Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
M. Guadalupe Rojas
Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
David I. Shapiro-Ilan
USDA-ARS, Southeastern, Fruit and Tree Nut Research Unit, Byron, GA, United States
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Section I
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
1.1 Challenges of mass-producing beneficial organisms
1.2 Challenges of arthropod mass production for biological control
1.3 Challenges of mass-producing pathogens for biological control
1.4 Challenges of mass-producing invertebrates for their products and ecological services
References
Further reading
Chapter 2. Production of coleopteran predators
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2 2 Foods and production of predators
2.3 Rearing density and production
2.4 Temperature and production
2 5 Quality control and production
2.6 Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3. Production of heteropteran predators
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Foods
3.3 Plant materials and alternatives
3.4 Abiotic conditions
3.5 Crowding and cannibalism
3.6 Microorganisms
3.7 Breeding and colony maintenance
3.8 Mass-rearing systems
3.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. Production of dipteran parasitoids
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dipteran parasitoids as biocontrol agents
4.3 Aspects of dipteran parasitoid biology of special interest for production
4.4 Production techniques
4.5 Perspectives and concluding remarks
References
Chapter 5. Production of hymenopteran parasitoids
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mass rearing of aphelinid parasitoids of the silverleaf whitefly
5.3 Laboratory culture
5.4 Outdoor field cage production
5 5 Large-scale greenhouse-based system
5.6 Final remarks
5.7 Production of Tamarixia radiata Watson parasitoid of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
5.8 Diaphorina citri
5.9 Tamarixia radiata
5.10 Mass production
5.11 Host plant production
5.12 Production of Murraya paniculata
5.13 Sowing
5.14 Host insect production
5.15 Parasitoid production
5.16 Breeds of Tamarixia radiata established in other countries
5.17 Production of parasitoids of muscoid flies
5.18 Host production
5.19 Parasitoid rearing and housing
5.20 Production of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) parasitoid of the boll weevil
5 21 Final remarks and future perspective
USDA disclaimer
References
Further reading
Chapter 6. Mass-production of arthropods for biological control of weeds: a global perspective
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Scope of mass-rearing of biological control agents of weeds
6 3 Critical factors in the design and use of mass-rearing protocols in biological weed control
6.4 Case studies on mass-rearing in biological weed control
6.5 Summary and conclusions
6.6 Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. Mass production of predatory mites: state of the art and future challenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytoseiidae
7.3 System 1: both tetranychid prey mites and predatory mites are produced on plants in greenhouses
7.4 System 2: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in climate rooms on detached leaves with prey mites
7.5 System 3: tetranychid prey mites are reared on plants in greenhouses. The predator is reared in a climate room on pure prey mite stages
7.6 System 4: predatory mites are grown on factitious food sources
7 7 System 5: predatory mites grown on plants or parts thereof using pollen
7.8 System 6: predatory mites are grown on artificial diet
7 9 Prey mite
7.10 Climate management
7.11 Intraspecific competition
7 12 Contamination management
7.13 Nonphytoseiid predatory mites
7.14 Diseases
7 15 Challenges and future prospects
References
Chapter 8. Artificial diet development for entomophagous arthropods
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Arthropod nutrition
8.3 Determining the basic diet formulation
8.4 Presentation
8.5 Diet refining
8.6 Future perspectives
8.7 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 9. Concepts and methods of quality assurance for massreared parasitoids and predators
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Quality assurance in the marketplace
9.3 Customer involvement in quality assurance
9.4 Building a complete quality assurance system
9.5 Quality assessments of mass-reared natural enemies
9.6 Quality assurance and control data acquisition and analysis
9.7 Quality assurance system review
9.8 Research on quality assessment for mass-reared parasitoids and predators
9.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Section II
Chapter 10. Production of entomopathogenic nematodes
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 In vivo production
10.3 In vitro production solid culture
10.4 In vitro production–liquid culture
10.5 Analysis and conclusion
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi—state of the art
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Production methods for the important insect pathogenic fungi
11.3 Process and quality control in mass production
11.4 Current knowledge about the effect of cultural conditions on propagule attributes
11.5 The challenge in mass production of entomopathogenic fungi
References
Chapter 12. Commercial production of entomopathogenic bacteria
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biology of commercial entomopathogens
12.3 Pathogenesis and pest control impact
12.4 Culture selection and maintenance
12.5 Inoculum preparation
12.6 Fermentation
12.7 Recovery and concentration steps
12.8 Formulation
12.9 Formulation standardization
12.10 Quality assurance methods
12.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Production of entomopathogenic viruses
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 In vivo production of baculovirus-based biopesticides
13.3 In vitro production—current status
13.4 Limitations to bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
13.5 Future research directions for bioreactor production of baculovirus-based pesticides
13 6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14. Formulations of entomopathogens as bioinsecticides
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biological considerations
14.3 Physical considerations
14.4 Additional considerations on formulation
14.5 Conclusions and future of biopesticide formulations
USDA disclaimer
References
Chapter 15. Mass production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Issues and opportunities for entomopathogen uptake in less industrialized countries
15.3 Practical constraints for entomopathogen uptake in developing countries
15.4 Production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries
15.5 Production of entomopathogenic fungi
15.6 Additional examples from other countries
15.7 Other systems
15.8 Mass production of baculoviruses
15.9 Other production systems
15.10 Generic production issues
15.11 Requirements for establishing biopesticide industries in less-industrialized countries
Acknowledgments
References
Section III
Chapter 16. Potential and challenges for the use of insects as feed for aquaculture
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Insects in aquafeeds: performances and digestibility
16.3 Insects and fish health
16.4 Challenges and future perspectives
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17. The role of insects for poultry feed: present and future perspective
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General nutrient composition of insects and insect-derived ingredients
17.3 Insects in meat bird production
17.4 Insects in egg layer production
17.5 Impact of insect-derived ingredients on behavior and welfare
17.6 Barriers and hurdles for use of insects in poultry diets
17.7 Summary and the conclusions
References
Chapter 18. Insects as food for insectivores
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nutrient content of insects
18.3 Effects of insect size/life stage on nutrient composition
18.4 Effects of insect diet on insect nutrient composition
18.5 Effects of environment on insect composition
18.6 Nutrient requirements of insectivores including nutrient availability
18.7 Enhancing the nutrient composition of insects as food for insectivores
18.8 Other considerations
18.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19. Production of solitary bees for pollination in the United States
Abstract
19 1 Introduction
19.2 The alfalfa leafcutting bee
19.3 The alkali bee
19 4 The blue orchard bee
19.5 Other solitary bees of interest for pollination
19.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Production of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination and research
Abstract
20.1 An introduction to rearing bumblebees
20 2 Bumblebee lifecycle
20.3 Pathogens, parasites, and pests—an overview
20.4 Rearing facilities
20 5 Nutrition
20.6 Gyne collection and transportation
20.7 Installing gynes and stimulating broodiness
20.8 Colony care and senescence
20.9 Mating trials
20.10 Overwintering gynes
20.11 Closing remarks
References
Chapter 21. Current and potential benefits of mass earthworm culture
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Current applications
21.3 The future for mass earthworm culture
References
Index
Copyright
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Dedication
We dedicate this book to W. Louis Tedders (1953–2013). Louis was a Research Entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) for almost 35 years. Subsequently, he was the CEO of Southeastern Insectaries, Inc. The company focused on the production of mealworms and entomopathogenic nematodes. Louis had an immense impact on the field of biological control and mass production of beneficial organisms. He worked extensively with various biocontrol organisms, including arthropod predators and parasitoids as well as insect pathogens. Based on his exceptional ingenuity and imagination, Louis was an inventor on eight
patents, and the technology he developed has been adopted widely across various commodities around the globe. Louis had an infectious level of excitement and curiosity for entomological research; he loved the field! Louis was a beloved mentor to the editors of this volume; we miss him greatly!
Juan A. Morales-Ramos, M. Guadalupe Rojas and David I. Shapiro-Ilan
List of contributors
Hugo Arredondo-Bernal, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico (National Center of Biological Control Reference), Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal (Directorate General of Plant Helth), Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
Derek R. Ar , US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT, United States
Robert Behle, USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
Ilaria Biasato, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
Tim Birthisel, The Andersons Inc., Turf and Specialties Group (retired), Asheville, NC, United States
CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Mark D. Finke
Mark Finke LLC, Rio Verde, AZ, United States
Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Tarra A. Freel, EnviroFlight, LLC, Maysville, KY, United States
Francesco Gai, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Grugliasco, Italy
M.D. García-Cancino, Laboratorio Regional de Reproducción de Tamarixia radiata (Regional Laboratory for reproduction of Tamarixia radiata), Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico-CNRF, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Laura Gasco, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
Chris Geden, USDA-ARA, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, United States
John A. Goolsby, USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Ca le Fever Tick Research Unit, Edinburg, TX, United States
Juli R. Gould, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Otis AFB, MA, United States
Simon Grenier, Rue des Mésanges, Chassieu, France
David Grzywacz, Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
Mallory A. Hagadorn, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
Richou Han, Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Martin P. Hill, Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown), EC, South Africa
Kim A. Hoelmer, USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE, United States
Man P. Huynh Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States Department of Plant Protection, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
Trevor A. Jackson, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Canterbury Region, Christchurch, New Zealand
Stefan T. Jaronski, Jaronski Mycological Consulting LLC, Blacksburg, VA, United States
Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
Elizabeth A. Koutsos, EnviroFlight, LLC, Maysville, KY, United States
Luis Garrigós Leite, Institute of Biology, APTA, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Norman C. Leppla, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States
Thuy-Tien T. Lindsay, USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Biology, Management and Systematics Research Unit, Logan, UT, United States
Kimberly A. Livingston, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
Christopher N. Lowe, Earthworm Research Group, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
Belinda Luke, CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Rosemary Malfi, Department of Biology, University of Massachuse s, Amherst, MA, United States
David Moore, CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
Sean Moore, Citrus Research International, Walmer, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Juan A. Morales-Ramos, Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, United States
Patrick J. Moran, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, Albany, CA, United States
