Dynamic Business Law 4th Edition –
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First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd
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Foreword
I have been entrusted by ISTE Science Publishing with the responsibility for a multidisciplinary editorial line: Earth System – Environment, and within this framework it gives me great pleasure today to present a set of books dedicated to the topic of remote sensing, compiled and edited by Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi.
Both the content and the organization of this collection have largely been inspired by reflections, analyses and prospective works conducted by almost 200 authors and researchers with a high level of international expertise in this discipline.
This community, which is recognized for its scientific merit, has sought to expand its research activities under the direction the two editing authors founded on a solid effort in the area of acquisition and wider dissemination of knowledge within this field.
This represents a community characterized by the firm commitment to adopting a holistic or even an ecosystem approach within the context of an interdisciplinary science of the Earth system. In this scientific context where the complexity of natural systems is compounded with the complexity of societies, the authors have given careful consideration to depicting a finalizable and “public” type of discipline, open to decision makers, managers and all those beyond the scientific community who are interested in the future of our planet.
The high demand for educational material containing updated information on the various remote sensing concepts and methods and the main applications thereof, in particular at the level of continental surfaces, are derived therefrom.
It is within this framework that this collection of books is proposed, which aims to provide researchers, students in masters, engineer and PhD programs, as well as decision makers, engineers specialized in management services on a territorial, departmental, regional or national scale and players in the decision-making authorities with a tool which incorporates both the foundations of the physical principles underlying various spatial applications and the implementation methods and exemplification at the level of various applications based on spatial observation.
In these six volumes, Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi have mobilized almost 200 internationally recognized researchers to propose a comprehensive “toolkit”, describing the latest scientific methods and actions in terms of the implementation of spatial observation.
The first two volumes describe the physical principles underlying various techniques which cover the frequency spectrum ranging from visible to microwaves. The third volume illustrates the agricultural and forestry applications of spatial observation. The fourth volume presents the applications of spatial observation in the field of continental hydrology. The fifth volume is dedicated to the observation of urban and coastal areas, whereas the final volume presents the implementation of spatial observation within the context of risk assessment and understanding.
Thanks are due to Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi for taking the time to draft, harmonize and partially edit these volumes and committing to this effort in terms of putting this modern and high-quality knowledge across and making it accessible to a diverse and vast scientific audience.
I wish to thank them both for their altruism, perseverance and devotion in service of the success of this endeavor.
André MARIOTTI
June 2016
Acronyms
2D Two dimensions
3D Three dimensions
4AOP Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas Operational
6S Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum
AATSR Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer
ACORN Atmospheric Correction Now
ADC
ADCP Analog-to-digital converter Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ADEME French Environment and Energy Management Agency
ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
AERONET Aerosol Robotic Network
AET Actual Evapotranspiration
AFRITRON African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network
AGB Above-Ground Biomass
AGNES Agglomerative Nesting
AHS Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner
AHT Astronomical High Tide
AIEM Advanced Integral Equation Model
AirSAR Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
ALB Airborne LiDAR Bathymeter
ALEXI Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse
ALS Airborne Laser Scanning
CESBIO Centre d’Études Spatiales de la Biosphère (Center for the Study of the Biosphere from Space)
CFC Chlorofluorocarbons
CFD Constant Fraction Discriminator
CFFDRS Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System
cGNSS Conventional Global Navigation Satellite Systems
CHAMP Challenging Minisatellite Payload (German geosciences satellite)
CHL Chlorophyll Content
CHM Canopy Height Model
CHRIS Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
CIRAD Agricultural research for development (France)
CLASlite Carnegie Landsat Analyse System Lite
CLM Community Land Model
CLMGW Community Land Model with a Ground Water Parameterization
CLPX Cold Land Processes Field Experiment
CLS Collecte Localisation Satellite
CLSM Catchment Land Surface Model
CM Code Moderate (for GNSS)
CMC Canadian Meteorological Centre
CMEM Community Microwave Emission Model
CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales (French Space Agency)
CNRS Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (National French Center for Scientific Research)
COD Controlled Origin Designation
COG Center of Gravity
CONUS Contiguous United States
COST Cosine Estimation of Atmospheric Transmittance
CR Continuum Removed
CRI Carotenoid Reflectance Index
Cryosat Satellite Radar Altimeter
CSA Canadian Space Agency
CSR Centre for Space Research
CTA Classification Tree Analysis
CTFC Center for Tropical Forest Science (Cameroon)
CTFS Center for Tropical Forest Science
CTMF Cluster Tuned Matched Filter
CW Continuous Waves
CWFIS Canadian Wildland Fire Information System
CyGNSS NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System
CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner
CZMIL Coastal Zone Mapping and Imaging LiDAR
DAM Dry Aerial Mass
DART Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer
DATAR Interministerial Delegation for Territorial Planning and Regional Attractiveness
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
DC Drought Code
DCA Dual Channel Approach
DCM Digital Canopy Model
DDM Delay Doppler Map
DEGRAD Forest Degradation program
DEIMOS Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DEOS Delft Institute of Earth Observations and Space Systems
DERD Double bounce Eigenvalue Relative Difference
DETER Detecção de Desmatamento em Tempo Real (Near real-time deforestation detection system)
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DHSVM Distributed Hydrology Soil-Vegetation Model
DIACT Inter-ministerial Agency for Spatial Planning and Competitiveness
DIANA Divise Analysis
DIC Digital Image Correlation
DIMAP Digital Image MAP
DInSAR Differential SAR Interferometry
DisALEXI Disaggregated Atmospheric Land Exchange Inverse
DLIS Desert Locust Information Service
xxiv Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
FBD Fine-Beam Double Polarization
FBP Fire Behavior Prediction
Fcover Fraction of Vegetation Cover
FDTD Finite Difference Time Domain
FFMC Fine Fuel Moisture Code
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FI Fine Particles Index
FIPAR Fraction of Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation
FLAASH Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (Atmospheric correction)
FLOE Fish LiDAR Oceanographic Experimental
FMA Fore-Mid-Aft
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Waves
FOTO Fourier-based Textural Ordination
FOV Field of View
FSA Forward Scatter Alignment
FST Spectro-Transfert functions
FT Fourier Transform
FW Full Waveform or Fresh Weight, depending on the application
FWHM Full Width at Height Maximum
FWI Fire Weather Index
FWS Fraction of Water Surface
GAGAN GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation system
GAI Green Area Index
GALILEO European Global navigation satellite system
GCOS Global Climate Observing System
GCP Ground Control Points
GDAL Geospatial Data Abstraction Library
GDR Geophysical Data Record
GEO Group on Earth Observations
GEOCAPI Geostationary Ocean Color Advanced Permanent Imager
GEOGLAM Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring
GEOSS Global Earth Observing System of Systems
GEOSUD Geoinformation for Sustainable Development (France)
GEOTIFF Geostationary Earth Orbit Tagged Image File Format
GEROS-ISS GNSS Reflectometry, Radio Occultation and Scatterometry Onboard International Space Station
GF Green Fraction
GFO Geosat Follow-On (radar altimeter satellite)
GFZ GeoForschungs Zentrum (German research centre for Geosciences)
GHG Green House Gase
GIAM Global Irrigated Area Map
GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture
GIM Global Ionospheric Model
GIMMS Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies
GIS Geographic Information System
GLAI Green Leaf Area Index
GLAS Geoscience Laser Altimeter System
GLCM Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix
GLDAS Global Land Data Assimilation System
GlobCover Global Land-Cover Map
GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (Russia)
GLP Global Land Project
GLRT Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test
GLS Global Land Survey (Landsat)
GM Geodetic Mission
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
GMFS Global Monitoring of Food Security
GMM Gaussian Mixture Model
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GNSS-R Global Navigation Satellite System – Reflectometry
Go Giga-Octet (1,000,000,000 octets)
GOCE Gravity field and Steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (ESA)
GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
GOFC Fire IT Global Observation of Forest Cover Fire Implementation Team
ITG Institute of Theoretical Geodesy
IWPB Institute of Water Problem of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Jason Radar altimeter
JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
JECAM Joint Experiment for Crop Assessment and Monitoring
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (image format)
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JRC European Commission’s Joint Research Centre
KBR K-Band Microwave Ranging
KLT Karhunen–Loeve transform
LaDAR Laser Detection And Ranging
LADS Laser Airborne Depth Sounder
LAGEOS Laser Geodynamics Satellite
LAI Leaf Area Index
LANDSAT LAND + Satellite
LAUVA Airborne Ultraviolet Aerosol LiDAR
LAX Maximum LAI
LBAS Local Based Augmentation System
LCCS Land Cover Classification System
LCLU Land Cover / Land Use
LDAS Land Data Assimilation System
LEGOS Laboratory for Studies in Geophysics and Spatial Oceanography (France)
LEnKS Local EnKF Smoother
LEO Low Earth Orbit
LEP Leading Edge Position
LEWIS L-band for Estimating Water In Soils
LFMC Live Fuel Moisture Content (%)
LHCP Left Hand Circular Polarization
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
LISAH Laboratory for Soil, Agrosystems and Water Systems (France)
LISFLOOD-FP Two-dimensional Hydrodynamic Model
LMA Leaf Mass per Area
LMM Linear Mixed Model
LOADDT Spatial planning and territorial development
LOLA Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter
LOV Villefranche Oceanography Laboratory (France)
LPCA Laboratory for Physico-Chemistry of the Atmosphere
LPRM Land Parameter Retrieval Model
LRM Low Resolution Mode
LSCE Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory (France)
LSM Land Surface Model
LSSM Least Squares 3D Surface Matching
LST Land Surface Temperature
LULCC Land Use and Land Cover Change
LUT Look-Up Table
LWIR Long-Wave Infrared
LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch (compression algorithm)
MACCS Multisensor Atmospheric Correction and Cloud Screening processor
MARS Monitoring of Agriculture with Remote Sensing
MATISSE Advenced Earth Modeling for Imaging and Scene Simulation
MaxEnt Maximum Entropy Method
MBOC Multiplexed Binary Offset Carrier
MCT Mercury Cadmium Telluride
MEB Microwave Emission of the Biosphere
MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
MESA Monitoring of Environment and Security in Africa
METEOSAT METEO + Satellite
METOP Meteorological Operational Satellite Programme/Advanced Scatterometer
METRIC Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration
MGVI MERIS Global Vegetation Index
MHz Mega-Hertz ( = 1,000,000 Hz)
MIMR Multichannel Microwave Imaging Radiometer
xxxii Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
ONERA French Aerospace Research Agency
ONF French National Forest Office
OS Open Service
OSCAT OceanSat-2 Scatterometer
OTB OrfeoToolBox
PA Producer’s Accuracy
PACE Pre-Aerosol, Clouds and Ocean Ecosystems
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PAI Plant Area Index
PARIS-IoD Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System In Orbit Demonstrator
PCA Principal Components Analysis
PERSIANN Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks
PET Potential Evapotranspiration
PFT Phytoplankton Functional Types
PGN Permanent GNSS Network
PHR Panchromatic High Resolution
PIF Pseudo-Invariant Features
piGNSS-R Partial Interferometric GNSS-R
PLF Polarization Loss Factor
PLOF Local Land Tenure Plan (France)
PLSR Partial Least Squares Regression
PMT Photomultiplier Tubesv
POA Polarization Orientation Angle
PODAAC Physical Oceanography Distributive Active Data Center
POLDER Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances
PolInSAR Polarimetry-interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar
PolSAR Polarimetry SAR
POLYMER Polynomial Based Algorithm Applied to Meris
POM Physical Optics Model
PPCDAM Plan for Preventing and Controlling Deforestation in Amazônia Legal
PRESS Prediction Sum of Squares
PRF Pulse Repeat Frequency
PRISMA Precursore Iperspettrale della Missione Applicativa (Italian hyperspecral mission)
PRN Pseudo Random Noise
PROBA Project for On-board Autonomy
PRODES Programa de Cálculo do Desflorestamento da Amazônia (Brazilian Amazon Deforestation Monitoring Program)
PROSPECT Leaf Optical Properties Spectra (radiative transfer model)
PRS Public Regulated Service
PS Persistent Scatterers
PSI Persistent Scatterers Interferometry
PSR Penalized-Spline Regression
PV Photosynthetic Vegetation
PVI Perpendicular Vegetation Index
PWC Plant Water Content
QBO Quasi-Biennal Oscillation
QCA Quasi-Crystalline Approximation
Qgis GIS software (open source)
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QUIKSCAT Quick Scatterometer (NASA)
QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
RADAR Radiodetection and Ranging
RAF French Altimetric System
RAINFOR Amazon Forest Inventory Network
RAMSES ONERA Airborne Multi-frequency SAR Imaging System (France)
RAN Royal Australian Navy
RANSAC Random Sample Consensus
RCA Radio Corporation of America
RCM RADARSAT Constellation Mission
RCS Radiometric Control Sets
REDD Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
