McEVOY ’SHANDBOOK OFPHOTOVOLTAICS
FundamentalsandApplications
ThirdEdition
Editedby
SOTERISA.KALOGIROU
CyprusUniversityofTechnology,Limassol,Cyprus
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TomMarkvartandLuisCastañer
I-4-BHigh-EfficiencyIII VMultijunctionSolarCells439
SimonP.Philipps,FrankDimrothandAndreasW.Bett
1 Introduction439
2 SpecialAspectsofIII VMultijunctionSolarCells441
3 III VSolarCells449
4 Conclusions463 Acknowledgments463 References463
I-4-CHigh-EfficiencyBack-ContactSiliconSolarCellsforOne-Sun andConcentratorApplications473
PierreJ.Verlinden
1 Introduction473
2 DifferentTypesofBackside-ContactSiliconSolarCells477
3 ModelingofBackside-ContactSolarCells481
4 PerimeterandEdgeRecombination485
5 ManufacturingProcessforBackside-ContactSolarCells486
6 StabilityofBackside-ContactCells486
7 Toward30%EfficiencySiliconCells489
8 HowtoImprovetheEfficiencyofBackside-ContactSolarCells?489
9 IBCCellsforOne-SunApplications494
10 Conclusions497 Acknowledgments497 References497
PartI-5Dye-SensitizedandOrganicSolarCells501
I-5-ADye-SensitizedPhotoelectrochemicalCells503
AndersHagfeldt,UteB.Cappel,GerritBoschloo,LichengSun, LarsKloo,HenrikPetterssonandElizabathA.Gibson
1 Introduction503
2 PhotoelectrochemicalCells506
3 Dye-SensitizedSolarCells519
4 FutureOutlook558 References560
I-5-BOrganicSolarCells567
ClareDyer-Smith,JennyNelsonandYongfangLi
1 Introduction567
II-3-CInstallationGuidelines:Electrical891
AnastasiosKyritsis,NickPapanikolaou,ChristosChristodoulou, IoannisGonosandStathisTselepis
1 Introduction891
2 CodesandRegulations892
3 DirectCurrentRatings(ArrayVoltageandCurrentMaxima)892
4 DeviceRatingsandComponentSelection896
5 ArrayFaultProtection897 6 EarthingArrangements905
ProtectionAgainstLightingandOvervoltageEffects907
II-3-DSmartGridandEnergyStorage915 MeysamQadrdan,NickJenkinsandJianzhongWu
1 SmartGrid915
2 SmarterDistributionNetworks917
3 IntegrationofPhotovoltaicWithElectricalEnergySupply918
4 TransportofElectricalPower921 5 NetMetering921
6 EnergyStorage922 References927
EduardoF.Fernández,FlorenciaAlmonacid,PedroM.Rodrigo andPedroJ.Pérez-Higueras
1 Introduction931
2 MainFeaturesofTypicalConcentratorModules933
3 ConcentratorPhotovoltaicModulePerformance952
4 ConcentratorPhotovoltaicSystems964
5 PerformanceAssessmentofConcentratorPhotovoltaicSystems967
6 EstimationoftheEnergyYieldofaConcentratorPhotovoltaicPlant970
7 ElectricalMismatchesinConcentratorPhotovoltaicPlants974
VasilisM.Fthenakis 1 Introduction1195
2 OverviewofHazardsinPVManufacture1196
3 CrystallineSilicon(c-Si)SolarCellsandPhotovoltaicModules1196
4 AmorphousSilicon(a-Si)andTandema-Si/Nanocrystalline SiPhotovoltaicModules1199
5 CadmiumTelluride(CdTe)PhotovoltaicModules1203
6 CopperIndium(Gallium)Diselenide(CIGS)PhotovoltaicModules1204
7 GalliumArsenide(GaAs)High-EfficiencySolarCells1205
8 OperationofPhotovoltaicModules1207
PhotovoltaicModuleDecommissioning1208
Conclusion1209
AppendixA:Constants,PhysicalQuantities,andConversionFactors1215
AppendixB:ListofPrincipalSymbols1217
AppendixC:AbbreviationsandAcronyms1225
AppendixD:GlobalPhotovoltaicMarkets1231
AppendixE:UsefulWebsitesandJournals1237
AppendixF:InternationalStandardsWithRelevancetoPhotovoltaics1241
AppendixG:BooksAboutSolarCells,PhotovoltaicSystems,andApplications1249 Index 1253
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
FlorenciaAlmonacid
UniversityofJae ´ n,CentreforAdvancedStudiesinEnergyandEnvironment(CEAEMA), Jae ´ n,Spain
VyacheslavM.Andreev
loffePhysico-TechnicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,Russia
SheilaBailey
NASAGlennResearchCenter,BrookPark,OH,UnitedStates
AndreasW.Bett
FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystemsISE,Freiburg,Germany
GerritBoschloo
UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala,Sweden
UteB.Cappel
UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala,Sweden
LuisCastan ˜ er UniversidadPolitecnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
ChristosChristodoulou
HellenicElectricityDistributionNetworkOperatorS.A.(HEDNO),Athens,Greece
BruceCross
GB-SolLtd.,Pontypridd,UnitedKingdom;EnergyEnvironmentalTechnicalServices Ltd.,Cardiff,UnitedKingdom
Andre ´ sCuevas
TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACT,Australia
FrankDimroth
FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystemsISE,Freiburg,Germany
ClareDyer-Smith
ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
EduardoF.Ferna ´ ndez
UniversityofJae ´ n,CentreforAdvancedStudiesinEnergyandEnvironment(CEAEMA), Jae ´ n,Spain
EmilioFernandezLisbona
ESA-Estec,Noordwijk,TheNetherlands
FrancescaFerrazza
EurosolareS.p.A,Nettuno,Italy
VasilisM.Fthenakis
ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,UnitedStates
GeorgeE.Georghiou
PVTechnologyLaboratory,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
ElizabathA.Gibson
UniversityofNottingham,Nottingham,UnitedKingdom
IoannisGonos
NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece
MartinA.Green
UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
AndersHagfeldt
UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala,Sweden
GeorgiosHalambalakis
CentreforRenewableEnergySourcesandSaving(C.R.E.S.),Pikermi,Greece
NickJenkins
CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,UnitedKingdom
SoterisA.Kalogirou
CyprusUniversityofTechnology,Limassol,Cyprus
LarsKloo
KTH—RoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,Sweden
AnastasiosKyritsis
CentreforRenewableEnergySourcesandSaving(C.R.E.S.),Pikermi,Greece
PeterT.Landsberg
UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UnitedKingdom
YongfangLi
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China
DanielMacdonald
TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACT,Australia
GeorgeMakrides
PVTechnologyLaboratory,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
TomMarkvart
UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UnitedKingdom
MichaelG.Mauk
DrexelUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
AdelMellit
JijelUniversity,Jijel,Algeria
RobertP.Mertens
InteruniversityMicroelectronicsCentre,Leuven,Belgium
JennyNelson
ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
JohanF.Nijs
InteruniversityMicroelectronicsCentre,Leuven,Belgium
JohnNikoletatos
CentreforRenewableEnergySourcesandSaving(C.R.E.S.),Pikermi,Greece
JohnPage
UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
NickPapanikolaou
DemocritusUniversityofThrace,Komotini,Greece
PedroJ.Pe ´ rez-Higueras
UniversityofJae ´ n,CentreforAdvancedStudiesinEnergyandEnvironment(CEAEMA), Jae ´ n,Spain
HenrikPettersson
SwereaIVFAB,Molndal,Sweden
SimonP.Philipps
FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystemsISE,Freiburg,Germany
MeysamQadrdan
CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,UnitedKingdom
RyneRaffaelle
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL),Golden,CO,UnitedStates
UweRau
UniversitatStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany
PedroM.Rodrigo
UniversidadPanamericana,Aguascalientes,Me ´ xico
AlessandroRomeo UniversityofVerona,Verona,Italy
J.NeilRoss
UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UnitedKingdom
AndreasSavvides
UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
Hans-WernerSchock
Universita ¨ tStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany
ArvindShah
InstituteofMicrotechnology(IMT),Neucha ˆ tel,Switzerland
SantiagoSilvestre
UniversidadPolitecnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
RonaldA.Sinton
SintonInstruments,Boulder,CO,UnitedStates
SivaSivoththaman
InteruniversityMicroelectronicsCentre,Leuven,Belgium
DavidSpiers
NapsSystems,Abingdon,UnitedKingdom
LichengSun
DalianUniversityofTechnology(DUT),Dalian,China;KTH—RoyalInstituteof Technology,Stockholm,Sweden
JozefSzlufcik
InteruniversityMicroelectronicsCentre,Leuven,Belgium
MariosTheristis
PVTechnologyLaboratory,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
JimThornycroft
IndependentRenewableEnergyConsultant,Oxfordshire,UnitedKingdom
StathisTselepis
CentreforRenewableEnergySourcesandSaving(C.R.E.S.),Pikermi,Greece
RogerVanOverstraeten
InteruniversityMicroelectronicsCentre,Leuven,Belgium
VenizelosVenizelou
PVTechnologyLaboratory,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
PierreJ.Verlinden
TrinaSolar,China
PhilipR.Wolfe
WolfeWareLimited,Oxfordshire,UnitedKingdom
JianzhongWu
CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,UnitedKingdom
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