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MetalOxidePowderTechnologies
ForthcomingTitles
● MetalOxidePowderTechnologies,YarubAl-Douri,9780128175057
● PalladiumOxidesMaterialProperties,SynthesisandProcessingMethods,and Applications,AlexanderM.Samoylov,VasilyN.Popov,9780128192238
● SolutionProcessedMetalOxideThinFilmsforElectronicApplications,ZhengCui, 9780128149300
● MetalOxidesforNon-volatileMemory,PanagiotisDimitrakis,IliaValov, 9780128146293
● MetalOxideNanostructuredPhosphors,H.Nagabhushana,DarukaPrasad,S.C.Sharma, 9780128118528
● NanostructuredZincOxide,KamlendraAwasthi,9780128189009
● MetalOxide-BasedNanostructuredElectrocatalystsforFuelCells,Electrolyzers,and Metal-AirBatteries,TekoNapporn,YaoviHolade,9780128184967
● MultifunctionalPiezoelectricOxideNanostructures,Sang-JaeKim,NagamalleswaraRao Alluri,YuvasreePurusothaman,9780128193327
● TitaniumDioxide(TiO2)anditsapplications,LeonardoPalmisano,FrancescoParrino, 9780128199602
● TransparentConductiveOxides,MirelaPetrutaSuchea,PetronelaPascariu,Emmanouel Koudoumas,9780128206317
● Metaloxide-basednanofibersandtheirapplications,VincenzoEsposito,DeboraMarani, 9780128206294
● MetalOxidesinNanocomposite-BasedElectrochemicalSensorsforToxicChemicals, AlagarsamyPandikumar,PerumalRameshkumar,9780128207277
● Metal-oxidesforBiomedicalandBiosensorApplications,KunalMondal,9780128230336
● MetalOxide-CarbonHybridMaterials,MuhammadAkram,RafaqatHussain,FaheemK Butt,9780128226940
PublishedTitles
● ColloidalMetalOxideNanoparticles,SabuThomas,AnuTresaSunny,PrajithaV, 9780128133576
● CeriumOxide,SalvatoreScire,LeonardoPalmisano,9780128156612
● TinOxideMaterials,MarceloOrnaghiOrlandi,9780128159248
● MetalOxideGlassNanocomposites,SanjibBhattacharya,9780128174586
● GasSensorsBasedonConductingMetalOxides,NicolaeBarsan,KlausSchierbaum, 9780128112243
● MetalOxidesinEnergyTechnologies,YupingWu,9780128111673
● MetalOxideNanostructures,DanielaNunes,LidiaSantos,AnaPimentel,Pedro Barquinha,LuisPereira,ElviraFortunato,RodrigoMartins,9780128115121
● GalliumOxide,StephenPearton,FanRen,MichaelMastro,9780128145210
● MetalOxide-BasedPhotocatalysis,AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,9780128116340
● MetalOxidesinHeterogeneousCatalysis,JacquesC.Vedrine,9780128116319
● Magnetic,Ferroelectric,andMultiferroicMetalOxides,BiljanaStojanovic, 9780128111802
● IronOxideNanoparticlesforBiomedicalApplications,SophieLaurent,Morteza Mahmoudi,9780081019252
● TheFutureofSemiconductorOxidesinNext-GenerationSolarCells,MonicaLira-Cantu, 9780128111659
● MetalOxide-BasedThinFilmStructures,NiniPryds,VincenzoEsposito,9780128111666
● MetalOxidesinSupercapacitors,DeepakDubal,PedroGomez-Romero,9780128111697
● TransitionMetalOxideThinFilm-BasedChromogenicsandDevices,PandurangAshrit, 9780081018996
MetalOxidesSeries
MetalOxidePowder Technologies
Fundamentals,ProcessingMethods andApplications
Editedby
YarubAl-Douri
NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter (NANOCAT),UniversityofMalaya, KualaLumpur,Malaysia
UniversityResearchCenter,CihanUniversity Sulaimaniya,Sulaimaniya,Iraq
DepartmentofMechatronicsEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences, BahcesehirUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey
SeriesEditor
GhenadiiKorotcenkov
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
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Contents
Listofcontributorsxiii
AbouttheauthorGhenadiiKorotcenkovxix
AbouttheauthorYarubAl-Dourixxi Prefacetotheseriesxxiii Prefacexxvii
1Physicalstudiesofmetaloxidepowders1
Y.Al-Douri,YasminAbdulWahabandNorAliyaHamizi
1.1Introduction1
1.2Metaloxides2
1.3Metaloxidespowderindielectricmaterials5 1.4Physicalproperties6
1.5PropertiesofGaO7
1.6Characterizationandanalysis7 1.7Conclusion12 References12
2Chemicalstudiesofmetaloxidepowders17
NurAzimahAbdSamad,ChinWeiLaiandMohdRafieJohan 2.1Introduction17
2.1.1Chemicalbondpresentinmetaloxide17
2.1.2Defectsanddiffusioninmetaloxides18
2.2Titaniumdioxidechemicalstudies20
2.3Zincoxidechemicalstudies22
2.4Modificationofmetaloxide24
2.5Conclusion25 Acknowledgments26 References26
3Synthesisandpreparationofmetaloxidepowders31
C.H.Voon,K.L.Foo,B.Y.Lim,S.C.B.GopinathandY.Al-Douri 3.1Introduction31
3.2Synthesisandpreparationofmetaloxidepowders32
3.2.1Chemicalmethods32
3.2.2Physicalmethods45
3.2.3Biologicalmethods52
3.3Concludingremarks53 References54
4SinteringbehaviorsofFe3O4 andCaOpowdersroastedunder CO CO2 N2 atmosphere67
YuanboZhang,ZijianSu,TaoJiangandJichengLiu 4.1Introduction67
4.2Experimental68
4.2.1Materials68
4.2.2Methods68 4.3Resultsanddiscussion70
4.3.1PhasediagramsofCaO Fe3O4 systemunderCO CO2 N2 andairatmosphere70
4.3.2PhasetransformationofCaOandFe3O4 mixturesin
CO CO2 N2 atmosphere70
4.3.3LiquidphaseformationofCaO Fe3O4 systemin
CO CO2 N2 atmosphere73
4.3.4ReactionmechanismbetweenCaOandFe3O4 under CO CO2 N2 atmosphere76
4.4Conclusions80 Acknowledgments81 References81
5Surfacemodification,includingpolymerization,nanocoating,and microencapsulation83
RiyadhA.Al-Samarai,AmjedSalehMahmoodandY.Al-Douri
5.1Introduction83
5.2Classificationofsurfacetreatment84
5.3Surfacetreatmentincludingpolymerization87
5.4Effectsofcoatingprocessontribologicalpropertiesofpolymerand alloys89
5.5Surfacetreatmentincludingnanocoatingandmicroencapsulation90
5.6EffectsofWS2 nanoparticleslubricantsonpolymerandalloys92
5.7Conclusion94 Acknowledgment95 References95
6Applicationofmetaloxidesincomposites101 SaidEray
6.1Introduction101
6.1.1Applicationofmetaloxidepowdersinceramicmatrix composites102
6.1.2Applicationofmetaloxidepowdersinmetalmatrix composites109
6.1.3Applicationofmetaloxidesinpolymermatrixcomposites115 6.2Conclusion118 References118
7Metal-oxidepowdertechnologyinbiomedicine121 FaisalAhmad,Y.Al-Douri,D.KumarandS.Ahmad
7.1Introduction121
7.2Syntheses123
7.3Cytotoxicity125
7.4Applications126
7.4.1Bioimagingandtheranostics126
7.4.2Biosensing128
7.4.3Therapeuticapplications128
7.5Antibacterialbehavior140
7.5.1Replacingantibiotics144
7.5.2Orthopedicanddentalformulations151
7.6Theantibacterialpathways153
7.7Discussionsandconclusion158 References160
8Mechanicalandphysicalmethodsforthemetaloxidepowders production169
SaidM.AlAzarandAhmadA.Mousa
8.1Introduction169
8.2Productionofmetaloxidespowderbyusingcrushingandmilling170
8.2.1Mechanicalalloying176
8.2.2Mechanicalmilling(MM)orgrinding176
8.2.3Mechanicaldisordered177
8.3Productionofmetaloxidespowdersusingevaporationtechniques178
8.3.1Simple(orthermal)evaporationtechnique178
8.3.2Laserevaporationtechnique178
8.4Atomizationformetaloxidepowderproduction178
8.4.1Atomizationmechanism180
8.5Physicalvapordeposition182
8.6Mixedmethods182
8.6.1Mechanochemicalmethod182
8.6.2Reactivemillingtechnique183
8.6.3Coldstream(spray)process183
8.7Conclusion183 Acknowledgment185 References185
9Chemicalprocessesofmetaloxidepowders189 AlfarooqO.Basheer,Y.Al-DouriandZairaZamanChowdhury 9.1Introduction189
9.2Sol gelmethod191
9.3Microwave-assistedsynthesis192
9.4Thermaldecomposition196
9.5Solvothermalsynthesis196
9.6Evaporation condensationtechnique198
9.7Thermaloxidationtechnique199
9.8Hydrothermaltechnique199
9.9Atomicormolecularcondensation199
9.10Cryochemicalsynthesis200
9.11Hydrothermalsynthesis201
9.12Coprecipitationmethods202
9.13Microemulsiontechnique203
9.14Template/surfacederivatizedmethods203
9.15Conclusion205 References205
10Thermalprotectioncoatingsofmetaloxidepowders209 K.V.Madhuri
10.1Metaloxides—Introduction209
10.1.1Classificationofmetaloxides209
10.2Necessityofprotectioncoatings210
10.3Variouscoatingtechnologies213
10.3.1Chemicalvapordepositiontechniques213
10.3.2Physicalvapordeposition219
10.4Conclusion228 References229
11Metaloxidenanoparticlesinbiomedicalapplications233
SudthaMurthy,PaulEffiongandCheeChinFei
11.1Introductionandoverviewofmetaloxidesinbiomedical applications233
11.2Structuraldiversityanditsrelationshiptothepropertiesofthe metaloxides233
11.3Importantconsiderationsandchallengesfortheuseofmetal oxidesinbiomedicalapplications234
11.4Generalsynthesisofmetaloxidesandhighlightonthebiological synthesisofmetaloxides235
11.5Commonlyusedmetaloxidesinbiomedicalapplications236
11.5.1Ironoxides236
11.5.2Zincoxide237
11.5.3Titaniumoxide238
11.5.4Othermetaloxidesusedinbiomedicalapplications238
11.6Biomedicalapplicationofmetaloxides238
11.6.1Drugdeliveryandtheranosticapplications239
11.6.2Cancertherapy239
11.6.3Implants241
11.6.4Antibacterialtreatmentandwoundhealing241
11.7Toxicologyofmetaloxides243
11.7.1Oxidativestress244
11.7.2Cytotoxicity245
11.7.3Genotoxicity246
11.7.4Inflammation246 11.8Conclusion247 References248
12Metaloxidespowdertechnologyinenergytechnologies253 AmjedSalehMahmood,RiyadhA.Al-SamaraiandY.Al-Douri
12.1Introduction:importanceofenergytechnologiesinourlife253
12.2Fuelcellsandmetaloxidespowdertechnology254
12.3ApplicationsofSOFC255
12.4Solarcellsandmetaloxidespowdertechnology255
12.5Metaloxidespowdertechnology256
12.6Supercapacitorandmetaloxidespowdertechnology257
12.7Industrialemissionsandmetaloxidespowdertechnology258 12.8Conclusion259 References259
13Metaloxidesinelectronics263 AliAbuOdehandY.Al-Douri
13.1Introduction263 13.2Transistors265 13.3Diodes269 13.4Photodetectors272 13.5Conclusion274 References274
14Metaloxidepowdertechnologiesincatalysis279 YanetRodriguezHerreroandAmanUllah 14.1Introduction279 14.2Supportedmetaloxides280
14.2.1Catalystmolecularstructure280 14.3Synthesismethodsofsupportedcatalystoxides281
14.3.1Impregnationmethod281
14.3.2Precipitation/coprecipitation281
14.3.3Grafting282
14.3.4Chemicalvapordeposition282
14.3.5Sol gelmethod282
14.3.6Hydrothermalmethod283
14.3.7Flamehydrolysis283 14.4Applications284
14.4.1Catalyticoxidationofmethanol284
14.4.2SelectivecatalyticreductionofNOx 285
14.4.3Catalytichydrogenationofcarbonmonoxide286
14.4.4Catalyticmetathesisofolefins288
14.4.5Catalyticpolymerizationofolefins290 14.5Summary292 References293
15Metaloxideforheavymetaldetectionandremoval299
NurhaswaniAlias,SitiAzlinaRosli,NurliyanaAbuHasanSazalli, HaslindaAbdulHamid,SarasijahArivalakan,SitiNurHanisahUmar, BehKhiKhim,BibiNadiaTaib,YeohKarKeat,KhairunisakAbdulRazak, YeohFeiYee,ZuhailawatiHussain,ElmiAbuBakar,NoorFazreena Kamaruddin,AsrulnizamAbd.Manaf,NaokiUchiyama,TanWaiKian, AtsunoriMatsuda,GoKawamura,KazuakiSawada,AkihikoMatsumoto andZainoviaLockman
15.1Introduction299
15.2DistributionofheavymetalinMalaysia301
15.3Heavymetaldetection303
15.3.1Electrochemicaltechniquefordetectionofheavymetal303
15.3.2Biosensor315
15.4Heavymetalionsremoval318
15.4.1Adsorptionmethod318
15.4.2Photocatalyst321
15.5Conclusion324 Acknowledgments324 References324
16Solutioncombustionsynthesisofmetaloxidenanoparticlesfor membranetechnology333
A.JegathaChristy,M.UmadeviandSureshSagadevan 16.1Introduction333
16.2Experimentalprocedures336
16.2.1Introduction336
16.2.2Preparationofmetaloxidesbysolutioncombustion method337
16.2.3SynthesisofCuO,NiO,andZnOnanoparticles337
16.2.4Assayforantimicrobialactivityofmetaloxide nanoparticlesagainstmicroorganisms339 16.3Resultanddiscussion339
16.3.1Structuralanalysis339
16.3.2Surfacemorphologicalstudies341
16.3.3AntimicrobialactivityoffloralCuOnanoparticles342
16.3.4AntimicrobialactivityofoctahedralNiOnanoparticles344
16.3.5AntimicrobialactivityofZnOnanoflakes345 16.4Conclusion347 Acknowledgment348 References348
17Three-dimensionalprintingofceramicpowdertechnology351 WaleedK.AhmedandY.Al-Douri
17.1Usingthree-dimensionalprintedceramicformedicalapplications351 17.2Applicationofthree-dimensionalprintedceramicinmechanics355 17.3Thethree-dimensionalprintingtechnologyinphysics364 17.4Conclusion379
References379
18Metaloxidespowdertechnologyindielectricmaterials385 YasminAbdulWahab,SharifahFatmadiana,MuhammadNihalNaseer, MohdRafieJohan,NorAliyaHamizi,SureshSagadevan,OmidAkbarzadeh, ZairaZamanChowdhury,ThennarasanSabapathyandY.Al-Douri
18.1Introduction385 18.2Dielectricmaterials:propertiesandbehaviors386 18.2.1Dielectricmaterials386 18.2.2Typesofdielectricmaterials387 18.2.3Dielectricfundamentals387 18.3Metaloxidepowderindielectricmaterials389 18.3.1ZnO,TiO2,andothermetaloxides389 18.3.2Dielectricmaterials:ferroelectricandapplication391 18.3.3Dielectricpropertiesofmetaloxidespowder dispersionsinparaffinoil392 18.4Reviewofmetaloxidespowdertechnologiesindielectricmaterials393 18.4.1Introduction:metaloxidespowderasdielectricmaterials393 18.4.2Propertiesofthemetaloxidepowdersasdielectric materials394 18.5Conclusion395
References395
Index401
Listofcontributors
NurAzimahAbdSamad Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre (NANOCAT),InstituteforAdvancedStudies(IAS),UniversitiMalaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
FaisalAhmad IrisWorldwide,Gurugram,India
S.Ahmad JCBoseUniversityofScience&Technology,YMCA,Faridabad,India
WaleedK.Ahmed ERUandMechanicalEngineeringDepartment,Collegeof Engineering,UnitedArabEmiratesUniversity,AlAin,UnitedArabEmirates
OmidAkbarzadeh Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,DeputyVice Chancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia
Y.Al-Douri UniversityResearchCenter,CihanUniversitySulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya,Iraq;NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT), UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia;DepartmentofMechatronics Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences,BahcesehirUniversity, Istanbul,Turkey;Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,DeputyVice Chancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia
NurhaswaniAlias SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
RiyadhA.Al-Samarai ElectromechanicalEngineeringDepartment,Collegeof Engineering,UniversityofSamarra,Samarra,Iraq
SarasijahArivalakan SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,Universiti SainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
SaidM.AlAzar DepartmentofResearchandDevelopment,Ontario-Academy, Amman,Jordan;DepartmentofBasicSciences,MiddleEastUniversity,Amman, Jordan
ElmiAbuBakar SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,UniversitiSainsMalaysia, GeorgeTown,Malaysia
AlfarooqO.Basheer DepartmentforEarthSciencesandEnvironment,Facultyof ScienceandTechnology,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia,Bangi,Malaysia
ZairaZamanChowdhury Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Deputy ViceChancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
A.JegathaChristy DepartmentofPhysics,JayarajAnnapackiamCollegefor Women,Periyakulam,India
PaulEffiong FacultyofAppliedSciences,UCSIUniversity,KualaLumpur, Malaysia
SaidEray PatnosVocationalSchool,A ˘ grı IbrahimC¸ec¸enUniversity,A ˘ grı,Turkey
SharifahFatmadiana DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Facultyof Engineering,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
CheeChinFei NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCentre,Universityof Malaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
K.L.Foo InstituteofNanoElectronicEngineering(INEE),UniversityofMalaysia Perlis,Kangar,Malaysia
S.C.B.Gopinath InstituteofNanoElectronicEngineering(INEE),Universityof MalaysiaPerlis,Kangar,Malaysia;SchoolofBioprocessEngineering,University ofMalaysiaPerlis,Arau,Malaysia
HaslindaAbdulHamid SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,Universiti SainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia;FacultyofAppliedSciences,Universiti TeknologiMARA,PermatangPauh,Malaysia
NorAliyaHamizi Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,DeputyVice Chancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia;NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT),University ofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
YanetRodriguezHerrero DepartmentofAgricultural,Food&Nutritional Science,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
ZuhailawatiHussain SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
TaoJiang SchoolofMineralsProcessing&Bioengineering,CentralSouth University,Changsha,P.R.China
MohdRafieJohan Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,DeputyVice Chancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia;Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre(NANOCAT),Institutefor AdvancedStudies(IAS),UniversitiMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
NoorFazreenaKamaruddin SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
GoKawamura DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicInformationEngineering, ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
YeohKarKeat SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
BehKhiKhim CollabrativeMicroelectronicDesignExcellenceCentre(CEDEC), UniversitiSainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
TanWaiKian CenterforInternationalEducation,ToyohashiUniversityof Technology,Toyohashi,Japan
D.Kumar JCBoseUniversityofScience&Technology,YMCA,Faridabad,India
ChinWeiLai Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre(NANOCAT), InstituteforAdvancedStudies(IAS),UniversitiMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
B.Y.Lim SchoolofMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofMalaysiaPerlis,Arau, Malaysia
JichengLiu SchoolofMineralsProcessing&Bioengineering,CentralSouth University,Changsha,P.R.China
ZainoviaLockman SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
K.V.Madhuri Vignan’sFoundationforScience,Technology&Research University,Vadlamudi,Guntur,India
AmjedSalehMahmood ElectromechanicalEngineeringDepartment,Collegeof Engineering,UniversityofSamarra,Samarra,Iraq
AsrulnizamAbd.Manaf CollabrativeMicroelectronicDesignExcellenceCentre (CEDEC),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
AtsunoriMatsuda CenterforInternationalEducation,ToyohashiUniversityof Technology,Toyohashi,Japan
AkihikoMatsumoto DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandLifeScience, ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
AhmadA.Mousa DepartmentofBasicSciences,MiddleEastUniversity, Amman,Jordan
SudthaMurthy DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia
MuhammadNihalNaseer DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,National UniversityofSciencesandTechnology,Islamabad,Pakistan
AliAbuOdeh KhawarizmiInternationalCollege,AlAin,UnitedArabEmirates
KhairunisakAbdulRazak SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,Universiti SainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
SitiAzlinaRosli SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
ThennarasanSabapathy BioelectromagneticsResearchGroup,Schoolof ComputerandCommunicationEngineering,UniversitiMalaysiaPerlis(UniMAP), KampusPauhPutra,Arau,Malaysia
SureshSagadevan Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,DeputyVice Chancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur, Malaysia;NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCentre,UniversityofMalaya, KualaLumpur,Malaysia
KazuakiSawada DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicInformation Engineering,ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi,Japan
NurliyanaAbuHasanSazalli SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources, UniversitiSainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
ZijianSu SchoolofMineralsProcessing&Bioengineering,CentralSouth University,Changsha,P.R.China
BibiNadiaTaib CollabrativeMicroelectronicDesignExcellenceCentre (CEDEC),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
NaokiUchiyama DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ToyohashiUniversityof Technology,Toyohashi,Japan
AmanUllah DepartmentofAgricultural,Food&NutritionalScience,University ofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
M.Umadevi DepartmentofPhysics,MotherTeresaWomen’sUniversity, Kodaikanal,India
SitiNurHanisahUmar SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
C.H.Voon InstituteofNanoElectronicEngineering(INEE),Universityof MalaysiaPerlis,Kangar,Malaysia
YasminAbdulWahab Nanotechnology&CatalysisResearchCentre,Deputy ViceChancellor(Research&Innovation)Office,UniversityofMalaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;NanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT), UniversityofMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
YeohFeiYee SchoolofMaterialsandMineralResources,UniversitiSains Malaysia,GeorgeTown,Malaysia
YuanboZhang SchoolofMineralsProcessing&Bioengineering,CentralSouth University,Changsha,P.R.China
Abouttheauthor
YarubAl-Douri hasgained DoctoratD’etatinMaterials Sciencein2000.Hewasappointed fullprofessor,visitingprofessor, adjunctprofessor,consultantexpert, associateprofessor,assistantprofessor,researchfellow(A),scientific collaborator,andpostdocin Malaysia,Iraq,Turkey,Algeria, Yemen,Singapore,Germany,and France,respectively.HehasinitiatedNanotechnologyEngineering MScProgramandNano ComputingLaboratory,thefirstinMalaysia.Hehasreceivednumerousaccolades, includingOeADAward,Austria2020,JapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience (JSPS)Award2019,AsianUniversitiesAlliance(AUA)Award2019,IraqiForum forIntellectualsandAcademicsAward2019,BestResearcherAwardatCihan UniversityofSulaimaniya2019,BestPaperatGlobalConferenceonEnergyand SustainableDevelopment,Coventry,UnitedKingdom2015,Distinguished ResearcherAwardatUniversitiMalaysiaPerlis2011 15,GoldAwardatITEX KualaLumpur2013,andTWAS-UNESCOAssociateship2009 12and2012 15. Hehasmorethanquartercenturyexperienceofresearch,teaching;administrative andeditorialboardworks;andorganizingevents,researchgrants,andconsultations, inadditiontomorethan640publicationscurrently,includingpatents,books,chaptersreview,papers,articles,andconferences,andUS$4.2Mresearchgrants.He hascitations 5 5394, h-index 5 33,andi10-index 5 155forthemoment.Hehas graduatedunderhissupervisionmanyofPhDandMScstudents.HeisEditor-inChiefofExperimentalandTheoreticalNANOTECHNOLOGY,Editor-in-Chiefof WorldJournalofNanoScienceandEngineering,AssociateEditorofNano-Micro Letters(Q1),andeditorandpeerreviewerofdifferentinternationaljournals,memberofdifferentinternationalscientificassociations.Hisresearchfieldfocuseson nanomaterials,nanoelectronics,opticalstudies,semiconductors,renewableenergy, modelingandsimulation.
Abouttheauthor
GhenadiiKorotcenkov earnedhisPhDinmaterial sciencesin1976andhisdoctorofsciencedegree(doctor habilitate)inphysicsin1990.Hehasmorethan45years ofexperienceasascientificresearcher.Foralongtime,he hasbeentheleaderofthegassensorgroupandmanager ofvariousnationalandinternationalscientificandengineeringprojectscarriedoutintheLaboratoryofMicroandOptoelectronics,TechnicalUniversityofMoldovaand supportedfrominternationalfoundationsandprograms suchastheCRDF,theMRDA,theICTP,theINTAS,the INCO-COPERNICUS,theCOST,andtheNATO.From 2007to2008,hewasaninvitedscientistinKoreanInstituteofEnergyResearch, Daejeon,SouthKorea.Then,untiltheendof2017Dr.G.Korotcenkovwasa researchprofessorattheSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringatGwangju InstituteofScienceandTechnology,Gwangju,SouthKorea.Currentlyheisthe chiefscientificresearcher(researchprofessor)attheDepartmentofPhysicsand EngineeringattheMoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau,theRepublicofMoldova.
Dr.G.Korotcenkoviseithertheauthororeditorof39books,includingthe11volume ChemicalSensors seriespublishedbytheMomentumPress(UnitedStates), 15-volume ChemicalSensors seriespublishedbyHarbinInstituteofTechnology Press(China),3-volume PorousSilicon: FromFormationtoApplication published byCRCPress(UnitedStates),2-volume HandbookofGasSensorMaterials publishedbySpringer(UnitedStates),and3-volume HandbookofHumidity Measurements publishedbyCRCPress(UnitedStates).Inaddition,atpresent,Dr. G.Korotcenkovisaneditorof MetalOxides series,whichisbeingpublishedby Elsevier.Startingfrom2017,already16volumeshavebeenpublishedwithinthe frameworkofthatseries.
Dr.G.Korotcenkovistheauthorandcoauthorofmorethan600scientificpublications,including30reviewpapers,38bookchapters,andmorethan200articles publishedinpeer-reviewedscientificjournals[h-factor 5 42(Scopus)and hfactor 5 51(GoogleScholarcitation)].Inthemajorityofpublications,heisthefirst author.Besides,Dr.G.Korotcenkovisaholderof17patents.Hehaspresented morethan250reportsatnationalandinternationalconferences,including17 invitedtalks.Dr.G.Korotcenkovwascoorganizerofmorethan10international scientificconferences.
xx Abouttheauthor
ResearchactivitiesofDr.G.KorotcenkovarehonoredbythePrizeofthe AcademyofSciencesofMoldova(2019),anAwardoftheSupremeCouncilof ScienceandAdvancedTechnologyoftheRepublicofMoldova(2004);Prizeofthe PresidentsoftheUkrainian,Belarus,andMoldovanAcademiesofSciences(2003); andNationalYouthPrizeoftheRepublicofMoldovainthefieldofscienceand technology(1980),amongothers.Dr.G.Korotcenkovalsoreceivedafellowship fromtheInternationalResearchExchangeBoard(IREX,UnitedStates,1998), BrainKorea21Program(2008 12),andBrainpoolProgram(Korea,2007 08and 2015 17).
Prefacetotheseries
Thefieldofsynthesis,study,andapplicationofmetaloxidesisoneofthemostrapidlyprogressingareasofscienceandtechnology.Metaloxidesareoneofthemost ubiquitouscompoundgroupsonearth,whichhavealargevarietyofchemicalcompositions,atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,metaloxidesare knowntopossessuniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentorinferiorinothersolid materials.Inparticular,metaloxidesrepresentanassortedandappealingclassof materials,propertiesofwhichexhibitafullspectrumofelectronicproperties— frominsulatingtosemiconducting,metallic,andsuperconducting.Moreover, almostalltheknowneffects,includingsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects, photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetism,canbeobservedinmetaloxides.Thereforemetaloxideshaveemergedasanimportantclassofmultifunctional materialswitharichcollectionofproperties,whichhavegreatpotentialfornumerousdeviceapplications.Specificpropertiesofthemetaloxides,suchasthewide varietyofmaterialswithdifferentelectrophysical,optical,andchemicalcharacteristics,theirhighthermalandtemporalstability,andtheirabilitiestofunctioninharsh environments,makemetaloxidesverysuitablematerialsfordesigningtransparent electrodes,high-mobilitytransistors,gassensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers, photovoltaicandphotonicdevices,photo-andheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-state coolers,high-frequencyandmicromechanicaldevices,energyharvestingandstoragedevices,nonvolatilememories,andmanyothersintheelectronics,energy,and healthsectors.Inthesedevices,metaloxidescanbesuccessfullyusedassensingor activelayers,substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers,membranes,and fibers,whichcanbeusedasactiveandpassivecomponents.
Amongotheradvantagesofmetaloxidesarethelowfabricationcostandrobustnessinpracticalapplications.Furthermore,themetaloxidescanbepreparedinvariousformssuchasceramics,thickandthinfilms.Atthatforthin-filmdeposition canbeuseddepositiontechniquesthatarecompatiblewithstandardmicroelectronic technology.Thelastfactorisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproduction,becausethe microelectronicapproachpromoteslowcostformassproduction,offersthepossibilityofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguaranteesgoodreproducibility. Variousmetaloxidenanostructures,includingnanowires,nanotubes,nanofibers, core shellstructures,andhollownanostructures,canalsobesynthesized.Asis known,thefieldofmetaloxidenanostructuredmorphologies(e.g.,nanowires, nanorods,andnanotubes)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareaswithin thenanosciencecommunity.
Theabilitiestocreateavarietyofmetaloxide basedcompositesandtosynthesizevariousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandtherangeof
propertiesthatmetaloxide basedmaterialscanhave,makingmetaloxidesbya trulyversatilemultifunctionalmaterialforwidespreaduse.Asisknown,small changesintheirchemicalcompositionandatomicstructurecanbeaccompaniedby thespectacularvariationinpropertiesandbehaviorofmetaloxides.Evennow, advancesinsynthesizingandcharacterizingtechniquesarerevealingnumerousnew functionsofmetaloxides.
Takingintoaccounttheimportanceofmetaloxidesforprogressinmicroelectronics,optoelectronics,photonics,energyconversion,sensor,andcatalysis,alarge numberofvariousbooksdevotedtothisclassofmaterialshavebeenpublished. However,oneshouldnotethatsomebooksfromthislistaretoogeneral,some booksarecollectionsofvariousoriginalworkswithoutanygeneralizations,andthe otheroneswerepublishedmanyyearsago.But,duringthepastdecadeagreat progresshasbeenmadeonthesynthesisaswellasonthestructural,physical,and chemicalcharacterizationandapplicationofmetaloxidesinvariousdevices,anda largenumberofpapershavebeenpublishedonmetaloxides.Inaddition,tillnow manyimportanttopicsrelatedtometaloxidesstudyandapplicationhavenotbeen discussed.Toremedythesituationinthisarea,wedecidedtogeneralizeandsystematizetheresultsofresearchinthisdirectionandtopublishaseriesofbooks devotedtometaloxides.
Oneshouldnotethattheproposedbookseries“MetalOxides”isthefirstone, devotedtotheconsiderationofmetaloxidesonly.Webelievethatcombiningbooks onmetaloxidesinaseriescouldhelpreadersinsearchingrequiredinformationon thesubject.Inparticular,weplanthatthebooksfromourseries,whichhaveaclear specializationbyitscontent,willprovideinterdisciplinarydiscussionforvarious oxidematerialswithawiderangeoftopics,frommaterialsynthesisanddeposition tocharacterizations,processingandthentodevicefabricationsandapplications. Thisbookseriesispreparedbyateamofhighlyqualifiedexperts,whichguarantees itshighquality.
Ihopethatourbookswillbeusefulandcomfortableinuse.Iwouldalsoliketo hopethatreaderswillconsiderthis“MetalOxides”bookserieslikeanencyclopediaofmetaloxidesthatenablesonetounderstandthepresentstatusofmetaloxides,toestimatetheroleofmultifunctionalmetaloxidesinthedesignofadvanced devices,andthenbasedonobservedknowledgetoformulatenewgoalsforthefurtherresearch.
Theintendedaudienceofthepresentbookseriesisscientistsandresearchers, workingorplanningtoworkinthefieldofmaterialsrelatedtometaloxides,that is,thosewhoseactivitiesarerelatedtoelectronics,optoelectronics,energy,catalysis,sensors,electricalengineering,ceramics,biomedicaldesigns,etc.Ibelievethat this“MetalOxides”bookserieswillalsobeinterestingforpracticingengineersor projectmanagersinindustriesandnationallaboratories,whowouldliketodesign metaloxide baseddevicesbutdonotknowhowtodoit,andhowtoselectoptimal metaloxideforspecificapplications.Withmanyreferencestothevastresourceof recentlypublishedliteratureonthesubject,thisbookserieswillbeservingasasignificantandinsightfulsourceofvaluableinformation,providingscientistsandengineerswithnewinsightsforunderstandingandimprovingexistingmetal
oxide baseddevicesandfordesigningnewmetaloxide basedmaterialswithnew andunexpectedproperties
Ibelievethatthis“MetalOxides”bookserieswouldbeveryhelpfulforuniversitystudents,postdocs,andprofessors.Thestructureofthesebooksoffersabasis forcoursesinthefieldofmaterialsscience,chemicalengineering,electronics,electricalengineering,optoelectronics,energytechnologies,environmentalcontrol,and manyothers.Graduatestudentscouldalsofindthebookseriestobeveryusefulin theirresearchandunderstandingfeaturesofmetaloxides’synthesis,study,and applicationofthismultifunctionalmaterialinvariousdevices.Wearesurethatall ofthemwillfindinformationusefulfortheiractivity.
Finally,Ithankallthecontributingauthorsandbookeditorswhohavebeen involvedinthecreationofthesebooks.Iamthankfultothembecausetheyhave agreedtoparticipateinthisprojectandputtheireffortsinthepreparationofthese books.Withouttheirparticipation,thisprojectwouldhavenotbeensuccessful.I alsoexpressmygratitudetoElsevierforgivingustheopportunitytopublishthis series.IespeciallythankthewholeteamofeditorialofficeatElsevierforshowing theirpatienceduringthedevelopmentofthisprojectandforencouragingusduring thevariousstagesofpreparation.
GhenadiiKorotcenkov
Preface
Thesynthesis,analysis,characterization,andapplicationofmetaloxidepowder technologiesareoneoftherapidlyprogressingareasofscienceandtechnology. Metaloxidesareoneofthemostubiquitouscompoundsontheglobeandhavea varietyofchemicalcompositions,atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,metaloxidesareknowntopossessuniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentor lessinothersolidmaterials.Metaloxidesgiveanassortedandappealingclassof materials,wheretheirpropertiesexhibitafullspectrumofelectronic,structural, elastic,optical,thermal,andotherpropertiesfrominsulatingtosemiconducting, metallic,andsuperconducting.Moreover,itcouldnoticeallphenomenaofsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetism.Thereforemetaloxideshaveaneminentimportanceofmultifunctional materialswitharichcollectionofpropertiesthathavegreatpotentialinnumerous deviceapplications.
Specificproperties—electrophysical,optical,chemicalcharacteristics,highthermalandtemporalstability,andabilitiestofunctioninharshenvironments—make metaloxidesverysuitablematerialsfordesigningtransparentelectrodes,highmobilitytransistors,gassensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers,photovoltaicand photonicdevices,photo-andheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-statecoolers,highfrequencyandmicromechanicaldevices,energyharvestingandstoragedevices, nonvolatilememories,andmanyothersinelectronics,energy,andhealthsectors. Forapplications,metaloxidescanbesuccessfullyusedassensingoractivelayers, substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers,membranes,andfibers,in whichtheycanbeusedasactiveandpassivecompounds.
Amongadvantages,metaloxidesarecost-effectiveandrobustinpracticalapplications.Furthermore,theycanbeusedinvariousformssuchasceramicsandthin films.Forthin-filmdeposition,thosetechniquescanbeusedwhicharecompatible withstandardmicroelectronictechnologythatisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproductionasthemicroelectronicapproachpromotescost-effectivenessformassproduction,offersthepossibilityofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguarantees goodreproducibility.Differentmetaloxidenanostructuresofnanowires,nanotubes, nanofibers,core shellstructures,andhollownanostructurescanbeformed.Itis knownthatthefieldofmetaloxidenanostructures(e.g.,nanowires,nanorods,and nanotubes)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareaswithinnanoscience community.
Theabilitiestocreatedifferentmetaloxide basedcompositesandtosynthesize variousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandtherangeofproperties thatmetaloxide basedmaterialscantrulyhaveasversatilemultifunctional
materialsforwidespreaduses.Asmallchangeintheirchemicalcompositionand atomicstructurecanbeaccompaniedbyspectacularvariationsofpropertiesand behaviorofmetaloxides.Evennow,advancesinsynthesizingandcharacterizing techniquesarerevealingnumerousnewfunctionsofmetaloxides.
Takingintoaccounttheimportanceofmetaloxidesforprogressinmicroelectronics,optoelectronics,photonics,energyconversion,sensors,andcatalysis,many booksdevotedtothisclassofmaterialshavebeenreleased.However,duringthe pastdecade,greatprogresshasbeenachievedonthesynthesis,structural,elastic, electronic,optical,thermal,andotherpropertiesaswellasmetaloxides’application inmanydevices,andalargenumberofpublishedpapershavebeendisseminated onmetaloxides.Toremedythissituation,ithasbeendecidedtogeneralizeandsystematizetheresultsofresearchinthisdirectionandtopublishthisbookthatis devotedtometaloxides.
Oneshouldnoticethattheproposedbook“MetalOxidePowderTechnologies: Fundamentals,ProcessingMethodsandApplications”isthefirstonedevotedtothe considerationofmetaloxidepowdertechnologiesonly.Itisbelievedthatthisbook couldhelpreadersandspecialistsinsearchingrequiredinformationonthementionedsubject.Itisplannedthatthisbookhasaclearspecializationbyitscontent andwillprovideinterdisciplinarydiscussionforvariousoxidematerialswitha widerangeoftopics,frommaterialsynthesisanddepositiontocharacterizations andprocessingandthentodevicefabricationsandapplications.Thisbookisedited byateamofhighlyqualifiedexperts,whichguaranteeitshighquality.
Ihopethisbookwillbeusefulandwillprovideease.Iwouldhopethatreaders andspecialistswillconsideritasanencyclopediaofmetaloxidesthatenablesone tounderstandthepresentstatusofmetaloxidepowdertechnologies,estimatethe roleofmultifunctionalmetaloxidesinthedesignofadvanceddevices,and,based onobservedknowledge,formulatenewgoalsforfurtherresearch.Theintended audienceofthepresentbookisscientists,academics,andresearchersinthefieldof materials,semiconductors,ceramics,andmetaloxides,whohaveactivitiesrelated toelectronics,optoelectronics,energy,catalysis,sensors,electricalengineering, ceramics,biomedicaldesigns,andothers.
Ibelievethatthebook“MetalOxidePowderTechnologies:Fundamentals, ProcessingMethodsandApplications”willbeinterestingforpracticingengineers orprojectmanagersinindustriesandlaboratories,whowouldliketodesignmetal oxide baseddevicesbutdonotknowhowtodoitandhowtoselectoptimalmetal oxidesforspecificapplications.Withmanyreferencestothevastresourceof recentlypublishedliteratureonthesubject,thisbookwillserveasasignificantand insightfulsourceofvaluableinformation,providescientistsandengineerswithnew insightsforunderstanding,andimproveexistingmetaloxide baseddevicesfor designingnewmetaloxide-basedmaterialswithnewandunexpectedproperties.I believethatitwouldbeveryhelpfulforuniversitystudents,researchers,andacademics.Thestructureofthesebooksoffersabasisforcoursesinthefieldofmaterialsscience,semiconductors,ceramics,chemicalengineering,electronics,electrical engineering,optoelectronics,energytechnologies,environmentalcontrol,and others.Itwilldefinitelyhelponetofindusefulinformation.
ThefirstchapterisdevotedtothepreparationofcolloidalGaOnanoparticlesin ethanolbypulsedlaserablationmethod.Opticalandstructuralanalyseswereperformedonsamplesgeneratedunderdifferentlaserfluences.Itisshownthatlaser fluencehasasignificanteffectonnanoparticles’sizeproperties.Also,itisproven thattheablationprocessaffectsthenanoparticles’sizeandsizedistribution.The resultsshowthathigherlaserfluenceproduceslargermeansizesofnanoparticles withabroadersizedistribution,followedbymakingmetaloxidesmorevisibleand widelyusinganactivecatalystorsupportingmaterial.Metaloxidesmadefroman inorganicmaterialaredrivenbythesurfacechemistryandquantumconfining effect,alongwithareductioninsizeandnano-sizing.Thesurfacechemistrysuch asnucleationandcrystallizationofmetaloxideisdiscussedinthedeterminationof metaloxidesizes.Inaddition,changestometaloxidewillimprovethetransportationofchargecarriersandlowertherateofrecombinationaselaboratedin Chapter2,ChemicalStudiesofMetalOxidePowders.Chapter3,Synthesisand PreparationofMetalOxidePowders,hasstudiedmetaloxideintheformofpowdersowingtotheiruniqueandnovelproperties.Athoroughdescriptionofcurrent advancesonthesynthesisandpreparationofmetaloxidepowdersisavailablein thechapter.Severalimportantmethodsweredescribed.Chapter4,Sintering BehaviorsofFe3O4 andCaOPowdersRoastedUnderCO CO2 N2 Atmosphere, hasconsideredcalciumferritephasesasawonderfulbondingphaseinironoresinters.Thelocalsinteringzonewherethecokebreezeiscombustedisnotoxidizing atmosphere,butweaklyreducingatmosphere,whichinevitablyaffectstheformationofcalciumferrites.Followedbyintroducingtribologicalperformancesofsurfacemodification,includingpolymerization,nano-coating,andmicroencapsulation, Chapter5,SurfaceModification,IncludingPolymerization,Nanocoating,and Microencapsulation,startswiththeclassificationofsurfacetreatment,including polymerizationandrapiddevelopmentofnanotechnologyandnanomaterials,that leadstotheneedofmodifyingthesurfaceofnanoparticlesforanumberofapplicationstoexplainthesurfacetreatmentsforimprovingthemechanicalpropertiesof tribolayersandtheirlong-termstabilityunderboundarylubricatedconditions.
Chapter6,ApplicationofMetalOxidesinComposites,meetsthedesignedand manufacturedcompositematerialsforhigherperformancethatarerequiredby today’sadvancedtechnology.Theycombinecharacteristicpropertiesofceramics, metals,andpolymersinasinglematerial,thepropertiesofwhicharesuperiorto thoseofeachmonolithicmaterial.Ontheotherhand,Chapter7,MetalOxide PowderTechnologyinBiomedicine,describesnumerouscombinationsofhybrid nanomaterialsofinorganic,organic,andbiomolecularoriginsthathavebeensynthesizedwithprogrammablephysico chemico biologicalpropertiesviatheirsurfacemodificationsandchemicalconjugation.Thesehybridnanomaterialsundergo throughfastemergingapplicationsinvariousfields,includingbiomedicines.Given thecurrentstatusofthedevelopmentsinthiscontext,amorecomprehensive growthisanticipatedindeployingtheaforementionedprogrammablefeatures,especially,involvingstoichiometricchangesduringtheirsynthesesguidedbysimultaneouslyongoinganalytical/simulationstudies.Fromalargerfamilyofsuch nanomaterials,thetransitionmetaloxide basedcomplexes,includingthe
