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TheMetalOxidesBookSeriesEditedbyGhenadiiKorotcenkov
ForthcomingTitles
● PalladiumOxidesMaterialProperties,SynthesisandProcessingMethods,andApplications,AlexanderM. Samoylov,VasilyN.Popov,9780128192238
● MetalOxidesforNon-volatileMemory,PanagiotisDimitrakis,IliaValov,StefanTappertzhofen, 9780128146293
● MetalOxideNanostructuredPhosphors,H.Nagabhushana,DarukaPrasad,S.C.Sharma,9780128118528
● NanostructuredZincOxide,KamlendraAwasthi,9780128189009
● MultifunctionalPiezoelectricOxideNanostructures,Sang-JaeKim,NagamalleswaraRaoAlluri,Yuvasree Purusothaman,9780128193327
● TransparentConductiveOxides,MirelaPetrutaSuchea,PetronelaPascariu,EmmanouelKoudoumas, 9780128206317
● Metaloxide-basednanofibersandtheirapplications,VincenzoEsposito,DeboraMarani,9780128206294
● Metal-oxidesforBiomedicalandBiosensorApplications,KunalMondal,9780128230336
● MetalOxide-CarbonHybridMaterials,MuhammadAkram,RafaqatHussain,FaheemKButt, 9780128226940
● MetalOxide-basedheterostructures,NaveenKumar,BernabeMariSoucase,9780323852418
● MetalOxidesandRelatedSolidsforElectrocatalyticWaterSplitting,JunleiQi,9780323857352
● AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheirCompositesforEmergingApplications,SagarDelekar,9780323857055
● MetallicGlassesandTheirOxidation,XinyunWang,MaoZhang,9780323909976
● SolutionMethodsforMetalOxideNanostructures,RajaramS.Mane,VijaykumarJadhav,AbdullahM.AlEnizi,9780128243534
● MetalOxideDefects,VijayKumar,SudiptaSom,VishalSharma,HendrikSwart,9780323855884
● RenewablePolymersandPolymer-MetalOxideComposites,SajjadHaider,AdnanHaider,9780323851558
● MetalOxidesforOptoelectronicsandOptics-basedMedicalApplications,SureshSagadevan,JibanPodder, FaruqMohammad,9780323858243
● GrapheneOxide-MetalOxideandOtherGrapheneOxide-BasedCompositesinPhotocatalysisand Electrocatalysis,JiaguoYu,LiuyangZhang,PanyongKuang,9780128245262
PublishedTitles
● MetalOxidesinNanocomposite-BasedElectrochemicalSensorsforToxicChemicals,Alagarsamy Pandikumar,PerumalRameshkumar,9780128207277
● MetalOxide-BasedNanostructuredElectrocatalystsforFuelCells,Electrolyzers,andMetal-AirBatteries, TekoNapporn,YaoviHolade,9780128184967
● TitaniumDioxide(TiO2)andItsApplications,LeonardoPalmisano,FrancescoParrino,9780128199602
● SolutionProcessedMetalOxideThinFilmsforElectronicApplications,ZhengCui,9780128149300
● MetalOxidePowderTechnologies,YarubAl-Douri,9780128175057
● ColloidalMetalOxideNanoparticles,SabuThomas,AnuTresaSunny,PrajithaV,9780128133576
● CeriumOxide,SalvatoreScire,LeonardoPalmisano,9780128156612
● TinOxideMaterials,MarceloOrnaghiOrlandi,9780128159248
● MetalOxideGlassNanocomposites,SanjibBhattacharya,9780128174586
● GasSensorsBasedonConductingMetalOxides,NicolaeBarsan,KlausSchierbaum,9780128112243
● MetalOxidesinEnergyTechnologies,YupingWu,9780128111673
● MetalOxideNanostructures,DanielaNunes,LidiaSantos,AnaPimentel,PedroBarquinha,LuisPereira, ElviraFortunato,RodrigoMartins,9780128115121
● GalliumOxide,StephenPearton,FanRen,MichaelMastro,9780128145210
● MetalOxide-BasedPhotocatalysis,AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,9780128116340
● MetalOxidesinHeterogeneousCatalysis,JacquesC.Vedrine,9780128116319
● Magnetic,Ferroelectric,andMultiferroicMetalOxides,BiljanaStojanovic,9780128111802
● IronOxideNanoparticlesforBiomedicalApplications,SophieLaurent,MortezaMahmoudi,9780081019252
● TheFutureofSemiconductorOxidesinNext-GenerationSolarCells,MonicaLira-Cantu,9780128111659
● MetalOxide-BasedThinFilmStructures,NiniPryds,VincenzoEsposito,9780128111666
● MetalOxidesinSupercapacitors,DeepakDubal,PedroGomez-Romero,9780128111697
● TransitionMetalOxideThinFilm-BasedChromogenicsandDevices,PandurangAshrit,9780081018996
MetalOxide-Based NanofibersandTheir Applications
Editedby
VincenzoEsposito
DepartmentofEnergyConversionandStorage, TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Electrovej, Lyngby,Denmark
DeboraMarani
Engineering,ModellingandAppliedSocial SciencesCenter(CECS),FederalUniversityof ABC(UFABC),Brazil
SeriesEditor
GhenadiiKorotcenkov
DepartmentofPhysicsandEngineering,MoldovaState University,Chi¸sin ˘ au,Moldova
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Listofcontributorsxiii
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Section1
1Fundamentalsofelectrospinningandsafety3 BussarinKsapabutrandManopPanapoy
1.1Introduction3
1.2Electrospinningprocessformetaloxidenanofibers6
1.2.1Precursorsolutionforsol gelelectrospinningprocess towardmetaloxidenanofibers8
1.2.2Precursorsolutionforcolloidalmethodtowardmetal oxidenanofibers12
1.2.3Electrospinningprocessparameters13
1.3Large-scaleproduction16
1.4Electrospinningsafety20 Acknowledgments21 References22
2Specialtechniquesandadvancedstructures31 MingyuTang,SutingLiu,ZhihuiLi,XiaodiZhang,ZhaoWang, YunqianDai,YuemingSun,LiqunZhangandJiajiaXue
2.1Introduction31
2.2Electrospinningforproducingmetaloxidenanofibers33
2.2.1Directlyelectrospinningoftheprecursorsolution34
2.2.2Selectivelyremovingthepolymercomponentinthe compositenanofibers35
2.2.3Convertingamorphoustocrystallinestructure38
2.2.4Physicalandchemicalmodifications39
2.3Advancedstructuresofmetaloxidenanofibers40
2.3.1Controlofcore-sheath,hollow,orside-by-sidemorphology40
2.3.2Controlofin-fiberandinterfiberporosity43
2.3.3Controlofhierarchicalsurfacestructures46
2.3.4Controlofalignmentandpatterns49
2.3.5Weldingofnanofibersattheircrosspoints52
2.3.6Three-dimensionalfibrousaerogels53
2.3.7Massproductionofmetaloxidenanofibers54 Acknowledgments55 References55
3Nonelectrospunmetaloxidenanofibers65 AlsiadAhmedAlmetwally
3.1Introduction65
3.2Nonelectrospinningtechniques65
3.2.1Solutionblowspinningtechnique66
3.2.2Plasma-inducedtechnique67
3.2.3Drawingtechnique67
3.2.4CO2 lasersupersonicdrawing68
3.2.5Templatesynthesis68
3.2.6Centrifugalspinning69
3.3Synthesisofmetaloxidenanofibers71
3.3.1Tinoxidenanofibers71
3.3.2Silicananofibers71
3.3.3Bariumtitanatenanofibers72
3.3.4Copperoxidenanofibers73
3.3.5Tungstenoxidenanofibers74
3.3.6Ferricoxidenanofibers75
3.3.7NiO,CeO2,andNiO-CeO2 compositenanofibers77
3.3.8Titaniumdioxideandzincoxidenanofibers78
3.4Conclusion79 References80
4Polymer metaloxidecompositenanofibers89
ZainabIbrahimElkahlout,AbdulrahmanMohmmedAlAhzm, MaanOmarAlejli,FatimaZayedAlMaadeed, DeepalekshmiPonnammaandMariamAlAliAl-Maadeed
4.1Introduction89
4.2Electroactivepolymersandtheirmetaloxidecomposites90
4.3Elastomer metaloxidenanocompositefibers93
4.4Biopolymer/metaloxidenanocompositefibers97
4.5Conclusion105
Acknowledgments105 References105
Section2
5Metaloxidenanofibersandtheirapplicationsforbiosensing113
KunalMondal,RajKumar,BlessonIsaacandGorakhPawar
5.1Introduction113
5.2SynthesisstrategiesforMONFs114
5.2.1PhysicochemicalrouteforMONFfabrication115
5.2.2SpinningtechniqueforfabricationofMONFs116
5.2.3Advancedmicrofabricationandnanofabrication strategiesforMONFs120
5.3BiosensingapplicationsofMONFs121
5.3.1Titaniumdioxidenanofibersforbiosensing123
5.3.2ZnOnanofibersforbiosensing123
5.3.3OthersMONFsforbiosensing126
5.4Recentcomputationaladvances128
5.5Conclusions,challenges,andfuturescope130 Acknowledgments131 References132
6Metaloxide-basednanofibersandtheirgas-sensingapplications139 AliMirzaei,SanjitManoharMajhi,HyounWooKim andSangSubKim
6.1Introduction139
6.2Gas-sensingapplicationsofmetaloxidenanofibers143
6.2.1Importanceofgas-sensingandgassensors143
6.2.2Pristinemetaloxidenanofibers144
6.2.3Metaloxidecompositenanofibers145
6.2.4Loadedordopedmetaloxidenanofibers150
6.3Conclusionsandoutlook153 References153
7Metaloxidenanofibersforflexibleorganicelectronicsandsensors159 RoohollahBagherzadehandNikooSavehShemshaki
7.1Incorporationofnanofibersintoelectronicdevices159
7.2Conductiveandtransparentnanofibrousnetworksasafuturistic approachtowardtheflexibledisplays161
7.3Recentprogressinelectrospunmetaloxidenanofibers163
7.4Summaryandfuturetrends164 References167
8Roleofmetaloxidenanofibersinwaterpurification173 AliA.El-Samak,HammadurRahman,DeepalekshmiPonnamma, MohammadK.Hassan,SyedJavaidZaidi andMariamAlAliAl-Maadeed
8.1Introduction173
8.2Metaloxideaswaterpurifiers175
8.3Polymer metaloxidecompositefibersforwatertreatment179
8.4Conclusions186 Acknowledgment187 References187
9Metaloxidenanofiberforairremediationviafiltration,catalysis, andphotocatalysis191
Chin-ShuoKang,EdwardA.EvansandGeorgeG.Chase
9.1Introduction191
9.2Filtrationforairpollutants192
9.2.1Filtrationmechanism192
9.2.2Characterizationoffilter194
9.2.3Nanofibrousparticulatematterfilter198
9.2.4Gasfilter200
9.3Conclusion205 References206
Section3
10Piezoelectricapplicationofmetaloxidenanofibers215 TutuSebastianandFrankClemens
10.1Introduction215
10.2Inorganicpiezoelectricmaterialsandtheirproperties216
10.3Synthesisofone-dimensionalnanostructures220 10.4Hydrothermalsynthesis220 10.5Electrospinning223
10.6Moltensaltsynthesis228
10.7Sol geltemplatesynthesis228
10.8Materialandstructuralcharacterizations229 10.9X-raydiffraction229
10.10Ramanspectroscopy229
10.11Atomicforcemicroscopy230
10.12Potentialapplications231
10.12.1Nanogenerators231
10.12.2High-energy-densitystoragedevices236
10.12.3Structuralhealthmonitoring236
10.13Summaryandoutlook237 References237
11Memristiveapplicationsofmetaloxidenanofibers247 ShangradhanvaE.Vasisth,ParkerL.Kotlarz,ElizabethJ.Gager andJuanC.Nino
11.1Introduction247 11.2Recenttrends249
11.3Memristorsandresistiveswitching250
11.4Resistiveswitchinginmetaloxidenanofibers254
11.4.1NiO254
11.4.2TiO2 257 11.4.3CuO258
11.4.4ZnO258
11.4.5Nb2O5 261
11.4.6VO2 261
11.4.7WO3 261
11.4.8ComplexOxideNanofibers261
11.5Core shellnanowires262
11.6Perspectiveandoutlook270 References271
12Metaloxidenanofibersinsolarcells277
JinKiongLingandRajanJose
12.1Introduction:roleofnanofibersinvarioustypesofsolarcells277
12.2Photoconversionmechanisminsensitizedphotovoltaiccells279
12.2.1Excitationofelectrons280
12.2.2Generationofphotovoltage281
12.2.3Chargeextractionandtransport283
12.2.4Generationofphotocurrent284
12.3Metaloxidenanofibersasphotoanodeindye-sensitized solarcells284
12.4Reducingenergytrapstates286
12.4.1Improvingcrystallinitythroughhighsintering287
12.4.2RaisingtheFermienergylevel288
12.4.3N-typedopinginduceddiffusion coefficientimprovement289
12.4.4P-typedopinginducedSchottky-barrier291
12.4.5Homovalentionsubstitution292
12.4.6Compositefibers293
12.5Challenges294
12.5.1Conclusionandoutlook294 References295
13Metaloxidenanofiber-basedelectrodesinsolidoxidefuelcells301
PaolaCostamagna,PeterHoltappelsandCaterinaSanna 13.1Introduction301
13.1.1State-of-the-artarchitecturesandmaterialsforsolid oxidefuelcellelectrodes303
13.2Nanofibersolidoxidefuelcellelectrodepreparation throughelectrospinning307
13.2.1Electrodepreparation307
13.2.2Typicalelectrodestructures310
13.3Overviewofelectrochemicalperformanceofnanofiberversus conventionalsolidoxidefuelcellelectrodes311
13.3.1Strontium-dopedlanthanummanganite313
13.3.2Cobalt-basedmetaloxides315
13.3.3Cobalt-freemetaloxides318
13.4Understandingthestructure-performancerelationshipin nanofibersolidoxidefuelcellelectrodes:experimental characterizationandnumericalmodeling319
13.4.1Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy:experimental characterizationandequivalentcircuitmodeling319
13.4.2One-dimensionalpseudohomogeneousmodelof infiltratedmixedionic-electronicconductor nanofiberelectrodes324
13.5Summary327 References327
14Synthesisofone-dimensionalmetaloxide basedcrystalsas energystoragematerials333 AndreaLaMonaca,DanieleCampanellaandAndreaPaolella 14.1Introduction333 14.2Aluminumoxide334 14.3Copperoxide336 14.4Ironoxide336 14.5Manganeseoxide338 14.6Nickeloxide340 14.7Siliconoxideandsilicates343 14.8Tinoxide344
14.9Titaniumoxidesandtitanates344
14.10Tungstenoxideandtungstates348
14.11Vanadiumoxide349
14.12Zincoxide352
14.13Zirconatefibers354 References356
15Supercapacitorsbasedonelectrospunmetaloxidenanofibers361 DiTian,CeWangandXiaofengLu 15.1Introduction361
15.2Electrospunmetaloxidenanofibers362
15.2.1Singlemetaloxides362
15.2.2Bimetallicorpolymetallicoxides368
15.3Electrospunmetaloxidenanofiber basedcomposites370
15.3.1Metaloxide/metaloxide(metalhydroxide,metal) composites371
15.3.2Metaloxide/carbon-basedcomposites372
15.3.3Metaloxide(metal)/carbonnanofibers/conducting polymercomposites381
15.3.4Othercomposites383 15.4Conclusion383 References384 x Contents
16Thermoelectricsbasedonmetaloxidenanofibers395 YongX.Gan
16.1Introduction395
16.2Thermoelectricmetaloxidenanofiberprocessingtechnology396
16.2.1Electrospinning397
16.2.2Chemicalbathdeposition402
16.2.3Template-assisteddeposition406
16.2.4Chemicalspraypyrolysis409
16.2.5Microlithographyandnanolithography411
16.2.6Electrochemicaloxidation414
16.2.7Glass-annealingmethod416
16.3Thermoelectricmetaloxidenanofiberdeviceconceptand characterization417
16.4Perspectivesandconclusions420 References420 Index425
Listofcontributors
AbdulrahmanMohmmedAlAhzm DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofArts andScience,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
MaanOmarAlejli DepartmentofChemistry,CollegeofArtsandScience,Qatar University,Doha,Qatar
FatimaZayedAlMaadeed DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,Qatar University,Doha,Qatar
MariamAlAliAl-Maadeed MaterialsScienceandTechnologyProgram(MATS), CollegeofArts&Sciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar;CenterforAdvanced Materials,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
AlsiadAhmedAlmetwally TextileEngineeringDepartment,TextileResearch Division,NationalResearchCenter,Dokki,Cairo,Egypt
RoohollahBagherzadeh AdvancedFibrousMaterialsLab,InstituteforAdvanced TextileMaterialsandTechnologies,SchoolofAdvancedMaterialsandProcesses, AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Tehran,Iran
DanieleCampanella Centred’ExcellenceenE ´ lectrificationDesTransportset Stockaged’E ´ nergie,Hydro-Que ´ bec,Varennes,QC,Canada
GeorgeG.Chase DepartmentofChemical,BiomolecularandCorrosion Engineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,OH,UnitedStates
FrankClemens LaboratoryforHighPerformanceCeramics,Empa,SwissFederal LaboratoriesforMaterialsScienceandTechnology,Du ¨ bendorf,Switzerland
PaolaCostamagna DCCI,DepartmentofChemistryandIndustrialChemistry, UniversityofGenoa,Genoa,Italy
YunqianDai SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,Southeast University,Nanjing,P.R.China;CenterforFlexibleRFTechnology,Southeast University,PurpleMountainLaboratory,Nanjing,P.R.China
xiv Listofcontributors
ZainabIbrahimElkahlout DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Collegeof Engineering,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
AliA.El-Samak MaterialsScience&TechnologyProgram(MATS),Collegeof Arts&Sciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar;CenterforAdvancedMaterials, QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
EdwardA.Evans DepartmentofChemical,BiomolecularandCorrosion Engineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,OH,UnitedStates
ElizabethJ.Gager UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
YongX.Gan DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering, CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversityPomona,Pomona,CA,UnitedStates
MohammadK.Hassan CenterforAdvancedMaterials,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
PeterHoltappels DTUEnergy,DepartmentofEnergyConversionandStorage, TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Electrovej,Lyngby,Denmark
BlessonIsaac ChemicalandRadiationMeasurementDepartment,IdahoNational Laboratory,IdahoFalls,ID,UnitedStates
RajanJose NanostructuredRenewableEnergyMaterialLaboratory,Facultyof IndustrialSciences&Technology,UniversityMalaysiaPahang,Pahang,Malaysia
Chin-ShuoKang DepartmentofChemical,BiomolecularandCorrosion Engineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,OH,UnitedStates
HyounWooKim TheResearchInstituteofIndustrialScience,Hanyang University,Seoul,RepublicofKorea;DivisionofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
SangSubKim DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,InhaUniversity, Incheon,RepublicofKorea
ParkerL.Kotlarz UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
BussarinKsapabutr DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Facultyof EngineeringandIndustrialTechnology,SilpakornUniversity,NakhonPathom, Thailand;CenterofExcellenceonPetrochemicalandMaterialsTechnology, ChulalongkornUniversity,Bangkok,Thailand
RajKumar FacultyofEngineering,BarIlanInstituteofNanotechnologyand AdvancedMaterials(BINA),BarIlanUniversity,RamatGan,Israel
AndreaLaMonaca Centred’ExcellenceenE ´ lectrificationDesTransportset Stockaged’E ´ nergie,Hydro-Que ´ bec,Varennes,QC,Canada
ZhihuiLi SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing,P.R.China
JinKiongLing NanostructuredRenewableEnergyMaterialLaboratory,Facultyof IndustrialSciences&Technology,UniversityMalaysiaPahang,Pahang,Malaysia
SutingLiu SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing,P.R.China
XiaofengLu AlanG.MacDiarmidInstitute,CollegeofChemistry,Jilin University,Changchun,P.R.China
SanjitManoharMajhi TheResearchInstituteofIndustrialScience,Hanyang University,Seoul,RepublicofKorea;DivisionofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
AliMirzaei DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,ShirazUniversity ofTechnology,Shiraz,Iran
KunalMondal MaterialsScienceandEngineeringDepartment,IdahoNational Laboratory,IdahoFalls,ID,UnitedStates
JuanC.Nino UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
ManopPanapoy DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Facultyof EngineeringandIndustrialTechnology,SilpakornUniversity,NakhonPathom, Thailand;CenterofExcellenceonPetrochemicalandMaterialsTechnology, ChulalongkornUniversity,Bangkok,Thailand
AndreaPaolella Centred’ExcellenceenE ´ lectrificationDesTransportset Stockaged’E ´ nergie,Hydro-Que ´ bec,Varennes,QC,Canada
GorakhPawar MaterialsScienceandEngineeringDepartment,IdahoNational Laboratory,IdahoFalls,ID,UnitedStates
DeepalekshmiPonnamma CenterforAdvancedMaterials,QatarUniversity, Doha,Qatar
HammadurRahman CenterforAdvancedMaterials,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
CaterinaSanna DCCI,DepartmentofChemistryandIndustrialChemistry, UniversityofGenoa,Genoa,Italy
NikooSavehShemshaki DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Universityof Connecticut,Storrs,CT,UnitedStates
TutuSebastian LaboratoryforHighPerformanceCeramics,Empa,SwissFederal LaboratoriesforMaterialsScienceandTechnology,Du ¨ bendorf,Switzerland
YuemingSun SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,Southeast University,Nanjing,P.R.China
MingyuTang SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,Southeast University,Nanjing,P.R.China
DiTian AlanG.MacDiarmidInstitute,CollegeofChemistry,JilinUniversity, Changchun,P.R.China
ShangradhanvaE.Vasisth UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,UnitedStates
CeWang AlanG.MacDiarmidInstitute,CollegeofChemistry,JilinUniversity, Changchun,P.R.China
ZhaoWang BeijingLaboratoryofBiomedicalMaterials,BeijingUniversityof ChemicalTechnology,Beijing,P.R.China;CenterofAdvancedElastomer Materials,BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology,Beijing,P.R.China
JiajiaXue BeijingLaboratoryofBiomedicalMaterials,BeijingUniversityof ChemicalTechnology,Beijing,P.R.China;CenterforFlexibleRFTechnology, SoutheastUniversity,PurpleMountainLaboratory,Nanjing,P.R.China
SyedJavaidZaidi CenterforAdvancedMaterials,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
LiqunZhang TheKeyLaboratoryofBeijingCityonPreparationandProcessing ofNovelPolymerMaterials,BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology,Beijing, P.R.China
XiaodiZhang BeijingLaboratoryofBiomedicalMaterials,BeijingUniversityof ChemicalTechnology,Beijing,P.R.China;CenterofAdvancedElastomer Materials,BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology,Beijing,P.R.China
Abouttheserieseditor
GhenadiiKorotcenkov receivedPhDinPhysicsand TechnologyofSemiconductorMaterialsandDevicesin 1976andDr.Sci.degree(Doc.Hab.)inPhysicsof SemiconductorsandDielectricsin1990.Hehasmorethan 45yearsofexperienceasateacherandscientific researcher.Hehasbeenaleaderofagassensorgroupand managerofvariousnationalandinternationalscientificand engineeringprojectscarriedoutintheLaboratoryof Micro-Optoelectronics,TechnicalUniversityofMoldova, Chisinau,Moldova.In2007 08hewasaninvitedscientist attheKoreaInstituteofEnergyResearch(Daejeon),after which,until2017,Dr.KorotcenkovwasaresearchprofessorattheSchoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineeringatGwangjuInstituteofScienceandTechnology (GIST)inKorea.Currently,Dr.Korotcenkovisachiefscientificresearcheratthe MoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau,Moldova.Hispresentscientificinterests,startingfrom1995,includematerialsciences,focusingonmetaloxidefilmdeposition andcharacterization,surfacescience,thermoelectricconversion,anddesignof physicalandchemicalsensors,includingthin-filmgassensors.
Dr.Korotcenkovistheauthororeditorof39booksandspecialissues,including the11-volume ChemicalSensors seriespublishedbyMomentumPress;the15volume ChemicalSensors seriespublishedbyHarbinInstituteofTechnologyPress, China;the3-volume PorousSilicon:FromFormationtoApplication issuepublishedbyCRCPress;the2-volume HandbookofGasSensorMaterials published bySpringer;andthe3-volume HandbookofHumidityMeasurements publishedby CRCPress.Currently,heistheserieseditorofthe MetalOxides bookseriespublishedbyElsevier.
Dr.Korotcenkovistheauthororcoauthorofmorethan650scientificpublications,including31reviewpapers,38bookchapters,andmorethan200peerreviewedarticlespublishedinscientificjournals[h-index 5 41(WebofScience), h-index 5 42(Scopus),and h-index 5 56(GoogleScholarCitations)].Heisa holderof18patents.Hehaspresentedmorethan250reportsatnationalandinternationalconferences,including17invitedtalks.Asacochairoramemberofprogram,scientific,andsteeringcommittees,Dr.Korotcenkovhasparticipatedinthe organizationofmorethan30internationalscientificconferences.Heisamember oftheeditorialboardsoffivescientificinternationaljournals.Hisnameandactivitieshavebeenlistedinmanybiographicalpublications,including Who’sWho.His researchactivitieshavebeenhonoredby,amongotherawards,theHonorary
xviiiAbouttheserieseditor
DiplomaoftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofMoldova(2020);anAwardofthe AcademyofSciencesofMoldova(2019);anAwardoftheSupremeCouncilof ScienceandAdvancedTechnologyoftheRepublicofMoldova(2004);thePrizeof thePresidentsoftheUkrainian,BelarusandMoldovanAcademiesofSciences (2003);theSeniorResearchExcellenceAwardofTechnicalUniversityofMoldova (2001,2003,2005);andtheNationalYouthPrizeoftheRepublicofMoldovain thefieldofscienceandtechnology(1980).Dr.KorotcenkovalsoreceivedfellowshipsfromtheInternationalResearchExchangeBoard(IREX,UnitedStates, 1998),theBrainKorea21Program(2008 12),andtheBrainPoolProgram(Korea, 2015 17).
Aboutthevolumeeditors
VincenzoEsposito isafullprofessorinceramicsscienceandengineeringandtechnologycoordinatorattheDepartmentofEnergyConversionandStorage,Technical UniversityofDenmark.HedevelopedhiscareeratRisøDTUNationalLaboratory forSustainableEnergy,UniversityofRome“TorVergata,”theUniversityof Florida,andtheInstitutodePesquisasEnerge ´ ticaseNucleares(IPEN),Brazil.His researchinterestisprimarilyinfunctionalinorganicnanomaterialsandprocessing foremergingtechnologiesinenergy,catalysis,electromechanical,electronics,and electrochemicalsystems.Hisresearchprofileliesatthefrontierbetweennanoionics,solid-statechemistry,andadvancedmaterialsprocessing.
DeboraMarani isanindependentscientistinmaterialsscienceaffiliatedwiththe Engineering,ModellingandAppliedSocialSciencesCenter(CECS),Federal UniversityofABC(UFABC),Brazil.Sheobtainedamaster’sdegreeinchemistry fromtheUniversityofRome“LaSapienza”in2002anda“daVinciItalian-French PhD”inmaterialssciencefromtheUniversityofRome“TorVergata”andthe Universite ´ Aix-Marseillein2006.Overtheyears,shehasbeenworkingonvarious topicsinmaterialsscienceinseveralacademicenvironmentsinItaly,France, Japan,Brazil,andDenmark,ofteninclosecollaborationwiththeindustry.Herscientificinterestisinthedevelopmentofinnovativematerials(ceramics,hybrids, andpolymers)andtheirenergyandenvironmentaltechnologiesapplications.
Prefacetotheseries
Thefieldofsynthesis,study,andapplicationofmetaloxidesisoneofthemostrapidlyprogressingareasofscienceandtechnology.Metaloxidesareamongthemost ubiquitouscompoundgroupsonearth,havingalargevarietyofchemicalcompositions,atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,metaloxidesareknown topossessuniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentorinferiorinothersolidmaterials. Inparticular,metaloxidesrepresentanassortedandappealingclassofmaterials, propertiesofwhichexhibitafullspectrumofelectronicpropertiesfrominsulating tosemiconducting,metallic,andsuperconducting.Moreover,almostalltheknown effects,includingsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects, luminescence,andmagnetism,canbeobservedinmetaloxides.Thereforemetal oxideshaveemergedasanimportantclassofmultifunctionalmaterialswitharich collectionofproperties,whichhavegreatpotentialfornumerousdeviceapplications.Specificpropertiesofthemetaloxides,suchasthewidevarietyofmaterials withdifferentelectrophysical,optical,andchemicalcharacteristics,theirhighthermalandtemporalstability,andtheirabilitytofunctioninharshenvironments, makemetaloxidesverysuitablematerialsfordesigningtransparentelectrodes, high-mobilitytransistors,gassensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers,photovoltaic andphotonicdevices,photocatalystsandheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-statecoolers,high-frequencyandmicromechanicaldevices,energy-harvestingandstorage devices,nonvolatilememories,andmanyotherapplicationsintheelectronics, energy,andhealthsectors.Inthesedevices,metaloxidescanbesuccessfullyused assensingoractivelayers,substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers, membranes,andfibers,thatis,theycanbeusedasactiveandpassivecomponents.
Amongotheradvantagesofmetal,oxidesarethelowfabricationcostand robustnessinpracticalapplications.Furthermore,metaloxidescanbepreparedin variousforms,suchasceramics,thickfilm,andthinfilm.Forthinfilmdeposition, depositiontechniquescanbeusedthatarecompatiblewithstandardmicroelectronic technology.Thelastfactorisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproductionbecausethe microelectronicapproachpromoteslowcostformassproduction,offersthepossibilityofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguaranteesgoodreproducibility. Variousmetaloxidenanostructures,includingnanowires,nanotubes,nanofibers, core shellstructures,andhollownanostructuresalsocanbesynthesized.Asis known,thefieldofmetaloxidenanostructuredmorphologies(e.g.,nanowires, nanorods,andnanotubes)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareasinthe nanosciencecommunity.
Theabilitytocreateavarietyofmetaloxide basedcompositesandtheability tosynthesizevariousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandtherangeof
propertiesthatmetaloxide basedmaterialscanhave,makingmetaloxidestruly versatilemultifunctionalmaterialsforwidespreaduse.Smallchangesintheirchemicalcompositionandatomicstructurecanbeaccompaniedbyspectacularvariations inpropertiesandbehavior.Evennow,advancesinsynthesizingandcharacterizing techniquesarerevealingnumerousnewfunctionsofmetaloxides.
Takingintoaccounttheimportanceofmetaloxidesforprogressinmicroelectronics,optoelectronics,photonics,energyconversion,sensors,andcatalysis,a largenumberofvariousbooksdevotedtothisclassofmaterialshavebeenpublished.However,oneshouldnotethatsomebooksfromthislistaretoogeneral, somebooksarecollectionsofvariousoriginalworkswithoutanygeneralizations, andswerepublishedmanyyearsago.However,duringthepastdecade,greatprogresshasbeenmadeinthesynthesisofmetaloxidesaswellastheirstructural,physical,andchemicalcharacterizationandapplicationinvariousdevices,andalarge numberofpapershavebeenpublishedonmetaloxides.Inaddition,untilnow, manyimportanttopicsrelatedtometaloxidesstudyandapplicationhavenotbeen discussed.Toremedythesituationinthisarea,wedecidedtogeneralizeandsystematizetheresultsofresearchinthisdirectionandtopublishaseriesofbooks devotedtometaloxides.
Theproposedbookseries, MetalOxides,isthefirstonetobedevotedsolelyto theconsiderationofmetaloxides.Webelievethatcombiningbooksonmetaloxidesinaseriescouldhelpreadersinfindingrequiredinformationonthesubject.In particular,weplanthatthebooksinourseries,whichwillhaveclearspecialization bycontent,willprovideinterdisciplinarydiscussionforvariousoxidematerials withawiderangeoftopics,frommaterialsynthesisanddepositiontocharacterizations,processing,anddevicefabricationsandapplications.Thisbookseriesisbeing preparedbyateamofhighlyqualifiedexperts,whichguaranteesitshighquality.
Ihopethatourbookswillbeusefulandeasytouse.Ihopethatreaderswillconsiderthisbookseriestobelikeanencyclopediaofmetaloxidesthatwillenable readerstounderstandthepresentstatusofmetaloxides,toevaluatetheroleofmultifunctionalmetaloxidesinthedesignofadvanceddevices,andthen,onthebasis ofobservedknowledge,toformulatenewgoalsforfurtherresearch.
Theintendedaudienceofthepresentbookseriesisscientistsandresearchers whoareworkingorplanningtoworkinthefieldofmaterialsrelatedtometaloxides,thatis,scientistsandresearcherswhoseactivitiesarerelatedtoelectronics, optoelectronics,energy,catalysis,sensors,electricalengineering,ceramics,biomedicaldesigns,andsoon.Ibelievethatthis MetalOxides bookserieswillalsobe interestingforpracticingengineersorprojectmanagersinindustriesandnational laboratorieswhowouldliketodesignmetaloxide baseddevicesbutdon’tknow howtodoitorhowtoselecttheoptimalmetaloxidesforspecificapplications. Withmanyreferencestothevastresourceofrecentlypublishedliteratureonthe subject,thisbookserieswillserveasasignificantandinsightfulsourceofvaluable information,providingscientistsandengineerswithnewinsightsforunderstanding andimprovingexistingmetaloxide baseddevicesandfordesigningnewmetal oxide basedmaterialswithnewandunexpectedproperties.
Ibelievethatthis MetalOxides bookserieswillbeveryhelpfulforuniversity students,postdoctoratescholars,andprofessors.Thestructureofthesebooksoffers abasisforcoursesinthefieldofmaterialsciences,chemicalengineering,electronics,electricalengineering,optoelectronics,energytechnologies,environmentalcontrol,andmanyothers.Graduatestudentscouldalsofindthebookseriestobevery usefulintheirresearch,forunderstandingfeaturesofmetaloxidesynthesis,andfor studyandapplicationsofthismultifunctionalmaterialinvariousdevices.Weare surethatallofthemwillfindtheinformationusefulfortheiractivity.
Finally,Ithankallcontributingauthorsandbookeditorswhohavebeen involvedinthecreationofthesebooks.Iamthankfulthattheyagreedtoparticipate inthisprojectandfortheireffortsinthepreparationofthesebooks.Withouttheir participation,thisprojectwouldhavenotbeenpossible.Ialsoexpressmygratitude toElsevierforgivingustheopportunitytopublishthisseries.Iespeciallythankthe teamattheeditorialofficeatElsevierfortheirpatienceduringthedevelopmentof thisprojectandforencouragingusduringthevariousstagesofpreparation.
GhenadiiKorotcenkov
Prefacetothevolume
Inthelastfewdecadesthescientificcommunityhasprogressivelyshiftedits researchinteresttowardtheinfinitelysmall:thenanoworld.Thetrendhasopened theunprecedentedopportunitytohaveadetailedpictureoftheworldattheatom levelandtheunrivaledprospectoftuningandcontrollingthepropertiesofthe materialsasneverbefore.Atthenanoscale,atomsinteractandcombinetodeterminethespecificpropertiesofmaterials(e.g.,chemical,physical,electronic,magnetic,optical).
Thetargetedmanipulationofmaterialsatthisscalemakesitpossibletosignificantlyenhanceexistingpropertieswhilenewexoticonescanbeinduced.Thebehaviorofmaterialscanbecontrolledbycontrollingthechemicalcomposition(atomby atom)andbyconfiningoneormoredimensionsintothenanoscalerange.Several advancedcompositionsshapedintonovelnanostructureshavebeenengineeredand proventopossesssuperioremergingpropertiescomparedtotheirbulkcounterparts. Atthesametime,asignificantnumberofstructureswithoneormoredimensionsin thenanoscalerangehaveemergedinmanyfieldswithprovenenhancedproperties orevenentirelynewproperties.Thelistincludessuperiornanomaterialsinthe10-to 100-nmscale.Thisrangeisabovetheatom-to-atomsizedomain.However,these materialsstillhaveexceptionalpropertiesanduniquecompositionalandmicrostructuralfeatures.Someprominentexamplesarenanoparticles,nanosheets,nanocages, nanotubes,nanowires,andnanofibers.Manyothersareexpectedtobeintroduced withvariousshapesandheterostructures.Heterostructurescombinetwoormore nanomaterialswithcomplementaryfunctionalitiestoenablenanodevices.
Nanofibersareaclassofquasi-one-dimensionalmaterialswithcross-sectional diametersrangingfromtenstohundredsofnanometersandafewtensofmicrometersinlength.Thesepeculiardimensionalcharacteristicsofferthemeritsofan extremelyhighaspectratioandsurface-area-to-volumeratio.Inaddition,nanofibers aretypicallyarrangedintothickmembranesorsubstrateswithawide-openand well-interconnectedporousnetworkthatofferfurtherpotentialtosignificantly affectperformance.Therelationshipbetweenstructureandcompositionisanessentialaspectforefficienttuningofpropertiesandperformancesofthematerials.As oneofthemainstrengths,nanofibersareeasilyfabricatedwithasizableandsimple spinningsystemthatisflexiblefordifferentmaterialsprocessing,suchasceramic, polymers,metals,andevenhybridmaterials.
Amongthematerials,metaloxidesexhibitarichspectrumofpropertiesthatcan potentiallysolvemanytechnologicalchallenges,fromlowerenergyconsumptionto renewableenergysources.Theirsuccessismainlyduetocompositionaldiversity,
easytunabilityofthechemicalandphysicalproperties,facilesynthesis,highstability,lowcost,andenvironmentalfriendliness.
Whenmetaloxidesareshapedintonanofibers,deviceswithenhancedperformancesandemergingbehaviorsaredesignedtomeetthespecificrequirementsof manydifferentapplications.Thetuningofspecificpropertiescanbeattainedby manipulatingeitherthechemistryandthestructuralparametersofthenanofibers (e.g.,diametersandcrystallitesize).Inthelastdecades,manymetaloxideshave beensynthesizedintheshapeofnanofibersandexploredfortheirapplicationsin diversefields,suchaspurificationofliquidsandgases;remediationofwaterand airpollutants;sensors;andenergygeneration,conversion,andstorage.
Thisbookprovidesanoverviewofthecurrentstateofdevelopments,challenges, andperspectivesofmetaloxidenanofibers.Itcomprisesthreemainsectionscoveringthesynthesiswithitsrelatedcriticalaspectsandapplicationsintopicalareas.
Thefirstsectiondealswiththetheoreticalandexperimentalaspectsofsynthesis andmethodologies.Thefocusisonthecontrolofthemicrostructure,composition, andshapeofnanofibrousmetaloxides.Thesectionincludeselectrospinningand othermethodstosynthesizenanofibersineitherrandomoralliedfashion.Thesectionalsoincludesthesafetyaspectsassociatedwiththefabricationandhandlingof nanofibers.
Thesecondandthirdsectionsemphasizeapplicationsofmetaloxidenanofibers indiversetechnologies,focusingontherelationshipbetweenthepeculiarstructural, morphological,andcompositionalfeaturesofthenanofiberswiththeperformances inspecificfieldsofapplications.Specifically,thesecondsectiondealswiththe applicationsofmetaloxidenanofibersinsensors(e.g.,biosensing,gas,andvapor sensors)andwaterandairpurification(e.g.,catalystandfilterfortheabatementof pollutants).Thethirdsectiondiscussesenergygenerationandstoragetechnologies (e.g.,piezoelectric,solarcells,solidoxidefuelcells,lithium-ionbatteries,supercapacitors,andhydrogenstorage).
Thebookresultsfromthecontributionsofseveraleminentworldwideexperts alongwiththeircollaborators.Theeditorshighlyappreciatetheirtimeandeffort, withoutwhichthebookwouldnothavebeenpossible.Thebookwillberelevant forstudents,youngresearchscientistsworkingwithmetaloxidenanofibers,engineers,andtechnologydevelopers.Theeditorshavedonetheirbesttocoverallthe areasofgreatinterestinthefieldofmetaloxides.Theintentistotransferthecurrententhusiasmaboutmetaloxidenanofiberstoaslargeareadershipaspossible. Theeditorshopethatthebookwillservethispurpose.Finally,theeditorswould liketothanktheeditorialteamatElsevierfortheopportunitytopublishthisbook andforthevaluablesupport,patience,andpursuance,whichwereessentialfor finalizingit.
DeboraMaraniandVincenzoEsposito
Section1
