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Editedby

GaryA.Gordon

ForewordbyMichaelChertoff,Secretary, U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity(2005-2009)

RichardR.Young

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Contributors

BennettC.Abrams TulaneUniversity,NewOrleans,LA,UnitedStates

JamesJ.F.Forest UniversityofMassachusetts,Lowell,MA,UnitedStates

AleksanderGerson WydraDivisionforShippingandPortsResearch,MaritimePolicy&Strategy ResearchCenter,UniversityofHaifa,Haifa,Israel

GaryA.Gordon,PhD,PE,MEMS,LTCUSA(Ret.) DepartmentofCivil&Environmental Engineering,UniversityofMassachusettsLowell,Lowell,MA,UnitedStates

JonS.Helmick MaritimeLogistics&SecurityProgram,UnitedStatesMerchantMarineAcademy, KingsPoint,NY,UnitedStates

TomerMay WydraDivisionforShippingandPortsResearch,MaritimePolicy&Strategy ResearchCenter,UniversityofHaifa,Haifa,Israel

AndrewB.Morrow Cybersecurity,SchoolofBusinessAdministration,CapitalCollege,The PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,Middletown,PA,UnitedStates

MatthewR.Peterson SupplyChainSolutions,LMI,Mechanicsburg,PA,UnitedStates

JamesH.Schreiner DepartmentofSystemsEngineering,UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy,West Point,NY,UnitedStates

RichardR.Young SchoolofBusinessAdministration,CapitalCollege,ThePennsylvaniaState University,Middletown,PA,UnitedStates

CombinedCameoBios

Editors

GaryA.Gordon,PhD,PE,MEMS,LTCUSA(Ret.)

SeniorAdjunctProfessor,DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering, UniversityofMassachusettsLowell,Lowell,MA,UnitedStates

GaryA.GordonholdsaPh.D.andB.S.inCivilEngineering,andMBAfromthe UniversityofMassachusettsLowell,andM.S.inCivilEngineeringfromtheUniversity ofMarylandandisaRegisteredProfessionalEngineerandMilitaryEmergencyManagementSpecialist.Priortoacademia,Dr.Gordonhadalengthycareerintransportation operations,security,andinfrastructure,toincludetheU.S.ArmyReserve.Thisincludes positionsasformerAssistantFederalSecurityDirector SurfaceTransportationfor DepartmentofHomelandSecurity(DHS)/TransportationSecurityAdministrationand AssistantChiefEngineer DesignandConstructionofaformerClassINortheastRailroad. Militarily,hisassignmentsincludedtheU.S.TransportationCommand,7thTransportation Group(Terminal),313thTransportationBattalionandpredecessoroftheU.S.Army MilitarySurfaceDeploymentandDistributionCommand.Heisexperiencedandpublished inmultimodaltransportationoperationsandsecurity,isaco-authorof RailwaySecurity: ProtectingAgainstManmadeandNaturalDisasters andisontheeditorialboardofthe JournalofTransportationSecurity.

Richard(Rich)R.Young,Ph.D.,FCILT

DistinguishedProfessorEmeritusofSupplyChainManagement,SchoolofBusiness Administration,TheCapitalCollege,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity

RichardR.YoungholdsaB.S.inOperationsManagementfromRiderUniversity,M.B.A. fromtheUniversityatAlbany,andPh.D.inBusinessLogisticsfromthePennsylvania StateUniversity.HeisafellowoftheCharteredInstituteofLogisticsandTransportofthe

UnitedKingdom,seniorresearchfellowoftheInstituteforSupplyManagement,andheis acceptedtopracticebeforetheU.S.FederalMaritimeCommission.Priortoacademia, Dr.YoungheldvarioussupplychainmanagementpositionsinindustryincludingtheU.S. subsidiaryofHoechstAG,theerstwhileGermanchemicalgiant.Hehasconsultedwitha widerangeoftransportationprovidersandindustrialﬁrmsaswellastheU.S.Marine Corpsandhasspokenbeforeaudiencesworldwide.Dr.Youngservesontheeditorial boardsof TransportationJournal, JournalofSupplyChainManagement,andthe South AfricanJournalofTransportandSupplyManagement,andisaFulbrightGermanResearch Scholar.Heco-authoredthebook, RailwaySecurity:ProtectingAgainstManmadeand NaturalDisasters.

Contributingauthors(inchapterorder)

BennettC.Abrams,BAPoliticalScience/HomelandSecurity (May2021)

SchoolofLiberalArts,TulaneUniversity

BennettC.AbramsispursuingaBachelorofArtsdegreeinPoliticalScienceandHomelandSecurityStudiesatTulaneUniversity.Hisrelevantcoursestakenincludeemergency management,introductiontohomelandsecurity,domesticterrorism,andMiddleEastsecurity.Mr.Abramshaswrittenseveralacademicpapersfocusingonemergencyresponse, homelandsecurity,andterrorism,toinclude“A.Q.Kahn:TheSuccessandConsequences ofHisNuclearProliferation.”Bennett’scareerobjectivesareinthesecurityofnational defense.

JamesJ.F.Forest,Ph.D.

Professor,SchoolofCriminologyandJusticeStudies,UniversityofMassachusetts Lowell

JamesJ.F.ForestreceivedhisgraduatedegreesfromBostonCollegeandStanfordUniversity,andhisundergraduatedegreeisfromGeorgetownUniversity.Inadditiontobeinga ProfessorattheUniversityofMassachusettsLowell,Dr.ForestisaVisitingProfessorat theFletcherSchoolofLawandDiplomacyatTuftsUniversityandcoeditorofthescholarlyjournal PerspectivesonTerrorism.Hehaspublisheddozensofacademicjournalarticlesandover20booksincluding TheTerrorismLectures (NortiaPress,2019), Essentials ofCounterterrorism (Praeger,2015),and IntersectionsofCrimeandTerror (Routledge, 2013).Dr.ForesthaspreviouslyservedasaseniorfellowwiththeJointSpecialOperations UniversityandasDirectorofTerrorismStudiesattheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy, andhasprovidedexperttestimonyforterrorism-relatedcourtcasesandCongressional hearings.

CaptainAleksanderGerson(MSc)

SeniorResearchFellowandHead,WydraDivisionforShippingandPortsResearch, HaifaResearchCenterforMaritimePolicyandStrategy,HaifaUniversity

AleksanderGersonholdsaB.Sc.fromtheIsraelInstituteofTechnology(Technion)in IndustrialManagementandanM.Sc.inInternationalMaritimeSciences,Shipping,and EnvironmentfromtheSouthamptonSolentUniversity,UK.HeisagraduateoftheIsrael MaritimeOfﬁcersCollege,served3yearsintheIsraeliNavycommandingapatrolboat andsailedintheIsraeliMerchantMarinefor30years,ofwhichover20yearsasCaptain. From1998to2016,heservedasaSeniorShippingInspectorandlaterasaDeputyDirectorGeneraloftheIsraeliMaritimeAdministration.DuringhisserviceintheIsraeliMaritimeAuthority,representedtheStateofIsraelintheInternationalMaritimeOrganization (IMO)andvariousInternationalOrganizationssuchasREMPEC,EMSA,andItalianCoast Guard.Sincehisretirementfromgovernmentservice,heshareshistimebetweenHaifa UniversityandsailingasMerchantMarineCaptain.

JonS.Helmick,Ph.D.

Captain,UnitedStatesMaritimeService,ProfessorandDirector,MaritimeLogistics andSecurityProgram,UnitedStatesMerchantMarineAcademy

CAPTHelmickholdsaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofMiamiandaU.S.CoastGuardlicenseasMASTEROFOCEANSTEAM,MOTOR,AUXILIARYSAIL,ANDSAILVESSELSOFANYGROSSTONS.HeledthedevelopmentofU.S.maritimesecurity educationandtrainingstandardsandcurriculaandwastheleadauthorformultipleIMO modelmaritimesecuritycourses.Hechairedtheinteragencycommitteethatdevelopeda federalmaritimesecuritytrainingcertiﬁcationprogram.HehastestiﬁedbeforeCongress andservedasamemberofU.S.delegationstoIMOmeetings.Hisresearchhasbeen publishedinsuchjournalsas TransportationQuarterly, TransportationJournal,andthe JournalofTransportationSecurity.Heservesonnumerouseditorialboards,taskforces, andcommittees.CAPTHelmickhasreceivedtheU.S.DepartmentofTransportationGold Medal,theU.S.MaritimeAdministrationBronzeMedal,andtheU.S.Departmentof HomelandSecurity“Secretary’sAwardforExcellence”forhiswork.

TomerMay(MA)

SecurityOfﬁcerIsraeliMinistryofTransport

Mr.TomerMayearnedaBachelorofArtsdegreeinPoliticalScienceandmostrecentlya MasterofArtsinInternationalPoliticalSciencefocusingonNationalSecurityandMaritimeStrategyfromHaifaUniversity.Heservedasanartilleryofﬁcer(Lieutenant)inthe

IsraeliDefenseForce(IDF)and,uponcompletionofhisserviceintheIDF,hejoinedthe MinistryofTransportasasecurityofﬁcerandgained10yearsofexperienceinthe securityofshipping(especiallypassengerships),marinas,andports.

Andrew(Andy)B.Morrow,M.B.A.,M.S.

LecturerofCybersecurity,SchoolofBusinessAdministration,TheCapitalCollege, ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity

AndrewB.MorrowholdsaB.S.inManagementandaB.S.inInformationSystems,an M.B.A.andaM.S.inInformationSystemsandiscurrentlypursuingaPh.D.inPublic AdministrationwithaspecializationinHomelandSecurityfromThePennsylvaniaState University.Heisamemberofboth(ISC)2 andISACAandholdsnumeroussecurity-related certificationsincludingCertifiedInformationSystemsSecurityProfessional(CISSP)and CertifiedInformationSystemsAuditor(CISA).HeisalsoamemberoftheProjectManagementInstitute(PMI)andholdstheProjectManagementProfessional(PMP)andPMIAgileCertifiedPractitioner(PMI-ACP)certificationsinprojectmanagement.Priorto academia,Mr.Morrowheldvariousinformationtechnologyandseniormanagementpositionsincludingexperienceasasystemsadministrator,databaseadministrator,chiefsecurityofficer,chieftechnologyofficer,chiefinformationofficer,andvicepresidentof informationtechnologyinbothpublicandprivatesectors.Hecurrentlyconsultsontechnologyandcybersecuritytopicsforseveralfirmsinadditiontohisfull-timeteachingrole.

MatthewR.Peterson,MBA,CSCP,SCOR-P

Principal,SupplyChainSolutions,LMI,Mechanicsburg,PA

MattPetersonisaPrincipal,SupplyChainSolutionswithLMI,aconsultancydedicatedto improvingthebusinessofgovernment.Mattleveragesnearly30yearsoflogisticsand consultingexperiencetoleadprojectsandadvisemilitary,federal,andstategovernment clients.Hehasanextensivebackgroundinsupplychainmanagement,includingwarehousinganddistribution,supplychainplanningandriskmanagement,emergencymanagementlogistics,businessprocessimprovement,anddataanalysis.BeforejoiningLMI,he workedfortheGeneralServicesAdministration.MatthasanM.B.A.fromGeorgeMason UniversityandaB.S.inbusinesslogisticsfromPennStateUniversity.HeholdsaCertiﬁed SupplyChainProfessional(CSCP)designationfromAPICSandisaCertiﬁedSupply ChainOperationsReference(SCOR)ModelProfessional.Hehaswrittenseveral peer-reviewedsupplychainmanagementarticlespublishedinacademicjournalsthat documentedopportunitiesforanewapplicationoftheSCORmodeltoemergency managementlogistics.

JamesH.Schreiner,Ph.D.,PMP,CPEM,LTCUSA

AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofSystemsEngineering,UnitedStatesMilitary Academy,WestPoint

JamesH.SchreinerholdsaB.S.inMechanicalEngineeringfromMarquetteUniversity, Milwaukee,anM.E.inEngineeringManagementfromtheUniversityofColorado,Boulder, andaPh.D.inSystemsandEntrepreneurialEngineeringfromtheUniversityofIllinois, Urbana-Champaign.HeisaregisteredProjectManagementProfessional(PMP)since2004 andCertiﬁedProfessionalinEngineeringManagement(CPEM)since2017.Hehasserved forover24years,includingover36monthsdeployedinsupportofglobalwaronterrorism (GWOT),incommandandstaffpositionswithintheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers (USACE)includingasStrategicPlannertotheChiefofEngineers,USACEandasDeputy CommanderofChicagoUSACE.Mostrecently,heservedatWestPointasDirectorofthe OperationsResearchCenterintheDepartmentofSystemsEngineeringandisnowserving astheProgramDirectorfortheSystemsandDecisionSciencesProgram.Heisexperienced andpublishedinsystemsthinkingandsystemsengineeringdisciplinestoincludeworkin theﬁeldsofwaterresources,cognitiveengineering,anddecisionanalysis.Heservesas PresidentElectfortheAmericanSocietyforEngineeringManagementandiscoeditorof the SISEIndustrialandSystemsEngineeringReviewJournal.

Foreword

TheattacksofSeptember11,2001catalyzedafundamentalreassessmentofglobalsupplychainsecurity.Inparticular,thehijackingofpassengerairplanesandthetargetingof theWorldTradeCenterprofoundlyillustratedthatglobalcommercewasanideological targetofAl-Qaedaanditssympathizersabroad.AstheUSDepartmentofHomeland SecuritysoughttoreinintheconstellationofthreatsfacingtheUnitedStatesinthis post 9/11era,acriticaltaskofthiseffortwasreevaluatingthethreatsandvulnerabilities associatedwiththeintermodalmaritimesupplychain.

Intermodalmaritimeoperationshaveevolvedsigniﬁcantlyintheyearsfollowing September11.Thisisnotaltogethersurprising.Oneofthehallmarksofglobalizationhas beentheproclivityofsupplychainstoreachoutwardinsearchofnewsuppliersand efﬁciencies,oftenwithsecurityasasecondaryorperipheralconcern.Advancementsin technology,theeconomic,andinfrastructuraldevelopmentofemergingmarkets,and internationaltradeagreementshavecollectivelybroadenedthetouchpointsoftheglobal supplychaintoincludeinsecure,opaqueoperatingenvironments.Foritspart,theUnited Stateshasenactedanarrayofpoliciesandinitiativesdesignedtobettermanagethis dynamicrisklandscape.TheMaritimeTransportationSecurityAct,theNationalStrategy forMaritimeSecurity,theCustoms-TradePartnershipAgainstTerrorism(CTPAT),the SecureFreightInitiative,andtheContainerSecurityInitiativearebutafewexamplesof US-ledinitiativesdesignedtoaddressintermodalsupplychainsecurity.Theevolutionary natureoftheglobalsupplychainandtherapidgrowthofcontainerizationmeanthat theseinitiativeswillrequirecontinuedrecalibrationfrompolicymakersandvigilance fromenforcemententitiesintheyearsahead.

TheCOVID-19pandemicposesyetanothermultifacetedchallengetotheintermodal maritimesupplychain.Atvariouspointsduringthepandemic,supplychainshavebeen snarledbyapatchworkoflockdowns,crossbordertransportationrestrictions,andbusiness closures.Athome,thecommercialmaritimeindustryhaskeptthenationrunningduring thedeepestpointsofthecrisis,ensuringthatlogisticalneedscontinuetobemetand medicalsupplieslikeventilatorsreachresource-strainedhospitals.Thesecurityofthese criticalgoodsreliesinnosmallpartontheJonesAct.Overacenturylater,theJonesAct of1917keepsthetetherbetweeneconomicsecurityandnationalsecurityintactby mandatingthatonlyAmerican-owned,ﬂagged,andoperatedvesselscarrymaritimecargo betweentwoUSpoints.Inadditiontothevisibilityandcontroladvantages,theJonesAct

securestheUnitedStatesagainstforeignmanipulationofUSwaterwaysforgeopolitical purposes.TheJonesActalsoempowersUSmarinerstoserveascitizensentinelson America’scoasts,workingcloselywiththeUSCoastGuardtoreportcriminalbehavior andsuspiciousactivity.

Theimportanceandtimelinessofthisbookcannotbeoverstated.Thearrivalofthis bookcomesatatimewhenglobalcooperationandasharedunderstandingoftherisk landscapeareneededtoconfrontbothenduringandemergentthreatstomaritimesecurity andtheglobalsupplychain.TheCOVID-19pandemicpromisestobeaprotractedchallengetointermodalmaritimeoperations,whichwillalmostcertainlybecompoundedby badactorsseekingtoexploittheturbulentinternationalenvironment.“IntermodalMaritimeSecurity:AnApproachtoSupplyChainEfﬁciencyandRiskMitigation”offersa comprehensiveeducationforstakeholdersacrossindustry,government,andacademia.It isessentialreadingforanyonewhoseekstoadvanceUSmaritimesecurityandexpand thebeneﬁtsofaglobalsupplychain.

MichaelChertoff

Secretary,U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity(2005 2009)

Preface

Intermodalmaritimetransportationisanextremelycomplexundertakingmeaningthatone mustappreciatethespecificexpertiserequiredtounderstanditsspecificcomponentparts. Thisbookisaneditedvolumewherebytheeditorshavesoughttoaccessthein-depth knowledgeofarangeofnotableexpertsthathailfromtheshippingindustry,insurance, government,andacademia.Manyareveryseniorintheirorganizations;hence,thereare chapterswhereanonymityhasbeennecessaryinorderthatanyattributionwillbeprecluded.Ratherthantakingastrictlyesotericapproach,severalchapterswillopenwitha vignetteportrayingarealisticalbeitfictionalsituationfromwhichtheremainderofthe chapterwillbeabletoexpand.

Chapter1discussestheMaritimeTransportationSecurityActandthecomponentplans foundwithintheNationalStrategyforMaritimeSecurityestablishedbytheNational SecurityPresidentialDirective13andtheHomelandSecurityPresidentialDirective41. Collectively,theseformtheregulatoryframeworkforsecuringinternationalmaritimetrade. Toprovidethereaderwithabasicunderstandingofintermodaloperations,Chapter2 providessomehistoryofthetechnologyaswellasaworkingknowledgeofthe infrastructureandassetsemployed.Inasmuchasintermodaltransportationrequiresa substantialinvestmentinlandsideassets,Chapter3differentiateswatersidefromlandside whereasChapter4underscoresthenecessaryinteractionbetweenmaritime,trucking,and railmodes.Collectively,thesethreechapterscanbedeemedthe operationalprimer in thebook.

Throughoutmanychapters,theissueofriskandvulnerabilitywillberepeatednumerous times;hence,Chapters5and6examinethesefromthestandpointofamajormarine casualtyinsurer.Chapter7reviewssomeofthebackgroundofthethreatsposedbyterrorists andnonstateactorswhereasChapters8and9addressthephysicalandtechnological considerationsneededfromanengineeringperspectiveforprotectinglandside infrastructure.Agrowingconcern,andcertainlyonewheretherearenewdevelopments nearlyweekly,istheproblemofcyberthreats,whichChapter10focusesonmanyofthe facetsthatareofpresentconcernplussomeconsiderationofthoseanticipatedforthe future.

EarlierinChapter1,thereisanemphasisplacedonthemultinationalroleofprotecting internationaltrade.Consequently,Chapter11providesavaluabletaxonomyofthevarious

initiativesputintoplaysincetheendofWorldWarII,buthighlightsthecumulativeeffect thatthesehavehadwheretodaythereareseveralinternationalagreementsthatendeavorto vetthechainofcustodyofthemerchandisetrade,somewithaparticularfocuson containerization.LestthisvolumehaveasolelyUS-centricapproach,Chapter12provides theIsraeliperspectivewithitsuniquesituationandsecurityissuesthatmustberecognized andovercome.Chapters13 15endeavortoaddresstherespectivespeciﬁcsofassessing riskatforeignportsofloading,issuesforgoodsintransitonthehighseas,andthematterof riskatUSports.Withtheneedtobeabletoassessriskinanexpeditiousmanner,Chapter 16proposesapotentiallyusefulmodelthatexaminesmultiplefacetsoftheintermodal journey.DubbedtheMaritimeCARVERModel,itisbasedonaU.S.ArmyCARVER targetingmodel,butclearlyhasbeenadaptedforintermodalmaritimeshipping.

Chapter17endeavorstoapplysystemstheorytotheproblemrecognizingthatmaritime shippingingeneral,andintermodalshippinginparticular,isacomplexundertakingwhere notonlyanunderstandingoftheoperatingenvironmentisconcernedbutalsohowallof thoseelementsﬁttogetherintoacomprehensiveprocess.Theapplicationofsystemstheory canthenbeusedtopinpointtherelevantvulnerabilityand,therefore,provideguidancefor whereprevention,enforcement,andinterdictioneffortsneedtobefocused.Chapter18 providesbackgroundonpublicpolicy,butthenestablishesacompellingcasefortheuseof public private,private-private,andpublic-publicpartnershipsforprovidingacomprehensiveapproachtosecurity.

Finally,Chapter19combinesmanyofthekeythoughtsadvancedbythemanychapter authorsandprovidessomeinsightsforthewhereandthehowintermodalmaritimesecurity effortsmayevolvemovingforward.Wedonotwishtoleavetheimpressionthatthisisany manneraperfectvisionofthefuturegiventhenumberofoperativevariablesandthe dynamicnatureofthepolitical-economiclandscape.Still,ourobjectiveistoraisethecollectiveconsciousnessofthemanyandvariedparticipantsthatbydeﬁnitionincludesindustrypractitioners,governmentofﬁcialsatalllevels,academicsconductingrelevant research,andstudents.Wearelivinginatimeofincreasedinternationaleconomicinterdependency;therefore,astheprimarymodeoftransportation,itisintermodalmaritime transportation,astheenablerofthatinterdependency,thatmustbesecured.

Acknowledgments

Undertakingabookhavingsuchfar-reachingissuesaswellasimplicationshasrequiredthe involvementofmanyindividuals,bothdirectlyandindirectly.Ourimmediateappreciation extendstoourvariousnamedchapterauthorsthatincludeDr.JamesForestfromthe HomelandSecurityProgramattheUniversityofMassachusettsLowell;CaptainAlexander Gerson,SeniorResearchFellow,andMr.TomerMay,IsraelMinistryofTransportSecurity OfﬁcerandGraduateStudent,bothoftheWydraDivisionforShippingandPortsResearch, MaritimePolicy,andStrategyResearchCenter,UniversityofHaifa;CaptainJonHelmick oftheU.S.MerchantMarineAcademy;AndrewMorrowfromtheInformationSystems ProgramatPennStateUniversity;MattPetersonofLMI,Inc.;andLieutenantColonel JamesSchreiner,Ph.D.,oftheU.S.MilitaryAcademyatWestPoint.Therearealsothose individualswhowereunabletoauthorchapters,butneverthelessprovideduswithimportant leadsforothers.Hence,thankyoutoDominicO’LearyofPhilaPort,MikeFordofBDP International,andJamesDroganfromStateUniversityofNewYork Maritime.

Ofspecialnote,thereareseveralauthorswhowerewillingtosharetheirextensiveexpertise butfounditpreferabletoremainanonymous.Theircontributionscanbesoextensiveonly becausetheyhavechosentoforegoattributionforboththemselvesandtheorganizations thattheyrepresent.

Providingimportantguidancefortheeditorialworkandproductionofthebook,wethank NaomiRobertsonfromElsevier,whodespitebeinghalfaworldawayinLondon,keptus ontrackandfocusedaswelaboredon.Duringsummer2020,wewereprivilegedtohave BennettAbrams,astudentatTulaneUniversity,whowasdualmajoringinHomeland SecurityandPoliticalSciencetakeanindependentstudyunderoursupervisiontoassistus withsomeoftheresearchandchapterwriting.HecontributedextensivelytoChapters8,9, and13,whereheisalsolistedasacoauthorbutwasalsoanactiveparticipantinour weeklyonlineconferences.

AspecialthanksgoestoMr.LeeKair,PrincipalatTheChertoffGroup,forarrangingfor SecretaryMichaelChertofftowritetheForeword.LeeandGarycollaboratedinthepast whentheybothworkedtogetherattheTransportationSecurityAdministration.Garywas theAssistantFederalSecurityDirector-SurfaceTransportationfortheSouthCentralRegion

Acknowledgments

undertheleadershipofLeewhowastheAssistantAdministratorforSecurityOperations, andthiswasduringMichaelChertoff’stenureastheSecretaryofHomelandSecurity.

Finally,nosuchworkcouldeverhavebeenundertakenwithouttheongoingsupportofour lovingwives,BobbieandMary.Theyenduredtheendlesshoursofourworkinginsolitude oftenmakingfordelayedmealsandgettingtogetherwithfamilyandfriends,ourfrequent telephoneandonlineconferences,andournonstopthinkingaboutsecuremaritime transportation.Theyencourageduswhenweneededitmost,oftenwithjusttheright measureofhumortolightenourmoodaswellasthetasksathand.

GaryGordon RichYoung

9/11,MaritimeTransportationSecurity Act(MTSA),andhowwegottowhere weare?

RichardR.YoungPh.D.,FCILT 1,GaryA.GordonPhD,PE,MEMS,LTCUSA (Ret.) 2

1SchoolofBusinessAdministration,CapitalCollege,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,Middletown, PA,UnitedStates; 2DepartmentofCivil & EnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofMassachusetts Lowell,Lowell,MA,UnitedStates

DuringWorldWarII,theUnitedStateswasprotectedbythesizeofthecountryaswellas twogreatoceansthatwouldhavemadeanypotentialinvasionanextraordinarilydifﬁcult undertaking.Thesupplylinesnecessarytoexecutesuchaninvasion,whetherfromthe PaciﬁcortheAtlanticsides,wouldhavebeenthousandsofmileslongandbedevoidof anyAxis-friendlynationthatcouldfunctionasaforwardstagingarea(akalogisticsbase) suchastheroleplayedbyBritainfortheEuropeanFront.

Fastforward50þ yearsto2001whenhijackedplaneswereusedtoattackthehigh-proﬁle targetsofthePentagonandtheWorldTradeCenterTowers.Manyinthemediaaswellas industryhaduttered“Itwasadaythatchangedthetransportationindustry,notjust aviation,forever.”Theworrywasthatforeignenemiesandthewideexpansesofocean thathaveprotectedUSshoreswouldnolongerbeabletoprovidethesamedegreeof protectionastheyhadonly60yearsprior.Arguably,theunderlyingcauseforconcernwas theintermodalcontainer,buttounderstandthisthinkingrequiresonetodecomposewhat intermodalismhasprovidedus.Forone,fewereyesareabletoobservethegoodsbecause theyaresealedinsideametalbox,butthesecondreasonisthatthetransittimefrom origintoﬁnaldestinationissubstantiallycompressedwhencomparedwithbreak-bulk shipping thestandardpracticeofonlyahalfcenturyprior.Finally,andperhaps,themost compellingreasonisthequantumincreaseinthevolumeofimportedgoods sinceWorld WarIIworldeconomieshavebecomefarmoreinterdependent.

InthemonthsfollowingSeptember11,2001,stepshadquicklybeenimplemented worldwidetoinspectbothpassengersandcargointendingtoboardcommercialaircraft.In

theUnitedStates,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)wasestablishedunder theDepartmentofTransportation,butsoontransferredtothenewlyformedDepartmentof HomelandSecurity.IfthereweretobefurtherjihadistattacksontheUnitedStatesusing theaviationmode,ithadjustgottenmoredifﬁcult.Withthenumberofinternational ﬂightsarrivingintheUnitedStatesdailytotalinglessthanthenumberofcontainersthat canbeloadedaboardevenamodestsizevessel,itbecomesreadilyapparentthatfuture attemptstoattackUScommerce,ifnotthesoil,couldpotentiallycomefromthemaritime transportmode.Assessingthemanyfacetsofmaritimetransportation,orwhathasbecome knownasMaritimeDomainAwareness(MDA)wassummarizedbyPresidentBushinthe 2002StateoftheUnionAddress:

TheheartoftheMaritimeDomainAwarenessprogramisaccurateinformation,intelligence,surveillance,andreconnaissanceofallvessels,cargo,andpeopleextendingwell beyondourtraditionalmaritimeboundaries.

NSMS(2005g).

Laterthatyear,CongresspassedtheMaritimeTransportationSecurityAct(MTSA)that begantheprocessofimprovingthesecurityoverallofthoseelementsthatPresidentBush hadarticulated.MTSArequiredtheformationofAreaMaritimeSecurityCommittees (AMSC)withineachoftheU.S.CoastGuard(USCG)CaptainofthePort(COTP) jurisdictions.1 AnAMSCconsistsofexperiencedmaritimelocalstakeholdersthatadvise theCOTP,butarealsoinstrumentalinthedevelopmentoftheirrespectiveAreaMaritime SecurityPlans(AMSP)(U.S.CoastGuard,2002).

MTSAisconsideredthecornerstoneforalloftheinitiativesthatweretofollowandoften thereferencetoMTSAisintendedtoincludetheelementsoftheNationalStrategyfor MaritimeSecurity(NSMS)whichisfarmoredetailed(Borchert,2014;Departmentof HomelandSecurity,2003).AppendixAtothischaptercontainstheﬁndingsthatservedas theunderlyingrationaleforUSregulationofmaritimetransportationmovingforward (USC2101,2002).

Ultimately,eightsupportingimplementationplansweredevelopedascomponentsofthe NSMSasprovidedforundertheNationalSecurityPresidentialDirective 41/Homeland SecurityPresidentialDirective 13(NSPD-41/HSPD-13)(WhiteHouse,2004).This chapterwilladdressnotonlythespeciﬁcsoftheNSMScomponents,butalsoconsider:(1) thetraditionalcomponentsthatcomprisetheactivitiesofthemaritimetrade,and(2)the globalsupplychainasbestdescribedbytheSupplyChainOperationsReference(SCOR) Model(NationalStrategyforMaritimeSecurity,2005;SupplyChainCouncil,2010).

1 ACaptainofthePort(COTP)isaseniorU.S.CoastGuardofﬁcerthatisempoweredwithfar-reaching federalauthorities thepowertocontrolvessels,facilities,activities,andpeopleonAmerica’snavigable waterwaysinordertosafeguardthemarinetransportationsystem.Seealso ProceedingsoftheMarineSafety andSecurityCouncil,75:2(Fall,2018)foracomprehensivediscussionoftheCOTPposition.

AlthoughtheNSMSseekstolinkamultiplicityofotherwisediscreteactivities,manyof thesehavecontinuedtofunctionindependentlyalbeitwithcognizanceofthelarger securityissue.

MaritimetradeandtheSupplyChainOperationsReferencemodel

OneofthemostusefulcontemporarymodelsforexplainingsupplychainsistheSCOR model.Originallycreatedduringthelate1990s,ithasgonethroughseveraliterations; however,thebasicpremiseremainsintact:supplychainsconsistofmultipleentitieseach oneconductingsource,make,anddeliveractivities,buttherealsobeinganoverarching planactivityasisdepictedin Fig.1.1.Thetotalsupplychainextendsfromthatpointthat amaterialiseitherharvestedorminedfromtheEarthtowhenitsﬁnishedproductis totallyconsumedbytheﬁnalcustomerandthereisdispositionoftheresidual.

Betweenthosetwoevents,thereareamyriadofactivitiesperformedbynumerous participants,butbetweenthoseactivities,orlinksiftheexampleofachainistocontinue, lietransportationthatsomehavereferredtoasthegluethatholdsthesupplychain together.Moreover,therearethreeprincipalﬂowsthattranscendthetotallengthofthe supplychain:physical,information,andﬁnancial(asshownin Fig.1.2).

Firmsdonothavejustasinglesupplychain,butrathermultipleonesthatmayormaynot havecomponentsincommon.Consider,forexample,thebasicsupplychainsofan automobileassemblerwheresteelbodystampings,tires,windshieldandwindowglass, seating,paint,electronics,andlightingcomponentsbynecessityallhavedifferentsources, henceeachhasitsowndiscretesupplychain.Whethergoodsaresourcedinternationally

Figure1.1

Figure1.2

Supplychainparallelﬂows:physical,information,andﬁnancial. AdaptedfromSupplyChainCouncil, 2010.SupplyChainOperationsReferenceModel:Overview,Version10.0.Cypress,TX.

ordomestically,themaindriversare:(1)continuityofsupply,(2)conformanceto establishedspeciﬁcations,(3)economicviability,and(4)timelyavailability.

Whythisisimportantisthateachofthosesupplychainsrepresentsvulnerabilitywith respecttonationalsecurity,especiallyifanyrespectivesupplychainoriginatesoffshore becauseeachentityasdiscussedintheprevioussectionofthischapterneedstobevetted whenthechainofcustodyisdocumented.Thetermsupplychainisoftenattributedto ChryslerCorporationbecauseduringtheearly1980sﬁnancialrescueitsmanagement realizedthatitwasthemostvulnerabletodisruptionbecauseofthehighdependencythat theyhadonoutsidesourcesofsupplywhencomparedtobothFordandGeneralMotorsas wellastheJapanesecompetition.

Withtherepeatedsource-make-deliveractivitiesrepresentinganactualchain,theother elementoftheSCORmodelthataddsclaritytothediscussionisitsidentificationofthe principalflows:physical,information,andfinancial.Physicalflowhasalwaysbeenatthe coreofsupplychainmanagementfromevenbeforethatmonikerhadbeendevised.The interestwasinobtainingtherightgoodsattherighttime,butalsoattherightplaceand oftherightquality(e.g.,specification).Yearslater,therecametherealizationthatthere wasarobustinformationflowthatexistedbetweenbuyersandsellerswhichwasthekey enablerofthephysicalflow.Finally,thereisthefinancialflow,ortheflowofpayments forgoodsandservicesrendered,whichwaseitherenabledorimpededbythe performanceofthephysicalflow.Whythisdiscussionappearshereistoexplainthat variousparticipantsintheglobalsupplychainhaveparticularprimaryrolesvis-a ` -visone oftheseflows.

Componentsofinternationalmaritimetrade

Internationalmaritimetradecanbetermedacomplexandoftenthoughtofasamessy affairthathaslotsofmovingpartsmanagedbyaplethoraofspecialistentities.Itisa complexendeavorthatbearssomesimilaritytoadomesticland-basedcounterpartbut

containsnumerousuniquecomponentsintendedtoprotecttheinterestsofsellers,buyers, exporters,importers,governments,shipowners,landandseatransportationservice providers,andﬁnancialinstitutions.Moreover,therearealternativecombinationsofthese entitiesdependingupon:(1)theinternationalcommercialtermsagreedupon,2 (2)the locationofthesellerandexporter,(3)therelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller,(4) particularcapabilitiesorexpertiseoftheimporterandtheexporter,and(5)thenatureof thegoodsthemselves.

Whenconsideringallofthecombinationspossible,itisthecomplexitythatmakes internationalmaritimetradesochallengingtomanage.Itwastheadventofcontainerization, atopicthatwillbediscussedatlengthinChapter2,thatendeavoredtoatleastsimplify transportationbecauseitreadilyacceptedawiderangeofgoodsandwhenitbecamea ubiquitoustechnologylargelyremovedthenatureofthegoodsasakeyvariable.Foreaseof explanation, Fig.1.3 addressessomeofthiscomplexitythroughthelensofmaritime transportation.

Importersmaynotbethesamepartyastheultimateconsigneeforseveralreasons,but perhapsthemostsigniﬁcantisthattheconsigneemaynothavetheexpertiseneededto

Figure1.3

Internationalmaritimetrade:signiﬁcantcombinations. Young,R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,FlanneryHayes,M.,Tillotson,F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiativeMaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBrieﬁng, (unpublished).AppliedResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefenseThreatReductionAgency.

2 Incoterms,orInternationalCommercialTerms,aredeﬁnedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce, Paris,France.Theseareupdatedevery10years,butgiventheircomplexityspeciﬁcdetailswillnotbe providedinthisbook. 9/11,MaritimeTransportationSecurityAct(MTSA)7

effectinternationaltrade.Asimilarsituationexistswiththeexportersandmanufacturers, whichmightbeoneinthesame,butnotnecessarily.Ithasbeenalongstandingpractice thatJapanesemanufacturershavereliedontradingcompaniestobothrepresentandhandle theirinternationalshippingneeds.Oftenthereisatradingcompanyasamemberofa Japanesekieretsu,orgroupofrelatedﬁrms.

Althoughcontainerlinesbeganofferingsolelyport-to-portservices,thischangedinthe mid-1980swhenpoint-to-pointoptionsappearedwherelineswouldincludeinland transportationatoneorbothendsofthetransaction.Whengoodsarenotofsufficient volumetowarranttheuseofanentirecontainer,theroleofaconsolidatorcomesinto play,specificallythenonvesseloperatingcommoncarrier(NVOCC)asshownwiththe alternateflowin Fig.1.4.Thesearealsoemployedforthemovementofhouseholdgoods, whichremainshipmentsofinterestwithregardtosmugglingingeneralandterrorist activityspecifically.

Dependinguponthesizeofthecontainerlineandthescaleofbusinessinparticularports, someportlocationswillbeeitherownedoroperatedbythelines,orconverselytheline willbejustoneofseveralsmallertenantlinesmakingthatportcall.

Finally,the1990ssawtheadventofthethird-partylogisticsproviders,or3PL,wherethe servicesforthephysicalandinformationﬂowscouldbebundledandofferedtoimporters andexporters.

Figure1.4

Physicalﬂows:primaryandalternate. Young,R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,Flannery-Hayes,M.,Tillotson, F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiativeMaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBrieﬁng,(unpublished).Applied ResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefenseThreatReductionAgency.

Internationaltradeisaregulatedactivityforseveralreasons:(1)historicallycustoms dutieswereakeyrevenuesourceformostnations,butwiththeliberalizationoftradehas becomelessofanissue;(2)manygoodsmaybeprohibitedorsubjectedtoquotasinorder toprotectdomesticindustry;and(3)manygoodsmaybebarredoutrightdependingonthe natureofthegoodsand/orcountryoforigin.Illicitdrugsclearlyfallintothiscategory,but theremightalsobeaprohibitiononsomeanimalandagriculturalproductswhereinvasive speciesmightbeaconcern,andevenCubancigars.

Theinformationﬂowiscriticaltotheregulatoryeffortgiventhatmanylargeimporters withregulararrivingshipmentsareknownentitiesandtheircargoesarefrequentlynot physicallyinspected.Documentationistheprimarymethodwherebyshipmentparticulars aredisclosed,whethertoCustomsandotherregulatorsortothecontainerlinesfor devisingstowageplanssuchaswheredangerousgoodswillbestowedonboardships. Withasmanyentitiesashasbeensuggestedsofar,thedocumentationactivitiesneedto touchmanydifferentpartieseachwithdifferentinterests.Tofollowtheprocessinorderof occurrence, Fig.1.5 beginswiththeexporter’sactivities.

Foreaseofdiscussion,activitieshavebeenbifurcatedbetweenimportersandexporters. Dependinguponthesizeoftheexporter,activitiesmaybeperformedin-houseorasis oftenthecasewithsmallerﬁrms,mostlikelyoutsourcedtothefreightforwarder.Manyof theseactivitiesarethepassingofdocumentationwherethegoodsaredescribedincluding

Figure1.5

Informationﬂows:exporteractivities. Young,R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,Flannery-Hayes,M.,Tillotson, F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiativeMaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBrieﬁng,(unpublished).Applied ResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefenseThreatReductionAgency. 9/11,MaritimeTransportationSecurityAct(MTSA)9

Figure1.6

Informationﬂows:importer’sactivities. Young,R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,Flannery-Hayes,M., Tillotson,F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiativeMaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBrieﬁng,(unpublished). AppliedResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefenseThreatReductionAgency.

theirweightandphysicaldimensions,theimporteridentified,andvaluedeclared. Moreover,wherebanksareinvolvedinthetransaction,theexactperformanceincluding timewillbestipulatedbytheimporter.Bycomparison,asshownin Fig.1.6,the informationflowsoftheimportermaybesignificantlyless,howevernotethatgovernment playsakeypartwhetherincludedasanexporter’sfloworthatoftheimporter.

Therearetwosignificantclassificationsoffinancialflow:thatasactualpaymentforthe goodsandthepaymentforthevariousservicesrequiredtofacilitatethesale.Theformer isquitestraightforwardwheretheimportereitherpaystheexporterdirectlyonanopen accountbasis,oralternativelypaymentiseffectedthroughtheinitiatingandcorresponding banksasonaletterofcredit.Thepaymentforthoseservicesprovidedbythecarriersand thevariousintermediariescanbesignificantlymoreinvolved,asshownin Fig.1.7,where thevariousInternationalCommercialTerms(Incoterms)aswellastheotherelementsof thecommercialarrangementswilldictatewhopayswhomforwhich.

Thecomplexitybecomesobviouswherenotonlytheactivitiesoftheimporterarecombined withthoseoftheexporter,butwhenthephysical,information,andﬁnancialﬂowsarealso takenintoconsideration.Itbecomesobvious,asshownin Fig.1.8,thatthepermutationsof participantsanddataelementscannumberinthehundreds.Somepartieswillpossessallof thedetailsofaparticularshipment,whileotherswillhaveonlyscantorlimitedknowledge.

Figure1.7

Financialﬂows:paymentfortransportation,intermediaryservices,anddutiesandtaxes. Young, R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,Flannery-Hayes,M.,Tillotson,F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiative MaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBrieﬁng,(unpublished).AppliedResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefense ThreatReductionAgency.

Figure1.8

Combinedflows:physical,information,andfinancial. Young,R.,Peterson,M.,Novak,L.,FlanneryHayes,M.,Tillotson,F.,2011.ProliferationSecurityInitiativeMaritimeIndustryStudyFinalBriefing, (unpublished).AppliedResearchLaboratoriesprojectforDefenseThreatReductionAgency.

Nevertheless,itisalsoakeypointthattheimporterandtheexporterarethosetwoparties thatwillhavethemostknowledgeoftheshipment,apointthatwillberaisedinlater chapterswhenknowledgeofthechainofcustodyisanimportantkeytosecurity.

SupportingimplementationplansoftheNSMS

WiththeeightcomponentpartsofNSMSunderstanding,theparticularfocusofeachand howitrelatestothekeyelementsofmaritimetradeingeneralisveryinstructivegiventhe alreadyestablishedfactthatthemaritimedomainisalreadycomplexbutmademoreso withtheongoingdevelopmentofmultinationalregulationsandindustrypractices.Asthis bookwilldiscussinthefollowingchapters,intermodalismhasbothaddedto,butinsome respects,assuagedthatcomplexity.

MaritimeDomainAwareness

Echoingthediscussionabovethatlabeledthemaritimedomainascomplex,theNSMS ImplementationPlanforDomainAwareness(NSMS-DA)deﬁnesMDAas“[T]heeffective understandingofanythingassociatedwiththeglobalmaritimedomainthatcouldimpact thesecurity,safety,economyorenvironmentoftheUnitedStates.”Moreover,MDA requiresthenationtocollect,fuse,analyze,display,anddisseminateactionableintelligence toanarrayofinterestedpublicandprivatesectorstakeholders.Assuch,theGlobal MaritimeIntelligenceIntegrationPlan(IIP)providesthenecessaryframeworkidentifying whatinformationneedstobecollectedandwhatitssourcesmaybe.TheMDAtherefore becomesthebasisfortheformulationoftheMaritimeOperationalThreatResponsePlan.

TheMDAPlanisbasedonobtainingpersistentandextensiveintelligencefromarangeof USagencies,theprivatesector,andforeigngovernmentsourcesthatcouldbedeemeda newerainthatthoseapproachesofthepasthalfcenturyarenolongeradequateforthe taskathand.Theplanadvocatesemployinginnovativeandenhancedmeansofcollecting intelligenceandtobeabletocombineitwithwhatmightotherwisebedisparate information,whetherpubliclyorprivatelysourcedinordertoprovideamore comprehensiveandinformedpicture.TheMDAremainscognizantofthenecessityof improvinganalyticaltechniques,butthennamestheNationalMaritimeIntelligence Center3 asthefocalagencywhichischargedwithcuttingacrossorganizationalboundaries inorderthattheMDAbedevelopedandsharedbymeansoftheCommonOperating Picture(COP)innearrealtime(VanceandVicente,2006;NSMS,2005g).

3 TheNationalMaritimeIntelligenceCenter,locatedattheSuitlandFederalCenteroutsideWashington,DC, isoperatedbytheU.S.CoastGuard.

GlobalMaritimeIntelligenceIntegrationPlan

Justastheeventsof9/11werenotforeseenbecauseanarrayofgovernmentagencieswere notableto“connectthedots”representedbynonintegratedintelligence,theIIPendeavors toleveragealloftheavailableintelligenceregardingthreatstothemaritimedomain.With 95,000milesofcoastlineandmillionsofsquaremilesofoceanwithintheExclusive EconomicZone(EEZ)oftheUnitedStates,therearenumerousportscontainingcountless piecesofinfrastructuresuchascontainerterminals,bridgesandtunnels,aidsto navigation,shipchannels,andfuelingfacilities.Moreover,withbetterthanthreequarters ofthepopulationresidingwithin200milesofacoastline,theUScitizenryalsoremainsat signiﬁcantriskfromterroristactionscomingfromthesea.Thatmaritimedomainthat servesthenation’seconomicactivitiesalsoposesconsiderableriskbecauseoftheeaseof movementandrelativeanonymityalsofacilitatescriminalaction.

TheIIPconcernsitselfnotjustwithterroristactivities,butarangeofundesirablecriminal onesthatincludesmugglingofdrugs,weaponsandtheircomponents,money,andhuman trafﬁcking,manyofwhichcouldbeneﬁtfromexploitingnaturaldisastersandtheir diversionoflawenforcementassets(seesidebarforanexampleofsuchapotentialevent). Theconceptofalayereddefenseisemployedbythemilitarybutisalsousefulfor protectinginfrastructure.TheimportanceoftheIIPrestswithaugmentingalayered defenseandkeepinguntowardactivitiesatthegreatestdistancefromtheUShomelandas possible.Thedetection,location,andtrackingofpotentialthreatstoUSmaritimeinterests andprovidingforcommunitysharingofinformationaretheprimaryintentoftheIIP.The objectivesarticulatedintheIIPdocumentsarefourfold:(1)preventionofterroristattacks andcriminalorhostileacts;(2)protectionofmaritime-relatedpopulationcentersand criticalinfrastructure;(3)minimizedamageandexpediterecoveryafteranyincident;and (4)safeguardtheoceansandtheirresources(NSMS,2005c).

Exampleofpotentialexploitingofnaturaldisasters

WhenpreparingforHurricaneKatrina,railcarscarryingtoxic/poisoninhalationhazards(T/ PIH)wereevacuatedfromNewOrleansandtakenwestandinlandtowardHouston.Asa result,therailyardsandavailablestoragetrackswereatornearcapacityasHurricaneRita approachedTexasaboutamonthlater.TheevacuationorprotectionoftheT/PIHrailcars fromHoustonandthesurroundingareaswascomplicatedbytheinterceptionofchatterabout terroristspossiblyexploitingthedisasterbytargetingthehazmatrailcarsasHurricaneRita approachedandmadelandfall.TheTSAcontactedthemanyrailroadsalongtheGulfCoast alertingthemofthepotentialandtotakeappropriateactionstosecureinfrastructureand equipmenttoprotectagainstthepossibleattack.Fortunately,nothingmaterialized,however,a successfulattackwouldhaveexceededHouston’sabilitytorespondandrecover.Thisoccurrencehintsofhowtransportationoperationsandinfrastructurecanbeexploitedforterrorist purposesduringanaturaldisaster.Intheportenvironment,hurricanes,especiallyalongthe

Exampleofpotentialexploitingofnaturaldisasters cont’d

EastandGulfCoasts,couldexposeoperationsandinfrastructuretoexploitationopportunities ashurricanesapproachandmakelandfall.Therefore,thepotentialforthisshouldbeconsideredwhensecurityandemergencyplanningisconducted.

MaritimeOperationalThreatResponsePlan

Thisplanendeavorstoestablishthemechanismwherebythenationcanrespondtothreats inapromptanddecisivemanner.Thisislargelyacombinationoflawenforcementand military4activities.Giventhedynamicsofadvancingtechnologyaswellastheoriginsof threats,thetypesofresponsesarevariedandthemannerinwhichtheyaredeployedis ﬂuidtherebymakingfurtherexpansionofthisdiscussioninappropriate.

Internationaloutreachandcoordinationstrategy

Weliveinaglobaleconomywithinterdependencybeingitscornerstone.Thatbeingthe case,theprotectionofthemaritimedomainthereforeequatestoprotectingthesealanes foroceantransportation.TheUnitedStatessharesamutualdependencywiththeother nationsoftheworld.Thisstrategyisbestsummedupasthefollowinggoalsand objectivestakenverbatimfromitstext.

StrategicGoal1:AcoordinatedpolicyofUSgovernmentmaritimesecurityactivities withforeigngovernments,internationalandregionalorganizations,andtheprivatesector.

StrategicObjective1.1:Establishuniﬁed,consistentUSpositionsonmaritimesecurityprogramsandinitiativesforUSbilateralandmultilateralexchanges.

StrategicObjective1.2:Emphasizetheimportanceofmaritimesecurityasakey priorityinUSinternationalpolicy.

StrategicObjective1.3:Ensurethefullintegrationofinternationallawinthe advancementofglobalmaritimesecurityatinternationalmeetingsandexchanges.

StrategicObjective1.4:Optimizetheuseofmeetingsandotherexchangeswith countries,internationalandregionalorganizations,andprivatesectorgroupsto advancemaritimesecurity.

StrategicGoal2:Enhancedoutreachtoforeigngovernments,internationalandregional organizations,privatesectorpartners,andthepublicabroadtosolicitsupportfor improvedglobalmaritimesecurity.

4 OneoftheﬁveUSmilitaryservices,theCoastGuardisuniqueinthatithasbothlawenforcementand militaryroles.ItisthesolemilitaryservicethatisnotapartoftheDepartmentofDefense,butratherthe DepartmentofHomelandSecurity.