Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Newborn Metric Conversion Tables
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Introduction
Unit One. Evidence-Based Practice
1. Evidence-Based Clinical Practice
FindingHigh-QualityEvidence
Pressures toIntervene
EvaluationofTherapies
QualitativeResearchEvaluatingExperiences intheNeonatalIntensiveCareUnit
Systematic Review inPerinatalCareandEvidence-BasedPractice
TranslatingEvidenceintoPractice
ClinicalPracticeGuidelines
2. Prenatal Environment: Effect on Neonatal Outcome
Physiology
CompromisedFetalEnvironment
EnvironmentalEffects ofLabor ontheFetus
AssessmentofFetalWell-Being
3. Perinatal Transport and Levels of Care
RegionalPerinatalReferralandTransportSystem
NeonatalTransport
Family-CenteredCarefor Transport
FutureofNeonatalTransport
4. Delivery Room Care
AGoldenOpportunity
Physiology
AsphyxiaandApnea
ClampingoftheUmbilicalCord
ResuscitationoftheNewborn
DeliveryRoom Emergencies
CareDuringtheTransitionfrom theDeliveryRoom totheNursery
CareoftheFamilyandPerinatalDecisionMaking
5 Initial Nursery Care
AssessmentandCareatDelivery
EvaluationandCareDuringtheTransitionalPeriod
PhysicalAssessmentoftheNewborn
Late-Preterm Infant
CareoftheWellNewbornInfant
ParentTeaching
13. The Neonate and the Environment: Impact on Development
DevelopmentalTasks oftheNeonateandInfant
Endowment
Environment
Interventions
Unit Three. Metabolic and Nutritional Care of the Neonate
14 Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Physiology
Etiology
Prevention
DataCollection
Treatment
Complications
ParentTeaching
15. Glucose Homeostasis
FetalPhysiology
NeonatalPhysiology
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
EtiologyofHypoglycemiaandHyperglycemia
PreventionofHypoglycemiaandHyperglycemia
DataCollection
Treatment
Complications
ParentTeaching
16 Total Parenteral Nutrition
Physiology
Indications
DataCollection
GeneralTreatmentStrategies
GeneralComplications
ParentTeaching
24. Cardiovascular Diseases and Surgical Interventions
CongenitalHeartDisease:Overview
Specific Conditions
ParentTeaching
FutureResearch
25. Neonatal Nephrology
NormalDevelopment
ClinicalAssessmentofRenalDiseaseintheNeonate
AcuteKidneyInjury
Intrinsic RenalParenchymalAbnormalities
RenalVeinThrombosis
Hydronephrosis
Hypertension
AbdominalMasses
RenalTubular Disorders
UrinaryTractInfection
Neurogenic Bladder
Nephrocalcinosis andNephrolithiasis
Chronic RenalFailure
NursingCareoftheNeonatewithRenalFailure
26 Neurologic Disorders
CongenitalMalformations
BirthInjuries
Specific BirthInjuries
Hypotonia
NeonatalSeizures
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Pediatric Stroke
27. Genetic Disorders, Malformations, and Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Genetic Principles
Etiology
DataCollection
TreatmentandIntervention
TheHumanGenomeProject
ParentTeaching
28 Neonatal Surgery
Diaphragmatic Hernia
EsophagealAtresiaandTracheoesophagealFistula
CongenitalChestMasses
IntestinalMalrotationandVolvulus
IntestinalAtresia
NecrotizingEnterocolitis
Meconium Ileus
Hirschsprung’s Disease
AnorectalMalformations
OmphaloceleandGastroschisis
NeonatalTumors
MinimallyInvasiveSurgery
ParentTeaching
Unit Six. Psychosocial Aspects of Neonatal Care
29. Families in Crisis: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
NormalAttachment
Psychologic Adjustments toaSickNewborn
Newborn Metric Conversion Tables
Temperature
Fahrenheit (F) to Centrigrade (C)
NOTE: °C = (°F – 32) × 5/9 Centrigrade temperature equivalents rounded to one decimal place by adding 0 1 when second decimal place is 5 or greater
The metric systemreplaces the term“centrigrade” with “Celsius” (the inventor of the scale).
See inside back cover for additional tables
Copyright
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MERENSTEIN & GARDNER’S HANDBOOK OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE, EIGHTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-32083-2
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1993, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein)
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the
L. Joseph Butterfield, MD
Lula O. Lubchenco, MD
William A. Silverman, MD
Jimmie Lynne Scholl Avery
Sandra L. Gardner, RN, MS, Retired Clinical Nurse Specialist; Retired Pediatric Nurse Practitioner; Director, Professional Outreach Consultation; Editor, Nurse Currents and NICU Currents, Aurora, Colorado
Edward Goldson, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
Linda L. Gratny, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Neonatologist and Director, Infant Tracheostomy and Home Ventilator Program, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Marie Hastings-Tolsma, PhD, CNM, FACNM
Professor, Nurse Midwifery, Louis Herrington School of Nursing, Baylor University, Dallas, Texas
Visiting Professor, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
William W. Hay Jr. MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Scientific Director, Perinatal Research Center, Co-Director for Child and Maternal Health and the Perinatal Research Center, Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Kendra Hendrickson, MS, RD, CNSC, CSP, Clinical Dietitian Specialist, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
Carmen Hernández, MSN, NNP-BC, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner, Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, Colorado
Jacinto A. Hernández, MD, PhD, MHA, FAAP
Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Chairman Emeritus Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Patti Hills, LMSW, LCSW, Fetal Health Center, NICU Social Worker, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Mona Jacobson, MSN, RN, CPNP-PC, Instructor in Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
M. Douglas Jones Jr. MD, Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, Professor, Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
Beena Kamath-Rayne, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Rhonda Knapp-Clevenger, PhD, CPNP
Director, Research and Pediatric Nurse Scientist, Center for Pediatric Nurse Research
and Clinical Inquiry
Clinical Research Director, Pediatric and Perinatal Clinical Translational Research Centers, University of Colorado Denver, College of Nursing , Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Ruth A. Lawrence, MD, DD(Hon), FAAP, FABM, Distinguished Alumna Professor of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Northumberland Trust Chair in Pediatrics, Director of the Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Study Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NewYork
Mary Kay Leick-Rude, RNC, MSN, PCNS, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Harold Lovvorn III MD, FACS, FAAP, Assistant Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Children’s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
Carolyn Lund, RN, MS, FAAN
Neonatal Clinical Nurse Specialist, ECMO Coordinator, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital-Oakland, Oakland, California
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California
Marilyn Manco-Johnson, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver and The Children’s Hospital Colorado, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, Colorado
Anne Matthews, RN, PhD, FACMG, Professor, Genetics and Genome Sciences, Director, Genetic Counseling Training Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Jane E. McGowan, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Associate Chair for Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Medical Director, NICU, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Christopher McKinney, MD, Fellow, Pediatric Hematology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
Mary Miller-Bell, PharmD, Clinical Research Pharmacist, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
Susan Niermeyer, MD, MPH, FAAP, Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
Priscilla M. Nodine, PhD, CNM, Assistant Professor, Midwifery, College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
Michael Nyp, DO, MBA, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of MissouriKansas City, Division of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Steven L. Olsen, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Division of Neonatology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Annette S. Pacetti, RN, MSN, NNP-BC, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
Eugenia K. Pallotto, MD, MSCE, Associate Professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Medical Director, NICU, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Mohan Pammi, MD, PhD, MRCPCH, Associate Professor, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Alfonso Pantoja, MD, Neonatologist, Saint Joseph’s Hospital, Denver Colorado
Julie A. Parsons, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, Haberfield Family Endowed Chair in Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders, Child Neurology Program Director, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Webra Price-Douglas, PhD, CRNP, IBCLC, Maryland Regional Transport Program, Baltimore, Maryland
Daphne A. Reavey, PhD, RN, NNP-BC, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Nathaniel H. Robin, MD, FACMG, Professor of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
Mario A. Rojas, MD, MPH, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
Jamie Rosterman, DO, Neonatology Fellow, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
Paul Rozance, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Tamara Rush, MSN, RN, C-NPT, EMT, Nurse Manager, Brenner Children’s HospitalWake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Mary Schoenbein, BSN, RN, CNN, Perinatal Dialysis Nurse/The Kidney Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Alan R. Seay, MD, Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Danielle E. Soranno, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Pediatric Nephrology/The Kidney Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
John Strain, MD, FACR, CAQ Pediatric Radiology, Neuroradiology
