsforelectrocatalyticORR............................221
9.3.2MOFsforhydrogenproduction............................223
9.4 Conclusionandfutureprospects...................................229 References...........................................................229
CHAPTER10LDH-basednanostructuredelectrocatalysts forhydrogenproduction 237
MohammadTabish,ShumailaIbraheem, MuhammadAsimMushtaq,RashidIqbal, TuanAnhNguyenandGhulamYasin
10.1 Introduction.........................................................237
10.2 ConstructionofTM-LDHnanostructures.........................238 10.2.1Bottom-upapproaches.....................................238 10.2.2Top-downapproaches......................................240
10.3 Carbonnanomaterial-basedTM-LDHnanohybrids.............240
10.4 Electrocatalyticapplicationforhydrogenproduction............241
10.5 Conclusion...........................................................245
CHAPTER11MOFs-derivedhollowstructureasaversatile platformforhighly-efficientmultifunctional electrocatalysttowardoverallwater-splitting
LeiZhang,Yuan-XinZhuandGuang-ZhiHu
11.1 Introduction.........................................................251
11.2 Briefclassificationofhollowstructuresbasedon theirgeometricalconfiguration....................................252
11.2.1Single-shelledhollowstructures..........................252
11.2.2Multishelledhollowstructures............................253
11.2.3Othercomplexhollowstructures..........................254
11.3 Activeregulationstrategy..........................................257
Conclusionsandperspectives......................................265
PART3NanomaterialsforElectrochemicalNitrogen reductionreaction(NRR)
CHAPTER12Noble-metals-freecatalystsfor electrochemicalNRR
XueZhaoandGuangzhiHu
12.1 Introduction.........................................................273
12.2 Non-noblemetal-basedmetalcatalysts...........................274
12.2.1Mo-basedcatalysts.........................................274 12.2.2Fe-basedcatalysts..........................................277
12.2.3Ti-basedcatalysts...........................................279
12.2.4Bi-basedcatalysts..........................................282
12.2.5Co,Ni-basedcatalysts.....................................283
12.2.6Othernon-noblemetalmetal-basedcatalysts............284
12.3 Non-metal-basedcatalysts.........................................285
12.3.1B-basedNRRcatalysts....................................286
12.3.2N-basedcatalysts...........................................288
12.3.3O-andS-basedcatalysts...................................290
12.3.4P-basedcatalysts...........................................291 Competinginterests.................................................291 Acknowledgments..................................................291 References...........................................................291
CHAPTER13Noblemetals-basednanocatalystsfor
13.1 Introduction.........................................................299
13.2 Ru-basedNRRcatalysts............................................300
13.2.1Single-atomRu-basedNRRcatalysts....................300
13.2.2SupportedRu-basedNRRcatalysts.......................301
13.2.3Ru-basedalloycatalysts...................................303
13.3 Au-basedNRRcatalysts...........................................304
13.3.1Aucatalystnanostructureadjusting.......................306
13.3.2SupportedAu-basedNRRcatalysts......................307
13.3.3Au-basedalloyNRRcatalyst..............................308
13.4 Othernoblemetal-basedNRRcatalysts..........................310
13.4.1Pd-basedNRRcatalysts...................................310
13.4.2Pt-basedNRRcatalysts....................................311
13.5 Conclusionsandprospects.........................................312 References...........................................................313
CHAPTER14ElectrochemicalNRRwithnoblemetals-based nanocatalysts ................................................... 317
MohdKhalid,MohammadRafeHatshan, AnaMariaBorgesHonorato,BijandraKumar andHamiltonVarela
14.1 Introduction.........................................................317
14.2 NRRmechanism....................................................318
14.3 TypesoftheelectrochemicalcellforNRR.......................320
14.4 ElectrolytesforNRR...............................................322
14.5 NRRbasedonnoblemetals........................................323
CHAPTER15ElectrochemicalNRRwithnoblemetals-free
15.2.7Othertransitionmetaloxides..............................342
15.3 Transitionmetalsulfides-basedelectrocatalysts..................346
15.4 Transitionmetalnitride-basedelectrocatalysts...................351
15.5 Transitionmetalphosphides-basedelectrocatalysts..............353 15.5.1Cobaltphosphides..........................................353
15.5.2Nickelphosphides..........................................355
15.5.3Ironphosphides.............................................355
15.6 Transitionmetalcarbides-basedelectrocatalysts.................357
15.6.1Mxene-basedelectrocatalysts.............................357
15.6.2Molybdenumcarbides-basedelectrocatalysts............357
15.7 Metal-freeelectrocatalysts.........................................358 15.7.1Boron-dopedcarbon.......................................358 15.7.2Nitrogen-dopedcarbon....................................360
15.7.3Fluorine-dopedcarbon.....................................360
15.7.4Sulfur-dopedcarbon.......................................362
15.7.5Blackphosphorus..........................................363
15.8 Conclusion...........................................................363
PART4NanomaterialsforElectrochemicalCO2 reductionreaction
CHAPTER16Nanomaterialsforelectrochemicalreduction ofCO2 :Anintroduction
AnujKumar,GhulamYasinandTuanAnhNguyen
References...........................................................375 Index....................................................................................377
Contributors
TribaniBoruah
NortheastHillUniversity(NEHU),UmshingMawkynroh,Shillong,Meghalaya, India
WeiweiCai
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan,China
XunCui
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology, Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates;KeyLaboratoryofCatalysisandEnergyMaterials ChemistryofMinistryofEducationandHubeiKeyLaboratoryofCatalysis andMaterialsScience,South-CentralUniversityforNationalities,Wuhan, China
DipakKumarDas
DepartmentofChemistry,GLAUniversity,Mathura,UttarPradesh,India
ThiLuuLuyenDoan
DepartmentofNanoConvergenceEngineering,JeonbukNationalUniversity, Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea
LikunGao
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology, Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates;KeyLaboratoryofBio-basedMaterialScienceand TechnologyofMinistryofEducation,NortheastForestryUniversity,Harbin, China
ÁlvaroGarcía
GrupodeEnergíayQuímicaSosteniblesInstitutodeCatálisisyPetroleoquímica, CSIC,Madrid,Spain
SonaliGautam
DepartmentofChemistry,GLAUniversity,Mathura,UttarPradesh,India
CharuGoyal
DepartmentofChemistry,GLAUniversity,Mathura,UttarPradesh,India
RamK.Gupta
DepartmentofChemistry,KansasPolymerResearchCenter,PittsburgState University,Pittsburg,KS,UnitedStates
MohammadRafeHatshan
DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh, SaudiArabia
AnaMariaBorgesHonorato
DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,FederalUniversityofSãoCarlos,São Carlos,SP,Brazil
GuangzhiHu
InstituteforEcologicalResearchandPollutionControlofPlateauLakes,School ofEcologyandEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofChemicalScienceand Technology,YunnanUniversity,Kunming,China
ShumailaIbraheem
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,CollegeofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering, ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
TenzinIngsel
DepartmentofChemistry,KansasPolymerResearchCenter,PittsburgState University,Pittsburg,KS,UnitedStates
RashidIqbal
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,CollegeofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering, ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
MohdKhalid InstituteofChemistryofSãoCarlos,UniversityofSãoPaulo,SãoCarlos,SP, Brazil
NamHoonKim
DepartmentofNanoConvergenceEngineering,JeonbukNationalUniversity, Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea
AnujKumar
Nano-TechnologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry,GLA University,Mathura,UttarPradeshIndia;CollegeofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology,Beijing,China
BijandraKumar
DepartmentofMath.,Comp.Sci.andEng.Technology,ElizabethCityState University,ElizabethCity,NC,UnitedStates
JoongHeeLee
DepartmentofNanoConvergenceEngineering,JeonbukNationalUniversity, Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea;CarbonCompositeResearchCenter, DepartmentofPolymer-NanoScienceandTechnology,JeonbukNational University,Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea
JingLi
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan,China
ZhiqunLin
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology, Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates
MuhammadAsimMushtaq
StateKeyLaboratoryofChemicalResourceEngineering,BeijingUniversityof ChemicalTechnology,Beijing,China
DinhChuongNguyen
DepartmentofNanoConvergenceEngineering,JeonbukNationalUniversity, Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea
TuanAnhNguyen
InstituteforTropicalTechnology,VietnamAcademyofScienceandTechnology, Hanoi,VietNam
MaríaRetuerto
GrupodeEnergíayQuímicaSosteniblesInstitutodeCatálisisyPetroleoquímica, CSIC,Madrid,Spain
SergioRojas
GrupodeEnergíayQuímicaSosteniblesInstitutodeCatálisisyPetroleoquímica, CSIC,Madrid,Spain
AdilSaleem
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,Guangdong, China;CollegeofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering,ShenzhenUniversity, Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
MuhammadRizwanSulaiman
DepartmentofChemistry,KansasPolymerResearchCenter,PittsburgState University,Pittsburg,KS,UnitedStates
ShashankSundriyal
AdvancedCarbonProductsDepartment,CSIR-NationalPhysicalLaboratory, NewDelhi,India
MohammadTabish
StateKeyLaboratoryofElectrochemicalProcessandTechnologyforMaterials, CollegeofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,BeijingUniversityofChemical Technology,Beijing,China
JorgeTorrero
GrupodeEnergíayQuímicaSosteniblesInstitutodeCatálisisyPetroleoquímica, CSIC,Madrid,Spain
DuyThanhTran
DepartmentofNanoConvergenceEngineering,JeonbukNationalUniversity, Jeonju,Jeonbuk,RepublicofKorea
HamiltonVarela
InstituteofChemistryofSãoCarlos,UniversityofSãoPaulo,SãoCarlos,SP, Brazil
ShenglinXiao
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciencesWuhan,Wuhan,PRChina
YingkuiYang
KeyLaboratoryofCatalysisandEnergyMaterialsChemistryofMinistryof EducationandHubeiKeyLaboratoryofCatalysisandMaterialsScience, South-CentralUniversityforNationalities,Wuhan,China
Contributors
ZehuiYang
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciencesWuhan,Wuhan,PRChina
GhulamYasin
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,CollegeofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering, ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
ZihaoYe
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan,China
LeiZhang
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,AnhuiUniversityofScienceand Technology,Huainan,Anhui,PRChina
QuanZhang
SustainableEnergyLaboratory,FacultyofMaterialsScienceandChemistry, ChinaUniversityofGeosciencesWuhan,Wuhan,PRChina
XueZhao
InstituteforEcologicalResearchandPollutionControlofPlateauLakes,School ofEcologyandEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofChemicalScienceand Technology,YunnanUniversity,Kunming,China
Yuan-XinZhu
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,AnhuiUniversityofScienceand Technology,Huainan,Anhui,PRChina
Preface
Thedistinctdepletionoffossilfuelsandever-growinghumandependenceonthe energy-basedusageshastriggeredasterndeclineinordinaryenergyreservoirsand alsoworsenedourenvironment.Itisexpectedthattheworldwillrequisitetodupleits energysourcestoenduretheuniversaleconomyprogressionby2050.Subsequently, thereisanimperativeneedthanevertodiscovertheuseofrenewable,clean,and bounteousenergysources.Inthistrend,anencouragingprogressistheusageof sustainableenergyfontstotransformmolecules(i.e., nitrogen,carbondioxide,and water)intheatmosphereintovaluedproducts(i.e., ammonia,hydrocarbons,and hydrogen)throughelectrocatalysistechnologies.Indeed,anumberofinnovative energyconversionandstoragesystems,forinstance,rechargeablemetal-airbatteries,waterelectrolysis,andfuelcellshavebroadlybeenconsidered.Remarkably, thesetechniquesvastlyreliantonthechainofelectrochemicalreactions,comprising theoxygenreductionreaction(ORR),oxygenevolutionreaction(OER),hydrogen evolutionreaction(HER),CO2 reductionreaction(CO2 RR),andnitrogenreduction reaction(NRR),etc.Nonetheless,theefficacyofthesereactionsintenselydependson thesyntheticstructureandpropertiesofthecatalystsused.Themodernadvancement innanomaterialshasopeneduptheinnovativeavenuebybuildingnanostructuresfor proficientenergystorageandconversion.Thisbookcrediblyfocusesontheenduring andadvancesinthenanotechnologyanddevelopmentofnanomaterialsforadvanced electrocatalysis.
Ofparticularattention,metal-basedandmetal-freenanomaterialshavebeen cost-efficientlydesignedintovariouselectrocatalystswithefficientenergystorage/conversioncapabilities.Theconsequentinnovationsinbuildingthecompetentnanostructuresunlockedanovelerainelectrochemistryandmaterialscience. Eversincethen,transition-metal-,andcarbon-basednanomaterialswithdistinctive surface/size-reliantelectrochemicalpossessionshavebeenrevealedtobebeneficial inelectrocatalysis,andmarvelousdevelopmenthasbeenaccomplishedinemerging nanomaterialsforproficientenergystorageandconversiontechnologies.Thisisa blisteringfieldwhereinasubstantialextentofliteraturehasbeenpromptlyengendered withseveralpublicationsongoingtoupturnannually.So,itisverysignificanttocover theutmostlatestadvancesinthisfieldinawell-timedmode.
Thisbookcompactswiththefundamentals,synthesismethods,andwiderange applicationsofthesemetal-basedandmetal-freenanostructures.Soastocoverthe multistructuredmeadowofsuchvariety,transition-metal,noble-metalandcarbonbasednanomaterialsforenergytechnologiesdeliverapoolofchapterstranscribed bytopscholarswhohavebeenkeenlyemployedinassociatedfields,andthescript hasbeendistributedintodifferentparts.Thisbookisanticipatedtocoverallthe differenttypesoftransition-metalbased(e.g., transitionmetaloxides,hydroxides, andchalcogenides),noble-metalbased,metal-free(e.g., carbon-andgraphenebased,heteroatom-dopedcarbon),andhybridnanomaterialsforelectrocatalysis.The
novelsyntheticmodes,characterization,differentstructures,andtheirapplicationsof above-mentionednanomaterialsandtheirmultifunctionalproductsarecomprehensivelydiscussed.Theoverheadtacticwillletthebookloverstofirstunderstandthe scientificfundamentalinformationofelectrocatalysisandthenencompassthebasic awarenesstothesynthesis,development,andapplicationofnanomaterialsinpractical technologies.
Thereaderswhoarefreshinthisfieldwillbemotivatedtolearnfundamental illustrationsthatmaywelldeliveravividdevotionearliertosternreading.Meanwhile, theupdatedcitationsinallchaptersoughttofacilitatereaderstorapidlyanalyzethe stimulatingfieldwithevidenceonthehottestadvances.So,thisbook“Nanomaterials forElectrocatalysis”isanindispensablereferenceonnanomaterialsforenergystorage andconversionsystemstoresearchers,engineers,teachers,scientistsandstudents inthefieldofmaterialsscience,nanotechnology,andelectrochemistry.Academic specialistscanusethisbooktoswiftlyreviewtheup-to-dateadvancestowidentheir understandingofnanomaterialsforelectrocatalysisemerginginnovativetechnologies forenergystorageandconversionsystems.
Atlast,wewanttoexpressourearnestgratitudetoGabrielaCapilleandtheir coworkersatElsevierfortheirgenerousandtolerantsupportthroughtheaccomplishmentofthisbook.Wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgetheentirechapterauthors, collaborators,andourassociateswhocontributedtothebook.Last,butnotthe least,wearebethegratefultoourfamiliesfortheirperpetualtolerance,love,and unremittingsupport.
ShumailaIbraheem,GhulamYasin InstituteforAdvancedStudy CollegeofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,Guangdong,China shumaila.ibraheem@yahoo.com,yasin@szu.edu.cn
