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NANO-ENABLEDAGROCHEMICALS INAGRICULTURE NANO-ENABLED AGROCHEMICALS INAGRICULTURE Editedby MANSOUR GHORBANPOUR
DepartmentofMedicinalPlants,FacultyofAgricultureandNaturalResources,ArakUniversity,Arak,Iran
MUHAMMAD ADNAN SHAHID
DepartmentofAgriculture,NutritionandFoodSystemsatUniversityofNewHampshire,Durham,NH,UnitedStates
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
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ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea professionalresponsibility.
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ISBN:978-0-323-91009-5
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: NikkiP.Levy
AcquisitionsEditor: NancyJ.Maragioglio
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CoverDesigner: MarkRogers
TypesetbySTRAIVE,India
Contents Contributorsxi
1.Theroleofnanotechnologytocombat majorrecentworldwidechallenges
G.AliMansoori
1Recentproblemsandeffortstowardstheir solution1
References5
2.Classificationofnanomaterialsandtheir physicalandchemicalnature
ShreyaSaha,ShikhaBansal,andManikaKhanuja
1Introduction7
2Origin8
3Classificationofnanostructures8
4Variousphenomenathataffectthepropertiesof nanomaterials20
5Propertiesofnanomaterials21 References27
3.Thetheoryofrelativityeffectin nanoparticles:Decipheringofunknown effectswithnano-puzzleandnano-domini
MehrdadAlizadeh,NarimanMaroofpour,BehnamAsgariLajayer, andMehrnazHatami
1Introduction35
2Unknowneffectsandgaps36
3Thetheoryofrelativityeffect40
4Nano-puzzleasanewconceptandstrategyin nanotechnology41
5DominoeffectorchaineffecttheoryinNPs (Nano-domino)42
6Hypotheticalexperimentdesignforrelativity theoryeffect43
7Conclusions46 References46
4.Eco-friendlyroutesforobtaining nanoparticlesandtheirapplicationin agro-industry
GabrielaAmodeo,RominaGiacometti,FedericoSpagnoletti, PatricioRoma ´ nSantagapita,andMercedesPerullini
1Benefitsandrisksofnanoparticles49
2Synthesisofnanoparticles:Bioinspiration, biomimetics,orallowingnaturedothework51
3NPscomefromnatureandtonaturethey shallreturn53
4Technologicalstrategiesinagriculture55
5Nanoparticlesforbioticstressandplant disease/pestmanagement57
6Nanoparticlesagainstweeds58 Acknowledgments58 References59
5.Themechanismsinvolvedinthe synthesisofbiogenicnanoparticles
ZahraGerami,FaribaFahmidehMahdizadeh,SajadAliyar, BehnamAsgariLajayer,andMehrnazHatami
1Introduction63
2Literaturereview64
3Zincnanoparticles68
4Silvernanoparticles71
5Conclusions73 References74
6.Advancedanalyticaltechniques forphysico-chemicalcharacterization ofnano-materials
MiguelTinoco,Marı´aPilarYeste,andMartaSendra
1Electronmicroscopy80
2Fouriertransforminfrared(FTIR)spectroscopy87
3Ramanspectroscopy89
4X-raydiffraction(XRD)91
5X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)91
6Thermalanalysistechniques93
7NPsinteractionwithsoilsand microorganisms94 References97
7.Nanotechnologyforcargodeliverywith aspecialemphasisonpesticide,herbicide, andfertilizer
SabyasachiBanerjee,SujayitaMazumder,DebasmitaChatterjee, SankhadipBose,andSutapaBiswasMajee
1Introduction105
2Materialsforfabricationofnanoformulations ofpesticides/herbicidesandnanofertilizers126
3Nanoparticlesasactiveingredients132
4Nanoporouszeolite133
5Conclusion135 References136
8.Nano-biofertilizersforenhancednutrient useefficiency
NasrinFazelianandMortezaYousefzadi
1Introduction145
2Nano-biofertilizers146
3Mineralnutrientsdeficiencyinplants148
4Nutrientavailability150
5Effectsofnano-biofertilizersonplant nutrition150
6Biologicalmechanismsofnano-biofertilizers action152
7Benefitsofnano-biofertilizersoverconventional chemicalfertilizers154
8Conclusion155 References156
9.Nanoprimingtechnologyfor improvingcropplantsunderstressful conditions:conceptandmethods
ShabnamKatoch,RichaSalwan,andVivekSharma
1Introduction159
2Conceptofseedprimingtechniques160
3Methodsofseedpriming161
4Thedownsideofseedpriming166
5Recentdevelopmentsinseedpriming167
6Futureperspectives168 References168
10.Applicationsofnanotechnology inprecisionagriculture
NaoremBidyaleimaChanuandMayanglambam ChandraKumarSingh
1Introduction175
2Nanoparticle(NP)synthesisanduptake176
3Commonlyexploitednanoparticlesinprecision agriculture176
4Nanotechnologicalinterventionsinprecision agriculture178
5Futureperspectives184
6Conclusion184
Conflictofinterest185 References185
11.Algalnanoparticlesandtheirpotential applicationinagriculture
MaryamKokabiandMortezaYousefzadi
1Introduction189
2Algaeasbio-nanofactories190
3Microalgae-basedNPsynthesis191
4Macroalgae-basedNPsynthesis191
5Mechanismsfortheroleofalgaeinnanoparticle formation192
6Advantagesofalgal-basednanoparticles193
7Algalnanoparticlesinagriculture194
8Concludingremarksandfutureperspective195 References196
12.Silverandzincnanoparticlesinthe improvementofagriculturalcrops
AdityaBanerjeeandAryadeepRoychoudhury
1Introduction199
2GeneralpropertiesofNPs200
3RolesofAgNPsincropimprovement201
4RolesofZnNPsincropimprovement204
5ToxicitymediatedbyAgNPsandZnNPs: Abriefoverview205
6Conclusion205
7Futureperspectives206
Acknowledgments206 References206
13.Biogenicnanoparticlesandtheir applicationforremovaloforganic contaminantsfromwaterandwastewater
HakimehHajilou,SolmazKazemalilou,BehnamAsgariLajayer, EbrahimMoghiseh,andMehrnazHatami
1Introduction211
2Nanoparticlesandbiogenicnanoparticles212
3Biogenicnanoparticlesforremovaloforganic contaminantsfromwaterandwastewater213
4Conclusions215
References216
14.Stimulatoryroleofnanomaterials onagriculturalcrops
AlonsoMendez-Lo ´ pez,YolandaGonza ´ lez-Garcıa,and AntonioJua ´ rez-Maldonado
1Introduction219
2Biostimulationwiththeuseofnanomaterials220
3Stimulationofgrowthanddevelopmentofcrops withtheapplicationofNMs222
4Stimulationofenvironmentalstresstolerance compounds230
5Stimulationoftolerancecompoundsto pathogenicmicroorganisms230
6Stimulationofbiocompoundsindifferentorgans ofplants233
7Conclusions237 References237
15.Greensynthesisofnanoparticlesand theirusesinagriculture
S.Ramkumar,V.Baskar,R.Skymoon,T.Pooja,B.H.Gangadhar, S.Umadevi,K.SaravanaMurali,I.M.Chung,andM.Thiruvengadam
1Introduction247
2Greensynthesisnanoparticles248
3Roleofnanotechnologyinagriculture258
4Conclusions263
References263
16.Acomprehensivereviewon nanopesticidesandnanofertilizers—Aboon foragriculture
BhavnaSharma,UshaLakra,RajaniSharma,and ShubhaRaniSharma
1Introduction273
2Importanceofagriculture275
3Problemsfacedbypeopleinagriculture276
4Roleofpesticidesintheaugmentationofcrop production276
5Roleoffertilizersintheaugmentationofcrop production278
6Applicationsofnanotechnologyin agriculture279
7Anagriculturalrevolutionbynanopesticidesand nanofertilizersinagriculture281
8Whatarenanofertilizers?282
9Conventionalbulkfertilizersvs. nanofertilizers283
10Environmentalandhealthconcernsof nanofertilizers284
11Whatarenanopesticides?284
12Hazardsassociatedwiththeuseof nanopesticidesandnanofertilizersandtheir management287
13Conclusion288
References288
17.Nano-enabledagrochemicalsfor sustainableagriculture
AbdurRehman,TongQunyi,MuhammadUsman, MuhammadFaisalManzoor,LiZhao,JianguoFeng,and SeidMahdiJafari
1Introduction291
2Pesticide-loadednano-enabled agrochemicals293
3Newtrendsandchallengesforfieldapplicationof pesticide-loadednano-enabledagrochemicals299
4Conclusions302
References302
18.Synthesisofnanofungicidesby encapsulatingfungicidenanoparticles usingfunctionalizedgrapheneandits applicationagainstphytopathogenic Rhizoctoniasolani
NahidSarlak,MortezaPoorhadi,andMansourGhorbanpour
1Introduction307
2Materialsandmethods309
3Resultsanddiscussion311
4Conclusions321
Conflictofinterest321
Acknowledgments322
References322
19.Effectsofnanoparticleson phytotoxicity,cytotoxicity,andgenotoxicity inagriculturalcrops
S.Ramkumar,M.Thiruvengadam,T.Pooja,G.SriThatchayani, J.D.Alwin,B.S.Harish,S.Deva,R.Keerdhana,R.N.Chithraanjane, S.H.Nile,andV.Baskar
1Introduction325
2Phytotoxicity326
3Cytotoxicity332
4Genotoxicity335
5Conclusions338
References338
20.Engineerednanomaterial-mediated changesinthegrowthanddevelopmentof commonagriculturalcrops
COOgunkunle,MAJimoh,SOyedeji,MayankVarun,and GOOkunlola
1Introduction345
2Classesofnanomaterials346
3Relevanceofengineerednanomaterialsin agriculture/cropproduction349
4Beneficialeffectsofengineerednanomaterials ongrowthanddevelopmentofselected agriculturalcrops351
5BeneficialeffectsofENMsonbioticstressofthe studiedcropplants363
6Theecologicalriskassociatedwithnanomaterials inputsinagriculture364
7Conclusion364 References365
21.Biosynthesisandgreensynthesisof nanoparticlesandtheiruseinagriculture
NahidSarlakandMohammadRezaAbdi
1Introduction377
2Biosynthesisofnanoparticles378
3Biosynthesisofnanoparticlesbyfungi379
4Biosynthesisofnanoparticlesbybacteria379
5Biosynthesisofnanoparticlesbyplantextract381
6Nanoparticlesasantimicrobials382
7Plantpathogenicityandnanoparticles383
8Plantgrowthparametersandefficacyof nano-formulationsonthem384
9Conclusions385
10Futureprospects385
References386
22.Nanoparticle-basedsolutionsfor diagnosisandmanagementoffungal plantpathogens
FaezehossadatAbtahi,SeyedehLavinNourani, andMansourGhorbanpour
1Introduction393
2Diagnosisandmanagementofsomefungalplant pathogensinnanoscale395
3Conclusions401
References402
23.Currentstatusandfutureprospects ofnanoparticlesasplantgenetic materialscarrier
VartikaRohatgi,NavakanthVijayChallagulla,and RameshNamdeoPudake
1Introduction407
2Prevalentmethodsofplanttransformationand challengesassociatedwiththem408
3Nanocarriersforgeneticallymodified crops409
4Nanocarriersnon-GMopportunities412
5Advantagesofnanoparticlesforgenetic engineering418
6Needforfutureresearch420
7Conclusion421 References421
24.Currentdevelopmentsin nanotechnologyforthegrowthofdifferent industrialsectors:2010–20
KhushbooDasauniandTapanK.Nailwal
1Introduction425
2Nanotechnologydevelopmentindifferentsectors, 2010–20426
3Nanotechnology:Currentdevelopmentin agriculturesector428
4Nanobiosensorsforfoodprocessing429
5Conclusion431
6Futuredirection431 References432
25.Impactsofnanomaterialsonmetabolic profilingofagriculturalcrops
ZahraZahra,ZunairaHabib,andMuhammadQudratUllahFarooqi
1Introduction435
2NPsactiononmetabolicprofilingofplants442
3Conclusions442 References442
26.Polymericnanoparticle-based insecticide:Acriticalreviewof agricultureproduction
KhushbooDasauni,Divya,PriyankaMathpal,andTapanK.Nailwal
1Introduction445
2Differenttypesofinsecticidesandtheirmodeof action447
3Roleofnanotechnologyinnextgeneration agriculture449
4Nanoparticlesaspesticides451
5Thecurrentscenario454
6Nano-basedinsecticides455
7Chitosannanoparticlesforsustainable agriculture458
8Limitations459
9Futureprospectiveandresearchchallenges459 References460
27.Nano–deliverysystem:Inthe agriculturesector
KhushbooDasauniandTapanK.Nailwal
1Introduction467
2Nanoparticlesandnano-carriersfor agriculture468
3Drugdelivery:Inagriculture475
4Prospectsofnano-deliverysystemtechnologyin agriculture476
5Applicationofnanoparticlesinagriculture andfoodsectorsisquiterecentcompared totheiruseindrugdeliveryand pharmaceuticals477
6Conclusion480 References481
28.Nanotechnology,anewtoolfor agricultureandagroindustry
AnaAngelicaFeregrinoPerez, JoseRosendoHernandezResendiz,CristianJosueMendozaMeneses, LuisAlfonsoPa ´ ramoSerrano,SusanaMerazDa ´ vila,and KarenEsquivelEscalante
1Nanotechnologyintheagricultureand agroindustry485
2Nanomaterials486
3Nanometaloxidesaselicitors487
4Nanometaloxidesforplantdiseaseprotection494
5Applicationofnanofibersinagriculture504
6Conclusions514 References515
29.SynthesisofdifferentTiO2 nanostructuresusingcentral compositedesignoptimizationmethod andapplicationofTiO2-nanobelt forwatermicroorganism’spurification
NahidSarlak,ZeynabDerikvand,andVahidbabieZareei
1Introduction527
2Experimentalsetup529
3Resultanddiscussion531
4Conclusions535 References535
Index537
Contributors MohammadRezaAbdi DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofSciences,LorestanUniversity, Khorramabad,Iran
FaezehossadatAbtahi DepartmentofMedicinalPlants,FacultyofAgricultureandNatural Resources,ArakUniversity,Arak,Iran
SajadAliyar DepartmentofSoilScience, FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofTabriz, Tabriz,Iran
MehrdadAlizadeh DepartmentofPlantPathology,CollegeofAgriculture,TarbiatModares University,Tehran,Iran
J.D.Alwin DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
GabrielaAmodeo InstituteofBiodivesity,ExperimentalandAppliedBiology(IBBEA),UniversityofBuenosAires,NationalScientificand TechnicalResearchCouncil;Departmentof BiodivesityandExperimentalBiology(DBBE), UniversityofBuenosAires,BuenosAires, Argentina
AdityaBanerjee DepartmentofBiotechnology, St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous),Kolkata, WestBengal,India
SabyasachiBanerjee DepartmentofPharmacognosyandPhytochemistry,GuptaCollegeof TechnologicalSciences,Asansol,WestBengal, India
ShikhaBansal CentreforNanoscienceand Nanotechnology,JamiaMilliaIslamia,New Delhi,India
V.Baskar DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
SankhadipBose DepartmentofPharmacognosy,BengalSchoolofTechnology,Hooghly, WestBengal,India
NavakanthVijayChallagulla AmityInstitute ofNanotechnology,AmityUniversityUttar Pradesh,Noida,UP,India
NaoremBidyaleimaChanu Departmentof VegetableScience,CollegeofHorticulture andForestry,CentralAgriculturalUniversity, Pasighat,ArunachalPradesh,India
DebasmitaChatterjee DepartmentofPharmaceutics,JISUniversity,Kolkata,WestBengal, India
R.N.Chithraanjane DepartmentofBiotechnology,SriShakthiInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
I.M.Chung DepartmentofAppliedBioscience,KonkukUniversity,Seoul,Republic ofKorea
KhushbooDasauni DepartmentofBiotechnology,KumaunUniversityNainital,SirJ.C.Bose Campus,Nainital,Uttarakhand,India
SusanaMerazDa ´ vila GraduateandResearch Division,EngineeringFaculty,Universidad Auto ´ nomadeQueretaro,CerrodelasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro,Mexico
ZeynabDerikvand DepartmentofChemistry, FacultyofSciences,LorestanUniversity, Khorramabad,Iran
S.Deva DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
Divya DepartmentofBiotechnology,Kumaun UniversityNainital,SirJ.C.BoseCampus, Nainital,Uttarakhand,India
KarenEsquivelEscalante GraduateandResearchDivision,EngineeringFaculty, UniversidadAuto ´ nomadeQueretaro,Cerro delasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro, Mexico
FaribaFahmidehMahdizadeh Departmentof Biotechnology,ChemistryandPharmaceutical Science,SienaUniversity,Siena,Italy
MuhammadQudratUllahFarooqi Schoolof AgricultureandEnvironment,TheUniversity ofWesternAustralia,Perth,WA,Australia
NasrinFazelian DepartmentofPlantBiology, FacultyofNaturalSciences,Universityof Tabriz,Tabriz;DepartmentofMarineBiology, FacultyofMarineScienceandTechnology, UniversityofHormozgan,BandarAbbas,Iran
JianguoFeng SchoolofHorticultureandPlant Protection,YangzhouUniversity,Yangzhou, China
B.H.Gangadhar DepartmentofBiotechnology andCropImprovement,UniversityofHorticulturalSciences,Bagalkot,Karnataka,India
ZahraGerami DepartmentofSoilScience,FacultyofAgriculture,FerdowsiUniversityof Mashhad,Mashhad,Iran
MansourGhorbanpour DepartmentofMedicinalPlants,FacultyofAgricultureandNatural Resources,ArakUniversity,Arak,Iran
RominaGiacometti InstituteofAgricultural andEnvironmentalBiosciencesResearch (INBA),SchoolofAgriculture,Universityof BuenosAiresandNationalScientificandTechnicalResearchCouncil,BuenosAires, Argentina
YolandaGonza ´ lez-Garcı ´ a DepartmentofBotany,AutonomousAgrarianUniversityAntonio Narro,Saltillo,Mexico
ZunairaHabib InstituteofEnvironmental SciencesandEngineering,SchoolofCiviland EnvironmentalEngineering,NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology,Islamabad, Pakistan
HakimehHajilou DepartmentofSoilScience, FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofTabriz, Tabriz,Iran
B.S.Harish DepartmentofBiotechnology,KITKalaignarKarunanidhiInstituteofTechnology, Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
MehrnazHatami DepartmentofMedicinal Plants,FacultyofAgricultureandNaturalResources,ArakUniversity,Arak,Iran
SeidMahdiJafari DepartmentofFoodMaterialsandProcessDesignEngineering,Gorgan UniversityofAgriculturalScienceandNatural Resources,Gorgan,Iran
MAJimoh PlantBiologyUnit,Departmentof BiologicalSciences,OsunStateUniversity, Osogbo,Nigeria
AntonioJua ´ rez-Maldonado DepartmentofBotany,AutonomousAgrarianUniversityAntonio Narro,Saltillo,Mexico
ShabnamKatoch DivisionofPlantPathology, ICAR-IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute, NewDelhi,India
SolmazKazemalilou DepartmentofSoil Science,FacultyofAgriculture,Universityof Tabriz,Tabriz,Iran
R.Keerdhana DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
ManikaKhanuja CentreforNanoscienceand Nanotechnology,JamiaMilliaIslamia,New Delhi,India
MaryamKokabi DepartmentofMarineBiology,FacultyofMarineScienceandTechnology, UniversityofHormozgan,BandarAbbas,Iran
BehnamAsgariLajayer HealthandEnvironmentResearchCenter,TabrizUniversityof MedicalSciences;DepartmentofSoilScience, FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofTabriz, Tabriz,Iran
UshaLakra DepartmentofBioengineeringand Biotechnology,BirlaInstituteofTechnology, Mesra,Ranchi,India
SutapaBiswasMajee Departmentof Pharmaceutics,NSHMCollegeofPharmaceuticalTechnology,NSHMKnowledgeCampus, Kolkata – GroupofInstitutions,Kolkata,West Bengal,India
G.AliMansoori DepartmentsofChemical andBio-Engineering&Physics,Universityof IllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
MuhammadFaisalManzoor SchoolofFood andBiologicalEngineering,JiangsuUniversity, Zhenjiang,China
NarimanMaroofpour DepartmentofPlant Protection,FacultyofAgriculture,University ofTabriz,Tabriz,Iran
PriyankaMathpal DepartmentofMolecular BiologyandGeneticEngineering,Collegeof BasicSciencesandHumanities,GovindBallabh PantUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand,India
SujayitaMazumder DepartmentofPharmaceutics,NSHMCollegeofPharmaceutical Technology,NSHMKnowledgeCampus, Kolkata – GroupofInstitutions,Kolkata,West Bengal,India
AlonsoMendez-Lo ´ pez DepartmentofBotany, AutonomousAgrarianUniversityAntonio Narro,Saltillo,Mexico
CristianJosueMendozaMeneses Graduate andResearchDivision,EngineeringFaculty, UniversidadAuto ´ nomadeQueretaro,Cerro delasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro, Mexico
EbrahimMoghiseh NuclearAgricultureResearchSchool,NuclearScienceandTechnology ResearchInstitute,Karaj,Iran
TapanK.Nailwal DepartmentofBiotechnology,KumaunUniversityNainital,SirJ.C.Bose Campus,Nainital,Uttarakhand,India
S.H.Nile LaboratoryofMedicinalPlant Biotechnology,CollegeofPharmacy,Zhejiang ChineseMedicalUniversity,Hangzhou, Zhejiang,People’sRepublicofChina
SeyedehLavinNourani PlantPathology Department,FacultyofAgriculture,Tarbiat ModaresUniversity,Tehran,Iran
COOgunkunle EnvironmentalBiologyUnit, DepartmentofPlantBiology,Universityof Ilorin,Ilorin;PlantBiologyUnit,Department ofBiologicalSciences,OsunStateUniversity, Osogbo,Nigeria
GOOkunlola PlantBiologyUnit,Department ofBiologicalSciences,OsunStateUniversity, Osogbo,Nigeria
SOyedeji EnvironmentalBiologyUnit,DepartmentofPlantBiology,UniversityofIlorin, Ilorin,Nigeria
AnaAngelicaFeregrinoPerez Graduateand ResearchDivision,EngineeringFaculty, UniversidadAuto ´ nomadeQueretaro,Cerro delasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro, Mexico
MercedesPerullini DepartmentofInorganic, AnalyticalandPhysicalChemistry,FacultyofExactandNaturalSciences,UniversityofBuenos Aires;InstituteofPhysicalChemistryofMaterials,EnvironmentandEnergy(INQUIMAE), NationalScientificandTechnicalResearch CouncilofArgentina(CONICET),Buenos Aires,Argentina
T.Pooja DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
MortezaPoorhadi DepartmentofChemistry, FacultyofSciences,LorestanUniversity, Khorramabad,Iran
RameshNamdeoPudake AmityInstituteof Nanotechnology,AmityUniversityUttar Pradesh,Noida,UP,India
TongQunyi StateKeyLaboratoryofFood ScienceandTechnology,JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi,Jiangsu,China
S.Ramkumar DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
AbdurRehman StateKeyLaboratoryofFood ScienceandTechnology,JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi,Jiangsu,China
JoseRosendoHerna ´ ndezResendiz Graduate andResearchDivision,EngineeringFaculty,
UniversidadAuto ´ nomadeQueretaro,Cerrode lasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro, Mexico
VartikaRohatgi AmityInstituteofNanotechnology,AmityUniversityUttarPradesh, Noida,UP,India
AryadeepRoychoudhury DepartmentofBiotechnology,St.Xavier’sCollege(Autonomous), Kolkata,WestBengal,India
ShreyaSaha CentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,JamiaMilliaIslamia,NewDelhi, India
RichaSalwan CollegeofHorticultureandForestry,Dr.YSParmarUniversityofHorticulture &ForestryNeri,Hamirpur,India
PatricioRoma ´ nSantagapita Departmentof OrganicChemistry,FacultyofExactandNatural Sciences,UniversityofBuenosAires;Research CenterinCarbohydrateChemistry(CIHIDECAR), NationalScientificandTechnicalResearch CouncilofArgentina(CONICET),BuenosAires, Argentina
K.SaravanaMurali ViralResearchandDiagnosticLaboratory,CoimbatoreMedicalCollege,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
NahidSarlak DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofSciences,LorestanUniversity,Khorramabad,Iran
MartaSendra CSIC,SpanishNationalReferenceLaboratoryforMolluscDiseases,Institute ofMarineResearch(IIM),NationalResearch Council(CSIC),Vigo,Spain
LuisAlfonsoPa ´ ramoSerrano Graduateand ResearchDivision,EngineeringFaculty, UniversidadAuto ´ nomadeQueretaro,Cerro delasCampanas,SantiagodeQueretaro,Qro, Mexico
BhavnaSharma DepartmentofBioengineering andBiotechnology,BirlaInstituteofTechnology,Mesra,Ranchi,India
RajaniSharma DepartmentofBiotechnology, AmityUniversity,Ranchi,India
ShubhaRaniSharma DepartmentofBioengineeringandBiotechnology,BirlaInstituteof Technology,Mesra,Ranchi,India
VivekSharma UniversityCentreforResearch andDevelopment,ChandigarhUniversity, Ajitgarh,Punjab,India
MayanglambamChandraKumarSingh DepartmentofBasicSciencesandHumanities, CollegeofHorticultureandForestry,Central AgriculturalUniversity,Pasighat,Arunachal Pradesh,India
R.Skymoon DepartmentofBiotechnology,Sri ShakthiInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
FedericoSpagnoletti InstituteofAgricultural andEnvironmentalBiosciencesResearch (INBA),SchoolofAgriculture,Universityof BuenosAiresandNationalScientificandTechnicalResearchCouncil,BuenosAires, Argentina
G.SriThatchayani DepartmentofBiotechnology,SriShakthiInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India
M.Thiruvengadam DepartmentofApplied Bioscience,KonkukUniversity,Seoul,Republic ofKorea
MiguelTinoco SpanishNationalCentrefor ElectronMicroscopy(CNME),Facultyof ChemicalSciences,ComplutenseUniversity ofMadrid,Madrid,Spain
S.Umadevi TranslationalResearchPlatformfor VeterinaryBiologicals,TamilNaduVeterinary andAnimalSciencesUniversity,Chennai, TamilNadu,India
MuhammadUsman BeijingAdvanceInnovationcenterforFoodNutritionandHuman Health,SchoolofFoodandChemicalTechnology,BeijingTechnologyandBusinessUniversity,Beijing,China
MayankVarun DepartmentofBotany,HISLOP College,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
Marı´aPilarYeste DepartmentofMaterialsScience,MetallurgicalEngineering&Inorganic Chemistry,FacultyofSciences,Universityof Cadiz,CampusRı´oSanPedro,Ca ´ diz,Spain
MortezaYousefzadi DepartmentofBiology, FacultyofScience,UniversityofQom,Qom, Iran
ZahraZahra DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCaliforniaIrvine,Irvine,CA,UnitedStates
VahidbabieZareei DepartmentofChemistry, FacultyofSciences,LorestanUniversity,Khorramabad,Iran
LiZhao StateKeyLaboratoryofFoodScience andTechnology,JiangnanUniversity,Wuxi, Jiangsu,China
Theroleofnanotechnologytocombat majorrecentworldwidechallenges G.AliMansoori
DepartmentsofChemicalandBio-Engineering&Physics,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago, Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
1Recentproblemsandeffortstowardstheirsolution 1.1Coronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemic Sincelate2019oneobviousmajorconcernallaroundtheworldhasbeentheproblems associatedwiththeCoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemic.Thisdiseaseiscertainly oneofthebiggestchallengesofthe21stcenturyforthewholeworld.Allviruses,including Coronavirus,arenanoscaleentities.Coronavirushasasphericalorellipticshape(Fig.1),and itissaidtoalsoassumeapleomorphic(irregularandvariant)formatvariousconditions.It hasadiameterofabout60–140nm[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ›books›NBK55477]whichiscloseto therangeofnanoscale(1–100nm)sizes(Mansoori,2005).
Itisnotsurprisingthattherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestinfindingapplicationsofthe principlesofnanotechnologycombinedwithbiologytocombattheviruswhichcausesthis disease.IntheliteraturerelatedtodevelopingmRNACOVID-19vaccines,itisstatedthat lipidnanoparticles,whichhadbeenintheworksfordecades,areusedasdeliveryvehicles, acceleratingthedevelopmentofthesevaccinestosavehumans’lives(Cross,2021).Itis knownthatthesemedicalinterventionsusenanotechnologytomimicnature’sownmethod ofslippingpasttheimmunesystemtodelivertreatmenttotargetcells(Kulkarnietal.,2020; Shinetal.,2020).Itisrecommendedthatthistechnologyfordeliveringvaccinesintothehumanbodyshouldbeconsideredbyresearchers,ifthegene-editingsystemforgeneticdisease treatmentusingCRISPR(ClusteredRegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeats)tool (Kato-Inuietal.,2018)istohaveanysuccessinthefuture.Whilesuchscientificeffortsseem quiteusefulinthedesignofvaccines,thereisalsoaneedforreliabilitystudiesofthevaccine effectiveness,similartowhathasbeendonefornano-drugdelivery(EbrahimiandMansoori,
2014; Ebrahimietal.,2016),inregardtoitsdurationofproducedimmunityandthepossible requirementforitsrepetitionorboostershots.
Inadditiontoeffortstodevelopvaccinesbasedonnanotechnology,therehavebeenother recentnanotechnology-basedeffortstomakepeoplemoreimmunefromCOVID-19,the currentmostimportantpublichealthproblem.Inadditiontorecommendationsforsocial distancing,weareencouragedtowearfacialandpossiblyhandsprotection(Fig.2).
SuchrequirementagainstCOVID-19andothersurfacesandairbornepathogensbrought aboutthedesignandproductionofnanotechnology-basedfacialandhandsprotection. Nanofibersandnanoparticleshavebeenconsideredforthedesignofsomefacemaskstoimprovetheirantiviralperformance.Withthediscoveryofavarietyofnanoparticles(carbon nanotubes,diamondoids,fullerenes,graphene,goldnanoparticles,quantumdots,silver nanoparticles,titaniumdioxidenanostructures,etc.),thereliesavastfieldofunsolvedmedicaldiagnosestobereassessed.Beforetheapplicationofnanoparticlesinthedesignofface masksandotherprotectivedevices,inadditiontotheirroleinkillingthebacteriaandviruses, itisimportanttoknowwhathappenstoaparticleonceitisfreeinthebody(Hartungand Mansoori,2013).
Consideringthepopularityofgraphene,anovelnanomaterial,whichhasfoundinteresting applicationsespeciallyintheopto-electronicsarea(Kovalevetal.,2021; Liuetal.,2021),some groupshavealsoconsideredgrapheneasanovelnanomaterialthatpossessesantiviraland antibacterialproperties.Then,therewerefacemasksdesigned,manufactured,andsold containinggraphenewithprotectionagainstCOVID-19claimsandusedbyadultsandchildrenincertainschoolsanddaycares.However,on April2,2021,HealthCanada,thedepartmentoftheGovernmentofCanadaresponsiblefornationalhealthpolicy,issuedanadvisory mentioning“Facemasksthatcontaingraphenemayposehealthrisks”.Buton July13,2021, issuedanotheradvisoryupdatementioning“GraphenefacemasksbyShandongShengquan NewMaterialsCo.Ltd.canresumesaleinCanada;HealthCanadafoundnohealthrisksof
FIG.2 Facialandhandsprotectioncover. ©GAM
FIG.1 Coronavirusisananoscaleentity.
concernwiththeseproducts”[Facemasksthatcontaingraphenemayposehealthrisks-Recallsand safetyalerts(healthycanadians.gc.ca)].Thereisstillthisquestion“whethergraphene-coated facemasksa COVID-19 miracle—oranotherhealthrisk?”byhealthprofessionals [theconversation.com/are-graphene-coated-face-masks-a-covid-19-miracle-or-another-health-risk159422].
Thatisbecausethereisapotentialtoinhalegrapheneparticlespresentinthemask,which mayposehealthrisks.Carbonatomsattheedgesofagraphenesheet(Fig.3)havespecial chemicalreactivityiftheyarenotproperlyreacted.Graphenehasthehighestratioofedge atomsofanyallotrope,includingitsownallotropeswhichincludecarbonnanotube,nanodiamonds,andFullerene.
Previousstudieshaveshownpristineorunmodifiedcarbonnanotubescancausepulmonaryfibrosis/lungscarringandlunginflammationinanimalsandcellularmodelsafterinhalationexposureinasimilarwayasasbestos(Gracianetal.,2009).However,studies indicategraphenecould1daybeusedasanelectronicbiosensortomakequick,reliabletests forviruseslikeSARS-CoV-2.Inarecentreview(Prattisetal.,2021)investigatorslookedinto thelatestresearchtofindthemostexcitingpotentialapplicationsofgrapheneinpoint-of-care tests.ThisincludesdiagnostictestsforthevirusresponsibleforCOVID-19butalsodetecting otherviruses,bacteria,andevencanceroustumors.
ItshouldbementionedthatvariousinvestigationshaveindicatedthatTiO2 nanostructures (KhataeeandMansoori,2011)andsilvernanoparticles(Vahabietal.,2011; Mohammadinejad etal.,2013),amongothernano-systems,arealsoeffectivetocombatthebacteriaandviruses. Considerationoftheseandothernanostructuresinthedesignofprotectivehumanshields requirecarefulanalysisintermsofefficacyandpossiblelong-termeffectsonthewearers’skin andlungsaswellasontheenvironment(Palmierietal.,2021).
1.2Environmentalcrisisduetofossilfuelscombustion WhileallthecountriesaroundtheworldaretryingtocombattheCOVID-19pandemic,the earth’senvironmentisbeingdamagedduetotheexcessiveamountoffossilfuelscombustion andoversupplyofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere(MohammedandMansoori,2017).
FIG.3 Graphenehasthehighestratio ofedgeatomsofanyallotrope.
Thishasmademanyindustriallyadvancedsocietiesconsiderabandoningfossilfuelsfor combustionandutilizerenewableenergies.The2015UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP21ParisAgreement)(Fig.4)providedfundamentalguidelinestoachieveenergy sufficiency,cleanenvironment,andsustainablesourcesforcountries,states,orcommunities.
Wepublishedacomprehensivebookcoveringthesubjectofenergysources,utilization, legislation,andsustainabilityayearaftertheCOP21ParisAgreement,whichrepresentsa roadmaptofollowitsrequirements(Mansoorietal.,2016).Inthebook,therearediscussions ontheroleofnanotechnologyandnanoparticlesinimprovingthesustainabilityoftheenergy industry.Severalindustriallyadvancedcountrieshaveplanstoabandontheuseoffossilfuels combustionandutilizerenewableenergies.Whilethetechnologyforsmall-scalerenewable energiesutilizationisalreadyavailable,foritslarge-scaleutilization,storageandtransportof appropriatefuelsarerequired.
Inarecentpublication(Mansoorietal.,2021 )wehavestudiedthepotentialofvarious nonfossil/alternativefuelsforlarge-scalerenewableenergysourcesutilization.Ourstudies indicatethattheproductionofbiofuelsusing renewableenergieswillallowbiofuelsdirect useintheexistinginternalcombustionengines.Then,theremaybenoneedformajorelectrificationofthetransportationindustrywhichwillrequirehugeamountsofexpensiveand rarematerials,suchaslithium,andsilvertohavehigh-capacitybatteries( Mansoorietal., 2021 ).However,fortheagriculturalactivitiesbasedonwhichbiofuelsareproduced,there isaneedforammonia,animportantagrochemic alsinceitisthemajorfeedforagricultural fertilizers.Itisinterestingtonotethatammoniacanbealsoproducedusingrenewableenergiesasisdemonstratedin Fig.5 .However,therearenanotec hnologyapproachesbeing studiedforimprovementinitsproductionconditionsfromrenewableenergies(Lietal., 2019 ; Sunetal.,2020 ).Intheproductionofammonia,animportantagrochemical,from renewablesourcesofenergy,hydrogenisneed edtobeproducedusingrenewableenergies ( Fig.5 ).
Thereareseveraleffortsunderwaytoapplycertainnanomaterialsfortheimprovementof hydrogenproductionfromrenewableenergies,aswellasitsstorageandtransportincaseof usingitasafuelinthefuture(Li,2013; Chenetal.,2021; Senetal.,2021).Thetechnologyfor thestorageandtransportofammoniaisalreadyavailableworldwide.
FIG.4 The11thSessionoftheConferenceofthe PartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheKyoto Protocol(CMP11)tookplacefromMonday,30Nov.to Friday,11Dec.2015inParisleBourget,France.
CdS, SiC or TiO2 Nanocatalyst
NanoCatalyst
FIG.5 Hydrogenproductionthroughdissociationofwater,nitrogenpurificationthroughthecryogenicdistillationofairandammonia(animportantagrochemical)production,storage,andtransport,allthroughtheuseofrenewableenergies.
Thebookon“Nano-enabledAgrochemicalsinAgriculture”(GhorbanpourandShahid, 2021),towhichthisessayistheintroductorychapter,contains29paperscoveringvarious aspectsofapplicationsofnanotechnologytowardstheimprovementofagriculturalactivity, includingbiofuelsproduction.
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2 Classificationofnanomaterialsand theirphysicalandchemicalnature ShreyaSaha,ShikhaBansal,andManikaKhanuja
CentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,JamiaMilliaIslamia,NewDelhi,India
1Introduction Nanotechnologyreferstonovelscienceandtechnologywhichestablishescontroloverfabricationandengineeringofmatteratascalethatrangesbetween1and100nm,resultingin revolutionarypropertiesforaplethoraofapplicationssuchaselectronics,medicalscience, defense,aviation,sports,etc.Interestingly,internetsearchportraysevidencewhichadvocate thatRomancraftsmenwerethefirsttoexploremarvelnanoscienceduringthecreationof LycrugusCup:aglassdrinkinggobletthatshowedcolorchangeonexposuretolightphotons. Thecreationofthegobletcanbedatedbackto1600yearsoldtraditionwhereRomansutilized silverandgoldparticlesembeddedintheglassymatrix.Accordingtothespeculations,the processinvolvedgroundingofmetalparticlesuntiltheyresembledthecomparativesizeof sandgrains,followedbymixingtheparticleinhotliquidglass.StoriesalsosuggestthatRomansweresmarttodifferentiatethecoloreffectanditsrelationshipwiththethicknessof glass(Freestoneetal.,2007).Modern-daynanotechnologydrawsinspirationfromRichard Feynman,the1965NobelPrizewinner,inphysics.Oneofhismostpopularlectures, “ThereisPlentyofRoomattheBottom”explainsthenuancesofmanipulationsofmatter attheatomicscalelevel.Duetohisnovelideas,heisconsideredasthefatherof nanotechnology.
Classificationofnanomaterials:NanostructureswerefirstclassifiedbyH.Gleiterin1995 (Gleiter,2000)onthebasisofcrystallinityandcompositionwherethebuildingblockswere grainboundariesandcrystallites.Thisclassification,however,failedtoincorporate0Dand 1Dstructuressuchasfullerenesandnanotubes.ThiswasfurtherdescribedbyV.Skorokhod in2000(Skorokhodetal.,2001).
2Origin Basedonorigin,nanomaterialscouldbenaturaloranthropogenic.Thetypeofformation, i.e.,intentionalornotdefineswhetheranthropogenicnanomaterialsareincidentalor engineerednanomaterials.Nanomaterialsthatarefoundinnatureinclude,forexample, eruptingvolcanoes,breakingseawaves,forestfires,sandstorms,andsoils(Kumar,2009). Livingorganismsmayalsobeconsideredasnaturalsourcesofnanomaterialssuchas biogenicmagnetitewhichisaferromagneticcrystallinestructureassociatedwithmagnetoreceptioninsomeanimals.Anotherexampleisaproteinwhichisresponsibleforironstorage, calledferritinandcalciumhydroxyapatite,ananocrystallineconstituentofbones(Hochell etal.,2012).Unintentionalby-productsresultingfromhumanactivitymayalsocontain nanomaterials.Examplesincludeinternalcombustionengines,powerplants,incinerators, jetengines,metalfumes,heatedsurfaces,andelectricmotors(Oberdorsteretal.,2005). Manufacturednanomaterialswithtailorabledimension,shape,andcomposition,arebased onchemicalconstituentsandareproducedforspecificapplications.
3Classificationofnanostructures 3.1Accordingtodimensions
Whencategorizedaccordingtodimension,nanomaterialscouldbe:
3.1.1Zerodimensional(0D)
Nanomaterialswhichhavealldimensionsinthenanoscaleareclassifiedaszero-dimensional. Mostcommon0Dnanomaterialsarenanoparticles.Theyoffermoreactiveedgesitesperunit massduetohighersurfacetovolumeratio.Theirimprovedpropertiessuchashighquantum efficiencyandchemiluminescenceareattributedtotheirquantumconfinementeffects (PirzadaandAltintas,2019a).
• Carbonbased0Dnanostructures
Zerodimensionalstructuresbasedoncarbonhavebeenstudiedextensivelyfortheir excellentelectricalandopticalproperties,lowproductioncost,lowtoxicity,andtheirability toundergofunctionalization.Thesepropertiescatertomanyapplicationssuchas bioimaging,sensing,drugdeliveryandelectrochemicaldevices(Zhouetal.,2019).The followingsectionenumeratesthemostwidelystudiedcarbon-based0Dnanostructures.
• Graphenequantumdots
Theemergenceofgraphenequantumdotsinthescientificworld,canbedatedbacktothe nineteenthcenturywiththeadventof“Graphon”orgraphiteoxidewhichwassynthesized byBrodiein1859(Brodie,1859).TheideaofgraphenewasintroducedbyWallacein1947 (Wallace,1947)andtheterm“graphene”wasgivenbyMourasin1987,torepresentsingle layersofgraphite(Mourasetal.,1987).WorkoncarbonquantumdotsbyXuetal.in2004 (Xuetal.,2004)inspiredthesynthesisofGQDin2008,byPonomarenkoandGeim (Ponomarenketal.,2008).GQDsarecomposedofusuallyoneortwolayersofgraphene,
notexceeding2nminthicknessandtransversedimensionslessthan10nm(Chungetal., 2019).AmongthemanyexceptionalpropertiesofGQDs,photoluminescencehasbeen exploitedforapplicationsinbioimagingandbiosensing.TheabilitytotailorthePLemission andexcitationwavelengthsofGQDsthroughcontrolofsize,changeofsurfacepropertiesor byaddingimpuritiessuchasnitrogenorboroninthecarbonlattice,makethemsuitablecandidatesforthesynthesisofopticalbiosensors(Chungetal.,2019).Incorporationofdopantsto modifythepropertiesofGQDswasfirstinvestigatedbyZhaoandgroupin2012byusing nitrogenasdopant(Zhaoetal.,2012).
InadditiontoPL,biocompatibilityraisedbythepresenceofoxygen-richfunctional groupsontheedgeofGQDs,grantingexcellentaqueoussolubility,hasbeenshownto bebeneficialforbiologicalapplications(Sunetal.,2013).Theremarkablepropertiesof GQDssuchaslowtoxicity,goodsolubility,surfacegrating,biocompatibilityhaveextendedtheirapplicabilityinsolarcells(Tangetal.,2017),photodetectors(Tetsuka etal.,2016),fluorescentagents(Mehrzad-Samarinetal.,2017),light-emittingdiodes (Songetal.,2014),batteries(Parketal.,2016),sensors(Raeyanietal.,2018),drugcarriers (Dingetal.,2017),etc.(Fig.1).
• Carbonquantumdots Carbonquantumdotsorsometimescalledcarbondots(CD)werefirstobtainedasaproductofimpurecarbonsootduringthearcdischargesynthesisofcarbonnanotubes,in2004by Xuetal.(Xuetal.,2004)andwerenamedCDsbySunetal.in2006,anamegiventofluorescentcarbonnanomaterials(Sunetal.,2006).Thesecarbon-basednanomaterialsaresmaller FIG.1
