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Microbiome,Immunity,DigestiveHealthand Nutrition
Epidemiology,Pathophysiology,PreventionandTreatment
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Microbiome,Immunity, DigestiveHealthand Nutrition
Epidemiology,Pathophysiology,Prevention andTreatment
Editedby
DebasisBagchi
CollegeofPharmacyandHealthSciences,TexasSouthernUniversity,Houston,TX,UnitedStates; DepartmentofBiology,AdelphiUniversity,GardenCity,NY,UnitedStates;DepartmentofR&D, VictoryNutritionInternational,Inc.,BonitaSprings,FL,UnitedStates
BernardWilliamDowns
DivisionofPrecisionNutrition,VictoryNutritionInternational,Inc., BonitaSprings,FL,UnitedStates
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybe notedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
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ISBN:978-0-12-822238-6
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Dedication
DedicatedthislegendarybooktoMr.TapanKumarPain,mybelovedand respectedguide,philosopher,andfriendforhisesteemedcontribution, encouragement,andinspirationinmylife.
DebasisBagchi
Thisbookisdedicatedwithloveandawe-struckadmirationtoKim,mywife. SheisthemostamazingwomanIknowandasourceofconstantinspiration tome.Sheachievesextraordinaryaccomplishmentsandmakesthemseem simplylikeroutineoccurrences.
BernardWilliamDowns
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Listofcontributorsxix
Prefacexxv
SectionI
Microbiomeandhumanhealth: anintroduction
1. Oralmicrobiome:agatewaytoyour health3
Na-YoungSong,Se-YoungPark, Won-YoonChung,Young-JoonSurh, Kyung-SooChunandKwang-KyunPark
1.1Introduction3
1.2Oralmicrobiomeandoraldisease3
1.2.1Caries3
1.2.2Periodontaldisease4
1.2.3Oralcancer4
1.3Oralmicrobiomeandsystemicdisease5
1.3.1Alzheimer’sdisease5
1.3.2Cardiovasculardisease6
1.3.3Diabetes6
1.4Concludingremarks7 Acknowledgments8 References8
2. Influenceofmicrobiomeinshaping thenewbornimmunesystem: anoverview11
ManojKumarKingsleyandB.VishnuBhat
2.1Introduction11
2.2Howthemicrobiotashapesthe developmentofimmunityinearlylife11
2.3Influenceofthemicrobiotaonthe developmentandfunctionofspecific immunecellsubsetsinearlylife13
2.3.1Myeloidcells13
2.3.2Lymphoidcells14
2.3.3Epithelialcells20
2.4Conclusion21
Authordisclosurestatement21 References21
3. Impactofthegutmicrobiomeon humanhealthanddiseases25
SamudraProsadBanik,ShaliniSehgal, RituparnaBanikGhoshandAhanaDas
3.1Introduction25
3.1.1Definitionofmicrobiome25
3.1.2Unevendistributionofmicrobiota acrossvarioussitesandorgansofthe body:reasonsandimplications25
3.2Thegutasthemostsignificantnicheof thehumanmicrobiome26
3.2.1Establishmentofthegutmicrobiome: journeyfromwombtoadulthood26
3.2.2Heritablecomponentofthegut microbiome26
3.2.3Roleofdietandotherenvironmental factorsinshapingthegut microbiome27
3.3Physiologicalrolesofthegutmicrobiome27
3.3.1GutMicrobiotainmetabolism27
3.3.2Gutmicrobiotainboostingimmune response:roleofshort-chainfatty acidsandcross-talkwithdiet28
3.3.3Theroleofthegutmicrobiomein thedevelopmentofgut-associated lymphoidtissue29
3.3.4Gutmicrobesasadefense mechanismagainstpathogens30
3.3.5Roleincognitivedevelopment: thegut-brainaxis30
3.3.6Thegutmicrobiomeasahuman organ32
3.4Dysbiosisofnormalflora:implicationsin humandiseasesandinterventionstrategies32
3.4.1Gutmicrobiomeinhumanailments32
3.4.2Howtokeeptheguthappy:prebiotics, probiotics,postbiotics,andsynbiotics34
3.5Concludingremarks35 Acknowledgments36 References36
4. Thegutmicrobiome,human nutrition,andimmunity: visualizingthefuture41
SochingLuikhamandJhimliBhattacharyya
4.1Introduction41
4.2Studyingthegutmicrobiomeandits importance42
4.3Theroleofthemicrobiomeinnutrition44
4.3.1Digestionofbreastmilk45
4.3.2DigestionofFiber45
4.3.3Enhancementofimmune competence45
4.3.4Promotionofbrainhealth45
4.3.5Boostingofcardiovascularhealth45
4.3.6Potentiationofinsulinsensitization anddecreaseintheriskofdiabetes45
4.3.7Prebioticfoodsanddietaryfiber45
4.3.8Probioticfoods46
4.4Theroleofthemicrobiomeinimmune systemdevelopment46
4.5Variouswaystoimproveourgut microbiome47
4.5.1Eatadiversediet47
4.5.2Considerfermentedfoods47
4.5.3Avoidartificialsweeteners47
4.5.4Consumeprebioticfoods47
4.5.5Breastfeedforsixmonths47
4.5.6Includewholegrains48
4.5.7Includeplant-basedfoods48
4.5.8Consumepolyphenol-containing food48
4.5.9Takeantibioticswhenrequired48
4.6Futureareasofresearch48
4.7Conclusion48 Acknowledgments48 References49
5. Individualmicrobiotacorrectionand humanhealth:programmingand reprogrammingofsystemicand localimmuneresponse53
TamaraMeleshko,OleksandraPallahand NadiyaBoyko
5.1Introduction53
5.1.1Whatisknownandwhatisnew? Beneficialmicrobes:anewconcept?53
5.1.2Theconceptofahealthyhuman microbiome53
5.1.3Thebasicconceptofahealthy normalmicrobiotaandconceptsof earlyformationofthemicrobiome54
5.1.4Microbiomeformationandearly colonization54
5.1.5Theendocannabinoidaxis:the microbiomeasamechanismby whichlifestyleaffectsvarious aspectsofmetabolism,whichin turncanleadtometabolic syndromeandmetabolicdisorders54
5.2Briefmethodologyoverview55
5.3Biomarkervalidation:metabolic syndromeandcardiovasculardiseases55
5.3.1Limitedclinicaltrial:person-oriented treatmentoftype2diabetes55
5.4Resultsanddiscussion55
5.4.1Patternsofclinicallyvalidated biomarkersinthegastrointestinal microbiomeforpatientswith metabolicsyndrome,obesity,type2 diabetes,andcardiovasculardiseases55
5.4.2Datafromhumantrials:treatment byindividualnutritionand biopreparationwithpharmabiotics56
5.4.3ITtoolsforimplementationof3P medicineandindividualnutrition58
5.4.4Databases58
5.4.5ITtools59
5.4.6Mechanismsinvolvedand prospectiveresearch59
5.4.7Biologicalactivecompoundsas potentialmodernprebiotics59
5.4.8Earlyhealthprogramming62
5.5Conclusion65 References66
SectionII
Microbiomeanddigestivehealth
6. Theetiologyofgutdysbiosisand itsroleinchronicdisease71
AlvinH.Danenberg
6.1Introduction71
6.2Firstthingsfirst71
6.3Dietandthegut72
6.4Short-chainfattyacids72
6.5Fastingandthegut72
6.6Theeffectofunhealthydietsonthegut72
6.7Thebenefitofhealthydietsforthegut73
6.7.1Mediterraneandiet74
6.7.2Low-carbohydratediets74
6.7.3Ketogenicdiets74
6.7.4Paleolithicdiet74
6.8Inflammation74
6.8.1Acuteinflammation75
6.8.2Chronicinflammation75
6.9Gluten75
6.10Gliadin75
6.11Leakygut76
6.12Otherirritantstothegut76
6.13Acloserlookintotheinnertubeof thegut77
6.13.1Thegutmicrobiomeand infections78
6.13.2Cross-talkbetweenmicrobes78
6.14Chronicinflammatoryandautoimmune diseases79
6.14.1Type1diabetes79
6.14.2Rheumatoidarthritis79
6.14.3Celiacdisease79
6.14.4Inflammatoryboweldisease80
6.14.5Allergicdiseases80
6.14.6Systemiclupuserythematosus80
6.14.7Skin-relatedautoimmune pathologies80
6.14.8Neurologicalinflammatory diseases80
6.14.9Periodontaldisease80
6.14.10Cancer81
6.15Unravelingthemysteryoftreatment82
6.15.1Treatmentforactiveinfections82
6.15.2Understandingperiodontal disease82
6.15.3Repairingandrestoringthegut82
6.15.4Spore-basedbacillusprobiotics83
6.15.5Prebiotics83
6.15.6Themucosallayer83
6.15.7Theimportanceofthemouth84
6.15.8Personaloralhygieneprotocol84
6.16Concludingremarks85 References85
7. Roleofthemicrobiomeinthe functionanddiseasesofthe digestivesystem93
FADainMdOpo,AddisuDemekeTeklemariam, RokeyaPervinandMd.AkilHossain
7.1Introduction93
7.2Microbesingastrointestinaltract93
7.3Developmentofthegutflora94
7.4Physiologicalfunctionsofgutmicrobes95
7.4.1Metabolism95
7.4.2Immunesystemdevelopment96
7.4.3Centralnervoussystemdevelopment96
7.5Contributionofhumanintestinal microbesincausingdiseases96
7.5.1 Clostridiumdifficile infection97
7.5.2Inflammatoryboweldisease97
7.5.3Colorectalcancer97
7.5.4Rheumatoidarthritis98
7.5.5Obesity98
7.5.6Esophagealcancer98
7.6Microorganismthatcanpreventhuman disease99
7.6.1Colorectalcancer99
7.6.2Gastriccancer99
7.6.3Inflammatoryboweldiseases100
7.6.4Obesity100
7.6.5Hepaticencephalopathy100
7.7Dietarymodulationofthegut microbiota100
7.8Conclusion102 References102
SectionIII
Microbiomeandmetabolicsyndrome
8. Thebeneficialroleofhealthy microbiomeinmetabolicsyndrome andcardiovascularhealth109
SmritiArora,NitikaBhambri,SamikshhaPuri, Anamika,NandiniDasgupta,ShradhaKhater andGautamDas
8.1Introduction109
8.2Gutmicrobiotaandmetabolicsyndrome110
8.2.1Obesity111
8.2.2Gutmicrobiotaandhyperglycemia anddiabetes112
8.2.3Gutmicrobiotaanddyslipidemia112
8.2.4Gutmicrobiotaandhypertension113
8.2.5Gutmicrobiotaandcardiovascular disease113
8.2.6EarlygutmicrobiotaandMetS114
8.3Mechanismatthemolecularlevel114
8.3.1Thegutbarrier114
8.3.2Energymetabolites115
8.4Metabolicsyndrometherapyby managinggutmicrobiota117
8.4.1Influenceofdiet117
8.4.2Influenceofprebiotics118
8.4.3Influenceofprobiotics118
8.4.4Influenceofexercise119
8.5Conclusion119 References119
9. Theroleoftheintestinalmicrobiota inweightlossinoverweightand obesehumans125
IsabelSospedraLo´pez,GemaAlfonsoSiguenza, EstelaGonza ´ lezRodrı´guez, MarLozanoCasanova andJose ´ MiguelMartı´nez-Sanz
9.1Causesofoverweightandobesity125
9.2Themicrobiotaandobesity125
9.3Thebacterialcompositionofthe microbiotaaccordingtoweightstatus126
9.4Effectofdietaryinterventionsonthe microbiota127
9.5Conclusions133 References133
10. Roleofmicrobialmetabolitesin cardiovascularandhumanhealth137
AbhilashaSingh
Abbreviations137
10.1Introduction137
10.2Gutmicrobialmetabolitesand cardiovasculardisease138
10.2.1Short-chainfattyacids139
10.2.2Othermetabolitesofclinical significance143
10.3Conclusions145 References145
11. Beneficialroleofgutmicrobiomein metabolicsyndrome,obesity,and cardiovasculardiseases149
PradiptaBanerjee,SriyaChoudhury,KomalJalan, AmitavaDas,NandiniGhoshandDebasisBagchi
11.1Introduction149
11.1.1Gutmicrobiome149
11.1.2Dietaryintakeforreducingtherisk factorofmetabolicsyndrome, obesity,andcardiovascular disease149
11.2Metabolicsyndrome150
11.3Compositionofahealthygut microbiome150
11.4Beneficialroleofahealthymicrobiome inpreventingmetabolicsyndrome154
11.4.1Howthemicrobiomeisrelated tohealthanddiseases154
11.4.2Gutmicrobiomeandmetabolic syndrome154
11.4.3Gutmicrobiome:anewstrategy totreatobesity155
11.4.4Intestinalmicrobiotain cardiovasculardiseases: theheart-gutaxis156
11.5Influenceofdietarycomponentsin boostingahealthymicrobiomeand reducingtheriskofmetabolic syndrome157
11.5.1Carbohydrates158
11.5.2Proteins158
11.5.3Fats159
11.5.4Fattyacids159
11.5.5Polyphenols160
11.5.6Spices160
11.5.7Prebiotics160
11.5.8Probiotics161
11.5.9Selectivediets161 11.6Conclusion162 References162 Furtherreading165
12. Restoringgutbiomebalancefor weightloss:clinicalapplications167 NarasBhat,JyotiBhat,KusumBhat, ImranJunaid,AnitaBhatandJoyBhat
12.1Introduction167
12.2Gutmicrobiomeresiliency167
12.3Obesogenicfeaturesofthegut microbiome168
12.3.1Obesogenicgutmicrobiomeis transferrable168
12.3.2Mother-to-childtransmissionof obesity168
12.4Dysbiosisasobesogenicsignature168
12.4.1Decreaseddiversity168
12.4.2Firmicutes/bacteroidetesratio168
12.4.3Keystonebacteria168
12.4.4Gutbarrierpermeability169
12.4.5Conceptofprebiotics, probiotics,andpostbiotics169
12.5Obesogenicmetabolicendotoxemia andinsulinresistance170
12.5.1Diet-inducedlipopolysaccharide endotoxemia170
12.5.2Insulinresistanceand inflammation172
12.5.3Stressandmetabolic endotoxemia172
12.5.4Immuneactivation172
12.6Effectofdietarycomponentson metabolicendotoxemia172
12.6.1Effectoffastingonmetabolic endotoxemia172
12.6.2Exerciseandmetabolic endotoxemia172
12.6.3Howlongdoesittaketo changethegutbiome?172
12.7Microbialregulationofhostenergy balance173
12.7.1Microbiota-associatedenergy harvest173
12.7.2Cross-talkbetweenthegut microbiotaandthehost metabolism173
12.7.3Gut-brainaxisofeatingbehavior173
12.7.4Gut-muscleaxisandenergy output173
12.7.5Gut-adipose-liveraxisand energystorage173
12.7.6Gutbiomeandcircadianrhythm174
12.7.7Fastingandautophagy174
12.8Westernlifestyleasamenacetothe gutbiome174
12.9Pragmaticmitigationofwestern lifestyleeffectsonthegutbiome176
12.10Eatingandfasting176
12.10.1Whattoeat?176
12.10.2Clinicalprotocolfor microbiome-centeredeating178
12.10.3Whentoeat?Intermittent fasting178
12.10.4Clinicalprotocolforfastingmimickingtime-restricted eating179
12.11Physicalactivityversusphysical inactivity179
12.11.1Exerciseversusnonexercise179
12.11.2Sedentaryversussittingdisease179
12.11.3Clinicalprotocolforphysical activity180
12.12Wake-sleepcircadianrhythm180
12.12.1Clinicalprotocolforcircadian rhythmbalance180
12.13Conclusion181 References181 Furtherreading184
13. Harnessinggutfriendlymicrobiomes tocombatmetabolicsyndrome185
ChitraSelvanandSatinathMukhopadhyay
13.1Introduction185
13.2Gutmicrobiome185
13.3Gutmicrobiotaandmetabolic disorders:mechanisms187
13.3.1Gutmicrobiomeandenergy homeostasis187
13.4Dysbiosis187
13.5Gutmicrobiomeandinflammation188
13.6Future:harnessingthegutmicrobiota totreatmetabolicdisorders188
13.7Intestinaltransplantation188
13.8Oralbutyrate189
13.8.1Probiotics189
13.9Heat-killedprobiotics190
13.10Prebiotics190
13.11Synbiotics190 13.12Postbiotics190
13.13Summaryandconcludingremarks190 References191
14. Theeffectofresveratrol-mediated gutmicrobiotaremodelingon metabolicdisorders193
MarzenaWojcikandLucynaWozniak
14.1Introduction193
14.2Gutmicrobiotaandobesity194
14.2.1Resveratrol,thegutmicrobiota, andobesity196
14.3Gutmicrobiotaandtype2diabetes mellitus199
14.3.1Resveratrol,thegutmicrobiota, andtype2diabetesmellitus200 Acknowledgments200 References200
SectionIV Microbiomeandimmunehealth
15. Themicrobiome,immunity, anaerobism,andinflammatory conditions:amultifacetedsystems biologyintervention205
BernardWilliamDowns,SamudraProsadBanik, ManashiBagchi,RituparnaBanikGhosh, SteveKushnerandDebasisBagchi
15.1Introduction205
15.2Restoringtheidealbiological environmentandoptimal homeostaticequilibrium205
15.3Digestion:thefirststepinmetabolism206
15.4Antioxidanttherapy:firingatthe wrongtarget206
15.5Roleofthemicrobiome207
15.6Epigeneticinfluences209
15.7Microbiomefunctionalcompetence209
15.8Inflammatoryevents210
15.9Multifacetedsystemsbiology intervention:conceptualoverview210
15.10Microbialdysbiosis211
15.11Functionsofmicrobialstrains212
15.12Microbialrestoration212
15.13Butyricacid213
15.14Conclusion213 References214 Furtherreading216
16. Preclinicaldatasupportthestrong specificityandadvertisingabilityto controltheimmunereactionsat mucosalsites217
TamaraMeleshko,OleksandraPallahand NadiyaBoyko
16.1Introduction217
16.2Microbiotadetectiontools218
16.2.1Technologicalapproaches218
16.2.2Micemodels218
16.2.3Schaedler’s E.coli induces diminishedtranslocationof Lactobacillussalivarius intothe lung:theroleofsurfactant proteinD221
16.3Conclusion225 References225
SectionV
Microbiomeandcognitivehealth
17. Achievingdopaminehomeostasisto combatbrain-gutfunctional impairment:behavioraland neurogeneticcorrelatesofreward deficiencysyndrome229
KennethBlum,BernardWilliamDowns, DebasisBagchi,Gene-JackWang, PanyotisK.Thanos,IgorElman,RehanJalali, AbdallaBowirrat,DavidBaron,DiwanshuSoni, RajendraD.BadgaiyanandMarkS.Gold
17.1Introduction229
17.2Understandingendorphindeficiency syndromeandopioiddeficiency syndrome232
17.3Understandingobesityasa hypodopaminergia233
17.4Gut-hypothalamichomeostaticenergy regulation234 17.4.1Thesetpointdilemma235 17.4.2Homeostaticsystems235 17.4.3Feedingbehaviorregulationby dopaminergicsystems235 17.4.4Foodanddrugaddiction identificationofcommon neurobiologicalmechanisms236
17.5Summary237
17.6Conclusion239 References239
18. Influenceofgutmicrobialflorain body’sserotoninturnoverand associateddiseases245
SabyasachiChoudhuri,JyotirmoyPandaand SayantanMaitra
Listofabbreviation245
18.1Introduction245
18.2Thegutmicrobiota246
18.3Roleofthegutmicrobiotain maintainingthebody’snormal physiologicalhomeostasis249
18.4Influenceofneurotransmitterson thegutmicrobiomepopulation throughthegut-brainaxis251 18.4.1Roleofbiogenicaminesinthe gutmicrobiota252 18.4.2Roleofestersinthegut microbiota256
18.4.3Roleofmiscellaneous neurotransmittersinthegut microbiota257
18.5Associationbetweenthemicrobiomegut-brainaxisandserotonin turnover257
18.6Dysregulationintheoccurrenceofgut microbiotaanditsimplicationsin diversepathologicalconditions259 18.7Conclusion262 References262
19. Theconnectionbetweendiet,gut microbes,andcognitivedecline265
AbhaiKumar,SmitaSinghand RameshwarNathChaurasia
19.1Introduction265
19.2Microbiomecompositionand evolution265
19.3Microbiotaandbrainfunctioning266
19.4Microbiome-gut-brainaxis267
19.5Microbiomeandcognitivedecline268
19.6Dietandcognition268
19.7Conclusion269 References269
20. RoleofthegutmicrobiomeinRett syndrome273
CarlyAlbright,AmandaFriend,BenjaminPeters, MirandaReed,VishnuSuppiramaniamand SubhrajitBhattacharya
20.1Introductiontothegutmicrobiome273
20.1.1Digestionandthegutmicrobiome273
20.1.2Absorption,distribution, metabolismandexcretion274
20.1.3Gutmicrobiomealtering medicationefficacy274
20.1.4Medication-inducedgut microbiomedysbiosis276
20.2Diseasesofthegut276
20.2.1Diseasescentraltothegut276
20.2.2Diseasesdistantfromthegut: psychiatricandneurological disorders277
20.3ThegutmicrobiomeandRettsyndrome280
20.3.1BackgroundandhistoryofRett syndrome280
20.3.2Pathology,symptoms,and progression281
20.3.3Geneticlinks281
20.3.4DNAmethylationinRett syndrome282
20.3.5BiogenicaminesystemsinRett syndrome282
20.3.6Rettsyndromeinmales282
20.3.7Roleofdifferentexcitatoryand inhibitoryreceptorsystems: GABA,NMDAR,andAMPAR283
20.3.8Treatmentparadigm283
20.4Relationshipbetweengutmicrobiome andRettsyndrome284
20.4.1Effectongutmicrobiome diversityanddysbiosis285
20.4.2Recentandpaststudies286
20.4.3Rettsyndromeandother neurologicalandpsychiatric disordersthatsharegut microbiomealterations287
20.4.4IntestinalinflammationinRett syndrome289
20.4.5Rettsyndrometherapeuticsand thegutmicrobiome289
20.5Summary290 References291
SectionVI
Microbiome,dermalhealthand
woundhealing
21. Skinmicrobiotaanditsroleinhealth anddiseasewithanemphasison woundhealingandchronicwound development297
J.H.Kim,A.Ahamed,K.Chen,E.G.Lebig, B.Petros,S.SaeedandM.Martins-Green
21.1Introduction297
21.2Skinstructureandfunction298
21.3Skinmicrobiomediversityin differentpartsofthebody299
21.4Microbialdysbiosisinskin-related diseases300
21.4.1Atopicdermatitis300 21.4.2Acnevulgaris300 21.4.3Rosacea301 21.4.4Psoriasis301 21.4.5Skincancers302
21.5Themicrobiomeandcutaneous woundhealing302 21.5.1Themicrobiomeandcutaneous chronicwounddevelopment303 21.5.2Specificchronicwoundsand theirwoundmicrobiome304 21.6Commontechniquesforsurveying theskinmicrobiota306 21.7Manipulationoftheskinmicrobiotato preventortreatskin-associated ailments307 21.7.1Probiotics307 21.7.2Skinmicrobiotatransplant307 21.7.3Prebiotics307 21.8Perspectives308 References308
SectionVII Microbiomeandcancer
22. Healthygutmicrobiomeinthe preventionofcolorectalcancer315 MarufaRumman,MisakoNagasaka, BayanAl-Share,AsfarS.Azmiand Md.HafizUddin
22.1Introduction315
22.2Thegutmicrobiomeinthe progression ofcolorectalcancer315
22.3Factorsaffectingthegutmicrobiome317
22.3.1Dietaryfats317
22.3.2Redandprocessedmeats317
22.3.3Alcoholconsumption318
22.3.4Smoking318
22.3.5Obesity318
22.3.6Physicalactivity319
22.4Thegutmicrobiomeintheprotection againstcolorectalcancer319
22.5Preventionofcolorectalcancerby enhancinghealthygutflora320
22.5.1Prebiotics320
22.5.2Probiotics321
22.5.3Synbiotics322
22.6Conclusionandfutureperspectives322 Conflictofinterest322 References322
SectionVIII
Microbiome,arthritisand multiplesclerosis
23. Regulatoryrolesofthemicrobiome inarthritis,fibromyalgia,and multiplesclerosis331
LizJ.Va ´ zquez-Chinea,SavannahN.Johnson andElizabethA.Lipski
23.1Introduction331
23.2Rheumatoidarthritis331
23.2.1Microbiomeprofileofindividuals withrheumatoidarthritis332
23.2.2Probioticsupplementationin individualswithrheumatoid arthritis332
23.3Fibromyalgia334
23.3.1Painandfibromyalgia334
23.3.2Gutmicrobiotaand fibromyalgia334
23.4Multiplesclerosis335
23.4.1Gutmicrobiotaandmultiple sclerosis335
23.4.2Multiplesclerosisand modifiablefactors336
23.5Discussion338
23.6Conclusion340 References340
SectionIX
Environmentalpollutantsand gutmicrobiome
24. Microplastictoxicityandthegut microbiome345
MuhammadManjurulKarim,PoojaShivappa, NadiyaDileep,TaniaAkterJhumaand AshfaqueHossain
24.1Introduction345
24.2Historyofmicroplastics345
24.3Microplasticspollutionandthe threattohabitats346
24.4Gutmicrobiome347
24.4.1Dysbiosisandeubiosis348
24.4.2Short-chainfattyacidsand branched-chainfattyacids349
24.4.3Viromeandmicroplastics349
24.4.4Akkermansiamuciniphila351
24.5Toxiceffectsofmicroplasticsonhuman systems351
24.5.1Microplasticmodulationof cellularpathways352
24.5.2Microplastics-inducedreactive oxygenspecies352
24.5.3Accumulationofmicroplastic particlesindifferenttissues353
24.6Plastisphere:biofilmonmicroplastics353
24.7Microplasticsaspathogencarriers354
24.8Conclusionandperspectives354 References354
SectionX
Molecularandimmunological mechanismsassociatedwith healthygutmicrobiomefunctions
25. Roleofthegutmicrobiomeand probioticsforpreventionand managementoftuberculosis361
TejaswiniBaral,ShiliaJacobKurian,SonalSekharM., MuraliMunisamy,ChandrashekarUdyavaraKudru, BiditaKhandelwal,MithuBanerjee,Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay,KavithaSaravu,JitendraSingh, SarmanSinghandMahadevRao
25.1Introduction361
25.2Gut-lungaxis362
25.3Gut-liveraxis362
25.4Gut immunesystemaxis363
25.5Roleofthehumangutmicrobiomein tuberculosis363
25.6Roleofprobioticsintuberculosis363
25.6.1Probioticsasimmunomodulator365
25.6.2Probioticsasanantiinfective mediator366
25.6.3Preclinicalandclinicalevidence oftheeffectsofprobioticsin managingtuberculosis366
25.7Roleofprobioticsinpreventing anti-TBdrug-inducedadverseeffects367
25.7.1Ameliorationofadverse gastrointestinaleffects367
25.7.2Ameliorationofdrug-induced hepatotoxicity367
25.8Probioticsintheimprovementof nutritionalstatusintuberculosis368
25.9Doseanddosageofprobiotic formulationsfordietarysupplements368
25.10Conclusion369 References369
26. Lacticacidbacteria based beveragesinthepromotionof gastrointestinaltracthealth373
Luı´sCla ´ udioLimadeJesus,TalesFernandoda Silva,RafaeldeAssisGlo´ria,AndriadosSantos Freitas,MoniqueFerraryAme ´ rico,LucasJorgeda SilvaFernandes,GabrielaMunisCampos, GabrielCamargosGomes,RhayaneCristinaViegas Santos,RodrigoDiasdeOliveiraCarvalho, DebmalyaBarhandVascoAzevedo
26.1Introduction373
26.2LacticAcidBacteria373
26.3LAB-derivedbioactivecompounds374
26.4TheLABfermentationprocess375
26.5Organolepticcharacteristicsof LAB-fermentedfoods375
26.6CommercialproductsfromLAB fermentedfoods376
26.7ApplicationofLAB-fermented beveragesingastrointestinal tract relateddiseases376
26.7.1Antibiotic-associateddiarrhea378
26.7.2Constipation378
26.7.3InflammatoryBowelDiseases380
26.7.4Intestinalmucositis381
26.7.5Colorectalcancer382
26.7.6Entericinfections382
26.8Finalconsiderations383 References383
27. Prospectiveroleofprebioticsand probioticsingutimmunity387 SaptadipSamanta
27.1Introduction387
27.2Thegutmicrobiotaanditsbeneficial effects388
27.2.1Shapeofthegutmicrobiota388
27.2.2Roleofthemicrobiotainthe synthesisofessentialmetabolites andbioactivecomponents388
27.3Impactsofdysbiosis390
27.3.1Inflammatoryboweldiseases391
27.3.2 Clostridiumdifficile infection391
27.3.3Metabolicdisorders391
27.3.4Roleincancerprogression391
27.3.5Gastriccancer392
27.3.6Colorectalcancer392
27.3.7Hepatocellularcarcinoma392
27.3.8Othercancers392
27.4Prebiotics393
27.5Probiotics394
27.6Roleofprebioticsandprobioticsin immunomodulation394
27.6.1Prebioticsandimmune-boosting effects394
27.6.2Productionofshort-chainfatty acidsandtheir immunomodulatoryeffects394
27.6.3Protectiveroleagainst inflammation396
27.6.4Roleofbileacids396
27.6.5Effectondevelopmentofgutassociatedlymphoidtissueand expansionofgutimmunity396
27.6.6Protectiveroleofprobiotic organismsagainstpathogenesis397
27.6.7Roleininnateimmunity398
27.6.8Probioticbacteriaand modulationofcytokineprofile398
27.6.9Roleinenhancedsecretionof IgA398
27.6.10Roleinimmunosurveillancemediatedcancerprevention399
27.7Additionalbenefitsofprobiotics399 27.8Concludingremarks399 References399
28. Gut braincommunication:anovel applicationofprobiotics405 SujitDas,TruptiJ.UndhadandSubrotaHati 28.1Introduction405
28.2Thegut-brainaxis:aconcept405
28.3Factorsregulatingthemicrobiotagut-brainaxis407
28.3.1Geneticsandepigenetics407
28.3.2Modeofdeliveryatbirth407
28.3.3Fats407
28.3.4Medicationsandthe microbiome407
28.4Interactionswithinthegut-brainaxis407
28.4.1Neuronalpathway408
28.4.2Endocrinepathway408
28.4.3Humoral/metabolicpathway408
28.4.4Immunepathway409
28.5Functionofthemicrobiotainthe gut-brain-axis409
28.5.1Fromthegutmicrobiotatothe brain409
28.5.2Fromthebraintothegut microbiota410
28.6Thegut-brainaxisintheregulation offoodintake411
28.7Behaviorandthemicrobiota gut-brainaxis411
28.7.1Animalstudies411
28.7.2Humanstudies413
28.8Conclusionsandfutureperspectives413 References413
29. Flaxseedhasapronouncedeffect ongutmicrobiota417
M.N.SharathKumarandS.Devaraja
29.1Introduction417
29.2Flaxseedoilpreventsalcoholicliver diseasebymodulatingthegut microbiotathroughitsantiinflammatory property418
29.3Flaxseedoilreducestheseverity oftype2diabetesmellitusby modulatingthegutmicrobiotaviaits antiinflammationeffect419
29.4Byalteringthecompositionofthe gutmicrobiota,flaxseedoilhas beneficialimmunologicaland metaboliceffects421
29.5Flaxseedpolysaccharidemodulatesthe compositionandstructureofthegut microbiotabyalteringthefirmicutesbacteroidetesratio423
29.6Flaxseedoilamelioratedpolycystic ovarysyndromethroughthesex
steroidhormone microbiotainflammationaxis424 References427
30. Roleofmushroompolysaccharides inimprovingguthealthand associateddiseases431 DivyaYadavandPradeepSinghNegi
30.1Introduction431
30.2Thegutmicrobiome432
30.3Mushroompolysaccharides432
30.3.1D-glucan433
30.4Proteoglycan437
30.4.1Glycoprotein438
30.5Prebioticefficiencyofmushroom polysaccharides438
30.6Hydrolysisofmushroom polysaccharidesbyintestinal bacterialenzymes439
30.7Impactofmushroompolysaccharides onthegutmicrobiome439
30.8Preventionofvariousdiseasesby prebioticmushroompolysaccharides throughmodulationofthegut microbiota440
30.8.1Inflammatoryboweldisease440
30.8.2Antitumoreffect444
30.8.3Immunomodulatoryeffect445
30.9Conclusionandfutureperspectives445 References445
SectionXI
Microbiomeandimmunomodulatory peptides
31. Theroleofthemicrobiomein sportsnutrition451
EstelaGonza ´ lez-Rodrı´guez,LauraAlberoMontava, IsabelSospedraLo´pezandJose ´ Miguel Martı´nez-Sanz
31.1Introduction451
31.2Themicrobiomeandsport451
31.3Researchrelatedtothemicrobiome andathleticperformance452
31.4Conclusion457 References457
Studydesignandstatistical interpretation
32. Food-derivedimmunomodulatory peptides:sciencetoapplications461
ChopadaKevalkumarDineshbhai, PratikShukla,AmarSakure,BrijPalSingh, SujitDas,SreejaV.andSubrotaHati
32.1Introduction461
32.2Immunomodulationand immunomodulatorypeptides462
32.3Mechanismofimmunomodulatory peptide463
32.4Sourcesofsomeimmunomodulatory peptides463
32.4.1Milkandmilkproducts464
32.4.2Fish467
32.4.3Marineorganisms468
32.4.4Eggs468
32.4.5Plants468
32.5Bioavailabilityofbioactivepeptidesin foods470
32.5.1Absorption471
32.5.2Distribution471
32.5.3Metabolism472
32.5.4Elimination472
32.6Methodsusedtoassay immunomodulatoryactivity472
32.7Clinicalstudies474
32.7.1RelatedtoCOVID-19474
32.7.2Impactofprobioticsstrainson Tcellresponse474
32.8Applications474
32.9Conclusion475 References475
33. Clinicalintervention,studydesign, andstatisticalmethodology: statisticalapproachesfor pre-poststudies481
KohsukeHayamizu
33.1Introduction481
33.2Pre-postdesign481
33.3Outcomemeasure482
33.4Sampledata:hydroxycitricacidstudy482
33.5Methodforanalyzingtheintervention effectwithoutadjustingforthe pre-valueeffect482
33.6Methodforanalyzinganintervention effect,adjustingfortheeffectofthe pre-value:analysisofcovariance485
33.7Changepointregressionmodel489 References492
CommentaryfromtheEditor’s Desk495
Atreatiseonahealthymicrobiome: contributiontohumanhealthand diseaseprevention497
DebasisBagchi,SamudraProsadBanikand BernardWilliamDowns
A.1Microbiometerminology:theorigin497
A.2Microbiota,microorganisms,and microbiome497
A.3Microbiome:humanhealthanddisease pathology498
A.4Microbiomeandmetabolicsyndrome499
A.5Microbiomeandobesity500
A.6Microbiomeanddiabetes500
A.7Microbiomeandcancer500
A.8Microbiome,brainhealth,and advancingage500
A.9Summaryandconclusions501 References501
Index503
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Listofcontributors
A.Ahamed DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
LauraAlberoMontava NursingDepartment,Facultyof HealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante,Alicante, Spain
CarlyAlbright DepartmentofDrugDiscoveryand Development,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,United States
BayanAl-Share DepartmentofOncology,Karmanos CancerInstitute,WayneStateUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Detroit,MI,UnitedStates
MoniqueFerraryAme ´ rico Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica CelulareMolecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ ncias Biolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,Ecologiae Evoluc¸ao,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais (UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
Anamika DepartmentofAlliedHealthSciences, UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies(UPES), Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
SmritiArora DepartmentofAlliedHealthSciences, UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies(UPES), Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
VascoAzevedo Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ ticaCelulare Molecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas, DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,EcologiaeEvoluc¸ao, UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais(UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
AsfarS.Azmi DepartmentofOncology,Karmanos CancerInstitute,WayneStateUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Detroit,MI,UnitedStates
RajendraD.Badgaiyan DepartmentofPsychiatry, SouthTexasVeteranHealthCareSystem,AudieL. MurphyMemorialVAHospital,andLongSchoolof Medicine,UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter, SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates;Departmentof Psychiatry,MT.SinaiSchoolofMedicine,NewYork, NY,UnitedStates
DebasisBagchi CollegeofPharmacyandHealth Sciences,TexasSouthernUniversity,Houston,TX,
UnitedStates;DepartmentofBiology,Adelphi University,GardenCity,NY,UnitedStates; DepartmentofR&D,VictoryNutritionInternational, Inc.,BonitaSprings,FL,UnitedStates
ManashiBagchi DepartmentofR&D,Dr.HerbsLLC, Concord,CA,UnitedStates
MithuBanerjee DepartmentofBiochemistry,AllIndia InstituteofMedicalSciences,Jodhpur,Rajasthan, India
PradiptaBanerjee DepartmentofBiochemistryand PlantPhysiology,CenturionUniversityofTechnology andManagement,Parlakhemundi,Odisha,India; DepartmentofSurgery,IndianaUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,UnitedStates
SamudraProsadBanik DepartmentofMicrobiology, MaulanaAzadCollege,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
TejaswiniBaral DepartmentofPharmacyPractice, ManipalCollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Manipal AcademyofHigherEducation,Manipal,Karnataka, India
DebmalyaBarh Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ ticaCelulare Molecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas, DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,EcologiaeEvoluc¸ao, UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais(UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil;CentreforGenomics andAppliedGeneTechnology,InstituteofIntegrative OmicsandAppliedBiotechnology(IIOAB), Nonakuri,WestBengal,India
DavidBaron DepartmentofPsychiatry,Collegeof OsteopathicMedicineofthePacific,WesternUniversity ofHealthSciences,Pomona,CA,UnitedStates
NitikaBhambri DepartmentofAlliedHealthSciences, UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies(UPES), Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
AnitaBhat JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,United States
B.VishnuBhat Director-MedicalResearch,Professorof PediatricsandNeonatology,AarupadaiveeduMedical CollegeandHospital,VinayakaMission’sResearch Foundation-DU,Puducherry,India
JoyBhat JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,UnitedStates
JyotiBhat JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,United States
KusumBhat JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,United States
NarasBhat JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,United States
SubhrajitBhattacharya SchoolofPharmacyandHealth Sciences,KeckGraduateInstitute,Claremont,CA, UnitedStates
JhimliBhattacharyya DepartmentofChemistry, NationalInstituteofTechnologyNagaland,Dimapur, Nagaland,India
KennethBlum DepartmentofPsychiatry,Collegeof OsteopathicMedicineofthePacific,WesternUniversity ofHealthSciences,Pomona,CA,UnitedStates
AbdallaBowirrat DepartmentofMolecularBiology, AdelsonSchoolofMedicine,ArielUniversity,Ariel, Israel
NadiyaBoyko DepartmentofClinicalLaboratory DiagnosticsandPharmacology,FacultyofDentistry, UzhhorodNationalUniversity,Uzhhorod,Ukraine; ResearchDevelopmentandEducationalCentreof MolecularMicrobiologyandMucosalImmunology, UzhhorodNationalUniversity,Uzhhorod,Ukraine; EdiensLLC,VelykiLasy,Ukraine
GabrielaMunisCampos Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica CelulareMolecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie
ncias Biolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,Ecologiae Evoluc¸a ˜ o,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais (UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
RodrigoDiasdeOliveiraCarvalho Laborato ´ riode Gene ´ ticaCelulareMolecular(LGCM),Institutode Cie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica, EcologiaeEvoluc¸ao,UniversidadeFederaldeMinas Gerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
MarLozanoCasanova NursingDepartment,Facultyof HealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante,Alicante, Spain
RameshwarNathChaurasia DepartmentofNeurology, InstituteofMedicalSciences,BanarasHindu University,Varanasi,India
K.Chen DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
SabyasachiChoudhuri DepartmentofPharmaceutical ScienceandTechnology,MaulanaAbulKalamAzad UniversityofTechnology,Haringhata,WestBengal, India
SriyaChoudhury DepartmentofBiochemistry, InstituteofBiomedicalSciences,TheWestBengal UniversityofHealthSciences,Kolkata,West Bengal,India
Kyung-SooChun CollegeofPharmacy,Keimyung University,Daegu,SouthKorea
Won-YoonChung DepartmentofOralBiology,Yonsei UniversityCollegeofDentistry,Seoul,SouthKorea; DepartmentofAppliedLifeScience,TheGraduate School,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea;BK21 FourProject,YonseiUniversityCollegeofDentistry, Seoul,SouthKorea
TalesFernandodaSilva Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica CelulareMolecular(LGCM),Institutode Cie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica, EcologiaeEvoluc¸a ˜ o,UniversidadeFederaldeMinas Gerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
AlvinH.Danenberg BalancedMetabolicCoaching, Periodontist,CertifiedFunctionalMedicine Practitioner,CertifiedPrimalHealthCoach, Charleston,SC,UnitedStates
AhanaDas DepartmentofMicrobiology,MaulanaAzad College,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
AmitavaDas DepartmentofSurgery,Indiana UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Indianapolis,IN, UnitedStates
GautamDas miBiomeTherapeuticsLLP,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
SujitDas DepartmentofRuralDevelopmentand AgriculturalProduction,North-EasternHill University,Tura,Meghalaya,India
NandiniDasgupta miBiomeTherapeuticsLLP, Mumbai,Maharashtra,India
Luı´sCla ´ udioLimadeJesus Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica CelulareMolecular(LGCM),Institutode Cie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica, EcologiaeEvoluc¸a o,UniversidadeFederalde MinasGerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,Minas Gerais,Brazil
S.Devaraja DepartmentofStudiesandResearchin Biochemistry,TumkurUniversity,Tumkur, Karnataka,India
NadiyaDileep DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiology andImmunology,RAKMedicalandHealth SciencesUniversity,RasAlKhaimah,UnitedArab Emirates
ChopadaKevalkumarDineshbhai DepartmentofDairy Microbiology,SMCCollegeofDairyScience, KamdhenuUniversity,Anand,Gujarat,India
BernardWilliamDowns DivisionofPrecision Nutrition,VictoryNutritionInternational,Inc.,Bonita Springs,FL,UnitedStates
IgorElman BehavioralNeuropharmacologyand NeuroimagingLaboratoryonAddictions,Clinical ResearchInstituteonAddictions,Departmentof PharmacologyandToxicology,JacobsSchoolof MedicineandBiosciences,StateUniversityofNew YorkatBuffalo,Buffalo,NY,UnitedStates
LucasJorgedaSilvaFernandes Laborato ´ riode Gene ´ ticaCelulareMolecular(LGCM),Institutode Cie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica, EcologiaeEvoluc¸a o,UniversidadeFederalde MinasGerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,Minas Gerais,Brazil
AndriadosSantosFreitas Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica
CelulareMolecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ ncias Biolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,Ecologiae Evoluc¸ao,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais (UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
AmandaFriend DepartmentofDrugDiscoveryand Development,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,United States
NandiniGhosh DepartmentofSurgery,Indiana UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Indianapolis,IN, UnitedStates
RituparnaBanikGhosh DepartmentofPhysiology, BhairabGangulyCollege,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
RafaeldeAssisGlo ´ ria Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ ticaCelulare Molecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas, DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,EcologiaeEvoluc¸a ˜ o, UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais(UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
MarkS.Gold DepartmentofPsychiatry,Washington UniversitySchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,MO,United States
GabrielCamargosGomes Laborato ´ riodeGene ´ tica
CelulareMolecular(LGCM),InstitutodeCie ˆ ncias Biolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica,Ecologiae Evoluc¸ao,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais (UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil
EstelaGonza ´ lez-Rodrı ´ guez NursingDepartment,Faculty ofHealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante,Alicante, Spain
SubrotaHati DepartmentofDairyMicrobiology,SMC CollegeofDairyScience,KamdhenuUniversity, Anand,Gujarat,India
KohsukeHayamizu YokohamaUniversityofPharmacy, Yokohama,Japan
AshfaqueHossain DepartmentofMedical MicrobiologyandImmunology,RAKMedicaland HealthSciencesUniversity,RasAlKhaimah, UnitedArabEmirates
Md.AkilHossain DepartmentofPharmacologyand ExperimentalTherapeutics,SchoolofMedicine, BostonUniversity,MA,UnitedStates
RehanJalali DivisionofNutrigenomics,TheKenneth BlumBehavioralNeurogeneticInstitute,Austin,TX, UnitedStates
KomalJalan DepartmentofAgriculture,Universityof Calcutta,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
TaniaAkterJhuma DepartmentofMicrobiology, UniversityofDhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh
SavannahN.Johnson DepartmentofClinicalNutrition, MarylandUniversityofIntegrativeHealth,Laurel, MD,UnitedStates
ImranJunaid JivahealthClinics,Concord,CA,United States
MuhammadManjurulKarim Departmentof Microbiology,Universityof Dhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh
BiditaKhandelwal DepartmentofGeneralMedicine, SikkimManipalInstituteofMedicalSciences,Sikkim ManipalUniversity,Gangtok,Sikkim,India
ShradhaKhater miBiomeTherapeuticsLLP,Mumbai, Maharashtra,India
J.H.Kim DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
ManojKumarKingsley DepartmentofNeonatology, JIPMER,Puducherry,India
ChandrashekarUdyavaraKudru Departmentof Medicine,KasturbaMedicalCollegeandHospital, ManipalAcademyofHigherEducation,Manipal,India
AbhaiKumar DepartmentofNeurology,Instituteof MedicalSciences,BanarasHinduUniversity, Varanasi,India
ShiliaJacobKurian DepartmentofPharmacyPractice, ManipalCollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Manipal AcademyofHigherEducation, Manipal,Karnataka,India
SteveKushner DepartmentofR&D,ALMR&D, Oldsmar,FL,UnitedStates
E.G.Lebig DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
ElizabethA.Lipski FacultyAdvisor,Departmentof ClinicalNutrition,MarylandUniversityofIntegrative Health,Laurel,MD,UnitedStates
IsabelSospedraLo ´ pez NursingDepartment,Facultyof HealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante,Alicante, Spain
SochingLuikham DepartmentofChemistry,National InstituteofTechnologyNagaland,Dimapur, Nagaland,India
SayantanMaitra InstituteofPharmacy,Jalpaiguri, GovernmentofWestBengal,DepartmentofHealth andFamilyWelfare,WestBengal,India
Jose ´ MiguelMartı´nez-Sanz NursingDepartment, FacultyofHealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante, Alicante,Spain
M.Martins-Green DepartmentofMolecular,Celland SystemsBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside, CA,UnitedStates
TamaraMeleshko DepartmentofClinicalLaboratory DiagnosticsandPharmacology,Facultyof Dentistry,UzhhorodNationalUniversity,Uzhhorod, Ukraine;ResearchDevelopmentandEducational CentreofMolecularMicrobiologyandMucosal Immunology,UzhhorodNationalUniversity, Uzhhorod,Ukraine
ChiranjayMukhopadhyay Departmentof Microbiology,Coordinator,CenterforEmergingand TropicalDiseases,KasturbaMedicalCollegeand Hospital,ManipalAcademyofHigherEducation, Manipal,Karnataka,India
SatinathMukhopadhyay DepartmentofEndocrinology, InstituteofPostgraduateMedicalEducation& Research,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
MuraliMunisamy DepartmentofTranslational Medicine,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences, Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India
MisakoNagasaka DepartmentofOncology,Karmanos CancerInstitute,WayneStateUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Detroit,MI,UnitedStates
PradeepSinghNegi DepartmentofFruitand VegetablesTechnology,CSIR-CentralFood TechnologicalResearchInstitute,Mysuru,India; AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch (AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India
FADainMdOpo DepartmentofBiologicalSciences, KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
OleksandraPallah DepartmentofClinicalLaboratory DiagnosticsandPharmacology,FacultyofDentistry, UzhhorodNationalUniversity,Uzhhorod,Ukraine; ResearchDevelopmentandEducationalCentreof
MolecularMicrobiologyandMucosalImmunology, UzhhorodNationalUniversity,Uzhhorod,Ukraine
JyotirmoyPanda DepartmentofPharmaceuticalScience andTechnology,MaulanaAbulKalamAzad UniversityofTechnology,Haringhata,WestBengal, India
Kwang-KyunPark DepartmentofOralBiology,Yonsei UniversityCollegeofDentistry,Seoul,SouthKorea
Se-YoungPark DepartmentofOralBiology,Yonsei UniversityCollegeofDentistry,Seoul,SouthKorea; DepartmentofAppliedLifeScience,TheGraduate School,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea;BK21 FourProject,YonseiUniversityCollegeofDentistry, Seoul,SouthKorea
RokeyaPervin FootandMouthDiseaseDivision, AnimalandPlantQuarantineAgency,Gimcheon-si, SouthKorea
BenjaminPeters DepartmentofDrugDiscoveryand Development,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,United States
B.Petros DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
SamikshhaPuri DepartmentofAlliedHealthSciences, UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies(UPES), Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
MahadevRao DepartmentofPharmacyPractice, Coordinator,CenterforTranslationalResearch, ManipalCollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Manipal AcademyofHigherEducation,Manipal,Karnataka, India
MirandaReed DepartmentofDrugDiscoveryand Development,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,United States;CenterforNeuroscienceInitiative,Auburn University,Auburn,AL,UnitedStates
EstelaGonza ´ lezRodrı´guez NursingDepartment, FacultyofHealthSciences,UniversityofAlicante, Alicante,Spain
MarufaRumman DepartmentofMicrobiology, NationalCenterforToxicologicalResearch,USFood andDrugAdministration,Redfield,AR,UnitedStates
S.Saeed DepartmentofMolecular,CellandSystems Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA, UnitedStates
AmarSakure DeparmentofAgricultureBiotechnology, AnandAgriculturalUniversity,Anand,Gujarat,India
SaptadipSamanta DepartmentofPhysiology, MidnaporeCollege,Midnapore,WestBengal,India
RhayaneCristinaViegasSantos Laborato ´ riode Gene ´ ticaCelulareMolecular(LGCM),Institutode Cie ˆ nciasBiolo ´ gicas,DepartamentodeGene ´ tica, EcologiaeEvoluc¸ao,UniversidadeFederaldeMinas Gerais(UFMG),BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais, Brazil
KavithaSaravu DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases, Coordinator,ManipalCenterforInfectiousDiseases, KasturbaMedicalCollegeandHospital,Manipal AcademyofHigherEducation,Manipal,Karnataka, India
ShaliniSehgal DepartmentofFoodTechnology, BhaskaracharyaCollegeofAppliedSciences, UniversityofDelhi,NewDelhi,India
SonalSekharM. DepartmentofPharmacyPractice, ManipalCollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Manipal AcademyofHigherEducation, Manipal,Karnataka,India
ChitraSelvan DepartmentofEndocrinology,Ramaiah MedicalCollege,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
M.N.SharathKumar DepartmentofStudiesand ResearchinBiochemistry,TumkurUniversity, Tumkur,Karnataka,India
PoojaShivappa DepartmentofBasicSciences,RAK MedicalandHealthSciencesUniversity,RasAl Khaimah,UnitedArabEmirates
PratikShukla DepartmentofDairyMicrobiology,SMC CollegeofDairyScience,KamdhenuUniversity, Anand,Gujarat,India
GemaAlfonsoSiguenza NursingDepartment,Facultyof HealthSciences,University ofAlicante,Alicante,Spain
AbhilashaSingh CardiovascularResearchCentre, MassachusettsGeneralHospital,HarvardMedical School,Boston,MA,UnitedStates
BrijPalSingh DeparmentofMicrobiology,Central UniversityofHaryana,Mahendragarh,Haryana,India
JitendraSingh DepartmentofTranslationalMedicine, AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,Bhopal, MadhyaPradesh,India
SarmanSingh AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences, Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India
SmitaSingh DepartmentofGeriatricMedicine,Institute ofMedicalSciences,BanarasHinduUniversity, Varanasi,India
Na-YoungSong DepartmentofOralBiology,Yonsei UniversityCollegeofDentistry,Seoul,SouthKorea; DepartmentofAppliedLifeScience,TheGraduate School,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea;BK21
FourProject,YonseiUniversityCollegeofDentistry, Seoul,SouthKorea
DiwanshuSoni DepartmentofPsychiatry,Collegeof OsteopathicMedicineofthePacific,WesternUniversity ofHealthSciences,Pomona,CA,UnitedStates
VishnuSuppiramaniam DepartmentofDrugDiscovery andDevelopment,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL, UnitedStates;CenterforNeuroscienceInitiative, AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,UnitedStates
Young-JoonSurh CollegeofPharmacy,SeoulNational University,Seoul,SouthKorea;Departmentof MolecularMedicineandBiopharmaceuticalSciences, GraduateSchoolofConvergenceScienceand Technology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,South Korea;CancerResearchInstitute,SeoulNational University,Seoul,SouthKorea
AddisuDemekeTeklemariam DepartmentofBiological Sciences,KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia
PanyotisK.Thanos DepartmentofPsychologyand BehavioralNeuropharmacologyandNeuroimaging LaboratoryonAddictions(BNNLA),Research InstituteonAddictions,UniversityatBuffalo,Buffalo, NY,UnitedStates
Md.HafizUddin DepartmentofOncology,Karmanos CancerInstitute,WayneStateUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Detroit,MI,UnitedStates
TruptiJ.Undhad DepartmentofDairyMicrobiology, SMCCollegeofDairyScience,Kamdhenu University,Anand,Gujarat,India
SreejaV. DepartmentofDairyMicrobiology,SMC CollegeofDairyScience,KamdhenuUniversity, Anand,Gujarat,India
LizJ.Va ´ zquez-Chinea DepartmentofClinical Nutrition,MarylandUniversityofIntegrativeHealth, Laurel,MD,UnitedStates
Gene-JackWang LaboratoryofNeuroimaging,National InstituteofAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism,National InstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,UnitedStates
MarzenaWojcik DepartmentofStructuralBiology, MedicalUniversityofLodz,Lodz,Poland
LucynaWozniak DepartmentofStructuralBiology, MedicalUniversityofLodz,Lodz,Poland
DivyaYadav DepartmentofFruitand VegetablesTechnology,CSIR-CentralFood TechnologicalResearchInstitute,Mysuru,India; AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch (AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India
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Preface
Thisbookexploresawiderangeoftopicsrelatedtotheroleofnutritioninboostingahealthymicrobiomeinchapters writtenbyleadingexpertsinthefield.Toprovideacomprehensiveapproachtotheemergingfieldofnutrition,gut health,foodrecommendations,andthehumanmicrobiome,thisbookcoversawidespectrumofagentsincludingfood, minerals,vitamins,dietaryfibers,prebioticsandprobiotics,nutraceuticalsupplements,andphytonutrientsthatboost overallhumanhealthandperformancebyimprovingthehealthofthemicrobiome.Thisbookspecificallyaddressesthe causesandpathologicalmanifestationsofmicrobiomedysbiosisandthemolecularandcellularmechanismsandpathwaysinvolvedbywhichnutritionalcomponentscontributetothephysiologyandfunctionalityofahealthymicrobiome andconsequentialhumanhealth.Inadditiontoanextensivereviewofavarietyoffunctionalingredientsanddietary supplements,thisbookaddressesinformationregardingnutritionalguidelinesandhealthylifestylethatareimportantto correct,boost,andmaintainahealthygutmicrobiomeforoptimalhumanhealth.
Digestionandmetabolismarethemostimportantstepsinhumanphysiology.Itisimportanttonotethat70% 80% ofthelymphatictissueinhumansresidesinthegastrointestinaltract.Moreover,thereismoreneurotransmitteractivity inthegutthaninthebrain,promptinglabelsofthegastrointestinaltractas“thesecondbrain.”Propernutritionisessentialforoptimalhumanhealth,dailyactivities,andperformance.Themicrobiotathatresidesinthegastrointestinaltract performsfunctionsthatareessentialtooverallhealth,includingthesynthesisand/ormetabolizationofcertainvitamins, fattyacids,fibers,andaminoacids.ThehealthoftheGItractisultimatelyfoundationaltomaintaininggoodhealthand appropriatelyregulatingimmunefunctionandmaintainingmetabolichomeostasis.Otherwise,unhealthylifestyle choicesanddisruptionsofhealthcancausedrasticalterationsofthesegutmicrobialcommunities,whichultimately leadstodysbiosisandthepotentialforarangeofdisorders,includingbutnotlimitedtoimmunedysregulation,mental dysfunction,andevenautoimmunedisorders.Thereforethereisagrowingneedforacomprehensiveappraisalofthe propernutritionalbenefitsinboostingthehumanmicrobialecosystem,whichultimatelypromotesoptimalgastrointestinalhealth,immunity,andmentalfunction.
Thistextbookisdividedinto12majorsectioncomprisingof33chapters.Thebookstartswith,theeditorialpreface, whichwascraftedbytheeditorstoprovideanoverviewofthisbook.SectionI“MicrobiomeandHumanHealth:An Introduction”iscomprisedoffivechapters.Thefirstchapter,“OralMicrobiome:AGatewaytoYourHealth,”demonstratestheintricateaspectsoftheoralmicrobiomeanditsassociationwithhumanhealth,whilethesecondchapter highlightshowahealthymicrobiomeisinvolvedinshapingthenewbornimmunesystem.Thethirdchapterdemonstratestheimpactofdiversegutmicrobiotaonhumanhealthandpreventionagainstdiversedegenerativediseases,and thefourthandfifthchaptersdiscusseshowtheindividualmicrobiotaparticipatesinprogrammingandreprogramming bothsystemicandlocalimmuneresponsestomodulateimmunehealth.
SectionII,“MicrobiomeandDigestiveHealth,”iscomposedoftwochapters.Thefirstofthesechaptersdiscusses theetiologyofgutdysbiosisanditsroleinchronicdiseases,andthesecondchapterexplorestheroleofmicrobiomein thefunctionanddiseasesofthedigestivesystem.SectionIII,“MicrobiomeandMetabolicSyndrome,”iscomposedof sevenindependentchapters.Thesechaptersdiscussdiverseaspectsontherolesofahealthymicrobiomeinobesity, weightmanagement,andcardiovascularhealth.Thefourteenthchapterdemonstratesthebeneficialrolesofresveratrol inremodelingthegutmicrobiotatopreventmetabolicdisorders.SectionIV,“MicrobiomeandImmuneHealth,”is composedoftwochapters.Thesetwochaptersemphasizetheregulatoryrolesofthemicrobiomeinimmunecompetence,anaerobism,andinflammatoryconditions.
SectionV,“MicrobiomeandCognitiveHealth,”iscomposedoffourchapters.Thefirstofthesechaptersdemonstratestheimportanceofachievingdopaminehomeostasistocombatbrain-gutfunctionalimpairmentanddiscussesthe behavioralandneurogeneticcorrelationwithrewarddeficiencysyndrome.Thesecondchapterdiscussedtheinfluence ofthegutmicrobialflorainthebody’sserotoninturnoveranditsassociateddiseases.Thethirdchapterexploresthe connectionbetweendiet,gutmicrobes,andcognitivedecline,whilethefourthchapterdiscussestheroleofthegut microbiomeinRettsyndrome,araregeneticmutationthataffectsbraindevelopmentinsomegirls.SectionVI,
