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INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES FORWASTEWATER TREATMENTAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES FORWASTEWATER TREATMENTAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Editedby VineetKumar
WasteRe-processingDivision,CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineering ResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),NehruMarg,Nagpur, Maharashtra-440020,India
ManishKumar
CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute (CSIR-NEERI),NehruMarg,Nagpur,Maharashtra-440020,India
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
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Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
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ISBN:978-0-323-91180-1
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Dedication Dedicatedtomyteachers,andmentors,fromwhomIcontinuetolearn,andtomyfamilyfor theirsupport,blessings,motivation,andlove.
Dedicatedtomyfamilyespeciallymywifewithoutwhosesupportthisbookwouldnothave beenpossible.
VineetKumar
ManishKumar
Contributorsxv
Abouttheeditorsxxi
Prefacexxiii
Acknowledgmentsxxvii
1.Integrationofphotocatalyticand biologicalprocessesfortreatmentof complexeffluent:Recentdevelopments, trends,andadvances1
GovindarajDivyapriya,LakshmiPisharody,AnsafV.Karimand PuthiyaVeetilNidheesh
1.1Introduction1
1.2Biologicaltreatmentoforganic contaminants3
1.2.1Activatedsludgeprocess4
1.2.2Anaerobicdigestion4
1.2.3Tricklingbedfilter/bioreactor5
1.2.4Membranebioreactor5
1.2.5Movingbedbiofilmreactor5
1.3Photocatalyticdegradationoforganic contaminants6
1.4Needforintegratedprocessfortreatmentof complexeffluent7
1.5Combinedphotocatalysisandbiological process8
1.5.1Photocatalysisaspretreatment9
1.5.2Photocatalysisaspost-treatment12
1.5.3Multistepprocesses13
1.6Mineralizationandtoxicityreduction14
1.7Pilot-scaleintegratedprocess15
1.8Conclusion16 References16
2.Anaerobicammoniumoxidation (anammox)technologyfornitrogen removalfromwastewater:Recentadvances andchallenges23
HimaniChandel,KirtiShyam,NavneetKumar,GeetanshSharma, ManuYadav,SibirajMurugesan,SaurabhThakurandGauravSaxena
2.1Introduction23
2.2Microbiologyofanaerobicammonium oxidation(anammox)25
2.3Techniquesforenrichmentofanammox28
2.3.1Anammoxenrichmentinbatch experiments28
2.3.2Anammoxenrichmentinbioreactor systems29
2.3.3Sequencingbatchreactor(SBR)29
2.3.4Upflowanaerobicsludgeblanket (UASB)reactor29
2.3.5Upflowbiofilter(UBF)30
2.4Molecularmethodsforidentificationof anammox30
2.4.1Polymerasechainreactionfollowed bydenaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis (PCR-DGGE)30
2.4.2Denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis (DGGE)31
2.4.3Fluorescentinsituhybridization31
2.4.4Real-timepolymerasechainreaction32
2.5Preservationofanammox32
2.6Carriersandtheireffectsonanammox32
2.7Applicationofanammoxinwastewater treatment33
2.8Factorsaffectingtreatmentperformanceof anammox36 2.8.1pH36
2.8.2Temperature36
2.8.3Effectofsubstrateconcentration36
2.8.4Dissolvedoxygen(DO) concentration37
2.8.5Organicmatter37
2.8.6Sludgeretentiontime37
2.9Integrationofanammoxintoother remediationtechnologiesfor effectivewastewatertreatment37
2.10Challengesandfutureprospectsfor anammoxresearch39
2.11Conclusionandrecommendations40 References40
3.Integratedprocesstechnologyfor recyclingandre-useofindustrialand municipalwastewater:Areview49
YeitHaanTeow,KahChunHo,SumithRanilWickramasinghe, MahmoodGheniJeburandZhenHongChanga
3.1Introduction49
3.2Wastewatertreatmenttechnologies54
3.2.1Differencesbetweenindustrialand municipalwastewater55
3.2.2Classesoftreatmentprocesses56
3.3Integratedprocesses:examplesandbenefits61
3.4Thefutureofwaterreuseopportunities65
3.4.1Potableusage65
3.4.2Nonpotableusage66
3.5Conclusion70 Acknowledgments71 References71
4.Integratedproductionofbiodieseland industrialwastewatertreatmentbyculturing oleaginousmicroorganisms81
SilvanaCarolinaViñarta,DéboraDanielaMaza, PabloMarceloFernández,ManuelJavierAybar andLucíaInésCastellanosdeFigueroa
4.1Alternativeenergysources:biodiesel81
4.1.1Oleaginousmicroorganisms82
4.1.2Lipogenesisinoleaginous microorganismsandmoreimportant aspectsoflipidaccumulation82
4.2SubstratesforSCOproductionbyoleaginous microorganisms84
4.2.1Low-costsubstratesforSCO production85
4.3Integratedstrategiesforsimultaneous productionofSCOandbiologicaltreatment ofwastewatersbyoleaginousmicroorganisms85
4.3.1Wastewatersassubstratesofoleaginous microorganisms86
4.3.2Oleaginousmicroorganismsemployed forsimultaneouswastewatertreatment andSCOproduction86
4.3.3Industrialapplicationofthe wastewatertreatmentbyoleaginous microorganisms:advantages, technology,strategies,problems, andperspectives93
4.4Conclusions96 Acknowledgments97 References97
5.Nature-inspiredecotechnological approachestowardrecyclingandrecoveryof resourcesfromwastewater101
JayantaKumarBiswas,MonojitMondal,VineetKumar, AmitBhatnagar,SomaBiswasandMeththikaVithanage
5.1Introduction101
5.2Livingtechnologies:borrowingideas andinspirationfromMotherNature103
5.3Genesisoftheconceptof“living machines”104
5.4Trademarktenetsoflivingtechnologies: tencommandments(wisdom)ofMother Naturemarkthehallmarks106
5.5Applicationsoflivingtechnologies: MotherNature’sMidastouchfor transformingwaste(water)intowealth107
5.6Designingtraitsfortradingnatural wastewatertreatmentsystems107
5.7Toolsofthetrade112
5.7.1Floralcomponents:thesolar-based photosyntheticfoundations112
5.7.2Faunaldiversity113
5.8Variantsoflivingtechnologicalsystems113
5.8.1Floatingtreatmentwetlands113
5.8.2Integratedwastestabilizationponds trainsystem121
5.8.3Constructedwetlands: phytomicroremediationin Nature’simage125
5.8.4Hydroponics:soillesscultivation129
5.8.5Wastewater-fedaquaculture: awin–winwaytowaste intowealth?133
5.9Conclusions135 References136
6.Integratedmicrobialdesalinationcell andmicrobialelectrolysiscellforwastewater treatment,bioelectricitygeneration,and biofuelproduction:Success,experience, challenges,andfutureprospects145
MohammedAl-Murisi,DanaAl-Muqbel,AmaniAl-Othmanaand MuhammadTawalbeh
6.1Introduction145
6.2Microbialelectrolysiscells(MECs)146
6.2.1MECforwastewatertreatmentand hydrogenproduction148
6.2.2IntegrationMECwithothersystems149
6.2.3MECfortheproductionofvaluable products151
6.3Microbialdesalinationcells(MDCs)153
6.3.1OptimizedMDCsystemsfor wastewatertreatment,salinity removalandpowergeneration153
6.3.2IntegratedMDCsystems156
6.3.3MDCfortheproductionof valuableproducts158
6.4Challengesandlimitations159
6.4.1MECchallenges159
6.4.2MDCchallenges160
6.5.Conclusionsandfutureperspectives161 References162
7.Hydroxyapatiteforenvironmental remediationofwater/wastewater167
PabasariArundathiKoliyabandara,OshadiHettithanthri, AnushkaRathnayake,AnushkaUpamaliRajapaksha, NadeeshaniNanayakkaraandMeththikaVithanage
7.1Introduction167
7.2Synthesisandpropertiesofhydroxyapatite168
7.2.1Synthesistechniques168
7.2.2Propertiesofhydroxyapatite169
7.3Hydroxyapatiteasanadsorbentfor wastewatertreatment170
7.3.1Commonpollutantsinwastewater170
7.3.2Removalofpollutants174
7.4Mechanismsinvolved179
7.4.1Dissolutionprecipitation179
7.4.2Ionexchange181
7.4.3Physicaladsorption182
7.4.4Electrostaticinteractions182
7.5Recenttrendsinwastewatertreatment withHAP182
7.6.Conclusionandfutureperspectives183 Acknowledgments184 References184
8.Algaecoupledconstructedwetland systemforwastewatertreatment191 AkankshaChauhanandSanjeevKumarPrajapati
8.1Introduction191
8.2Constructedwetlandsinwastewatersystem192
8.2.1Classification193
8.2.2Designparameters196
8.2.3Removalefficiency198
8.2.4Limitationswithconstructedwetlands inwastewatertreatment199
8.3Algaeinwastewatertreatment200
8.3.1Cultivationsystemforalgae-mediated wastewatertreatment201
8.3.2Limitationwithalgae-mediated wastewatertreatment202
8.4Algaecoupledconstructedwetland202
8.4.1Removalofnutrients203
8.4.2Removaloforganics203
8.4.3Removalofemergingcontaminants204
8.4.4Challengeswithalgaecoupled constructedwetland204
8.5Resourceandenergyrecoverythrough algaecoupledconstructedwetland204
8.6Real-worldapplicationofalgaecoupled constructedwetland:perspectives205
8.7Conclusionandfutureprospects205 Acknowledgments206 References206
9.IntegratedCO2 sequestration, wastewatertreatment,andbiofuel productionbymicroalgaeculturing: Needsandlimitations217 KhushbooIqbal,NehaSharma,SimranTakkar,SmritiShukla, KartikeyaShukla,AjitVarmaandArtiMishra
9.1Introduction217
9.2Integratedcarbonsequestrationandits sequestrationtechnologies219
9.2.1Integratedapproachinwastewater treatment222
9.2.2Limitationsofcarbonsequestration technologies225
9.2.3Applicationsofintegratedcarbon sequestrationtechnologies225
9.3Microalgae-basedbiorefinery226
9.3.1Biorefineryproducts227
9.4Productsobtainedfrombiorefineryfor biofuelindustry230
9.4.1Bioethanol230
9.4.2Biodiesel231
9.4.3Biomethane231
9.4.4Biofertilizers232
9.4.5Biohydrogen232
9.5Applicationsofmicroalgalbiomass233
9.6Limitationsofalgalbiomassproducts233
9.7Conclusion234 Acknowledgments234 References234
10.Physicochemical–biotechnological approachesforremovalofcontaminants fromwastewater241
DilshadBegumGolgeriM,SyedaUlfathTazeenKadri, SatishKumarMurari,DummiMahadevanGurumurthy, MuhammadBilal,RamNareshBharagava,AnyiHu, PaulOlusegunBankole,LuizFernandoR.Ferreiraand SikandarI.Mulla
10.1Introduction242
10.2Waterpollution243
10.2.1Causesandnatureofcontamination243
10.3Wastewatertreatment-generalscheme245
10.4Physicochemicalapproachesforremovalof contaminantsfromwastewater247
10.4.1Screeninganduseofgritchambers247
10.4.2Flotation247
10.4.3Sedimentation248
10.4.4Centrifugalseparation248
10.4.5Filtration248
10.4.6Reverseosmosis(RO)249
10.5Chemicalapproach249
10.5.1Neutralization249
10.5.2Precipitation249
10.5.3Flocculation251
10.5.4Redoxreactions251
10.5.5Adsorptionwithactivatedcarbon251
10.5.6Ozonation252
10.5.7Disinfection252
10.6Biotechnologicalapproachesforremoval ofcontaminantsfromwastewater252
10.6.1Bioremediation254
10.6.2Phytoremediation255
10.6.3Mycoremediation255 10.6.4Phycoremediation255
10.6.5Nanobiotechnology256 10.7Conclusions256 References258
11.Integratedbiopolymerandbioenergy productionfromorganicwastes:Recent advancesandfutureoutlook261
AnumIqbal,AmaniAl-OthmanandNasserM.Hamdan
11.1Introduction261
11.2Structuralandchemicalcharacteristics ofbiopolymerandbioenergy263
11.3Chemicalinsightsintoorganicwastes267 11.4Traditionaltechnologiesforbioenergy andbiopolymerproductionthrough organicwastes269 11.4.1Conventionalincineration269 11.4.2Hydrothermalincinerationand oxidation270
11.4.3Pyrolysis270 11.4.4Liquefaction270 11.4.5Gasification271 11.4.6Transesterification271 11.4.7Processintensification272 11.4.8Anaerobicdigestionor biomethanation272
11.5Advancedbiotechnologytechniques (integratedsystems)272 11.6Conclusion275 References276
12.Integratedproductionof polyhydroxyalkonate(bioplastic)with municipalwastewaterandsludgetreatment forsustainabledevelopment283
MukeshKumar,InderpalDevgona,RituBala,AbhishekRana, ManpreetKaurSomal,RohanSamirKumarSachanand ArunKarnwal
12.1Introduction283
12.2Enzymes,structureandpropertiesof polyhydroxyalkonate285
12.3Overviewofdifferentsubstratefor PHAproduction287
12.4Chemicalenvironmentandcomposition ofwastewatersludge291
12.5ProductionofPHAusingpureandmixed microbialcultures292
12.6Integrationofpolyhydroxyalkonate productionprocesswithwastewatertreatment plant293
12.7GrowingimpactandpoliciesofPHA-based bioplasticintheworld296
12.8Conclusion298
References298
13.Wastewatertreatmentbyoleaginous algaeandbiodieselproduction: Prospectsandchallenges303
NarasimanNirmala,ShanmugananthamSelvananthamDawn andJayaseelanArun
13.1Introduction303
13.2Contaminantsinindustrialwastewater305
13.3Microalgaeandindustrialwastewater306
13.3.1Microalgaeandagro-industrial wastewater307
13.3.2Microalgaeandheavymetal wastewater307
13.3.3Microalgaeandtextiledye wastewater310
13.4Prospectsofmicroalgaeforbiofuel production310
13.4.1Advantagesofutilizingmicroalgae forbiodieselproduction310
13.4.2Lipidsfrommicroalgae311
13.4.3Inductionofneutrallipidproduction311
13.4.4Extractionofoilfrommicroalgae anditsdifferenttechniques311
13.5Conversionofalgaloiltobiodiesel313
13.5.1Catalytictransesterificationmethods314
13.6Biofuelsandbioproductsacquiredfrom biovolarizationofalgalbiomass315
13.6.1Biodiesel315
13.6.2Biomethane316
13.6.3Bioethanol316
13.6.4Biochar316
13.7Conclusion317 References317
14.Integratingforwardosmosisinto microbialfuelcellsfor wastewatertreatment321
AbdallahAlhajar,MuhammadTawalbeh,DanaArjomand, NooruddinAbdelRahman,HassanKhanandAmaniAl-Othman
14.1Introduction321
14.1.1Microbialfuelcell322 14.1.2Forwardosmosis324 14.2Membranetransporttheory325 14.3Osmoticmicrobialfuelcells326 14.3.1Operationalandmanufactural observations327 14.3.2Applications328 14.4Challengesandobstacles328 14.4.1Reversesoluteflux329 14.4.2Costandefficiency329 14.4.3Membranes330 14.5PreviousstudiesonOsMFCs330 14.6Conclusions332 References332
15.Recenttrendsfortreatmentof environmentalcontaminantsinwastewater: Anintegratedvalorizationof industrialwastewater337
EdwinHualpa-Cutipa,RichardAndiSolórzanoAcosta, SheenaSangay-Tucto,XiomaraGiselaMendozaBeingolea, GianfrancoTalaveraGutierrezandIsabelNavarroZabarburú
15.1Introduction337
15.2Physicochemicalremovalofpollutants fromwastewatergeneratedbyindustries338
15.2.1Removalofadsorption339
15.2.2Removalbyionexchange340
15.2.3Removingbynanotechnology342
15.2.4Removalbyelectrocoagulation342
15.2.5Removalbymembraneprocesses344
15.2.6Removalbychemicalprecipitation344
15.2.7Removalbymagneticextraction347 15.2.8Removalforbiofiltration347
15.3Biotechnologicalremovalofpollutants fromwastewatergeneratedbyindustries348
15.3.1Phytoremediation348
15.3.2Bioaccumulationremoval348
15.3.3Biomineralizationremoval349
15.3.4Biotransformationremoval349
15.3.5Removalbybioadsorption355
15.3.6Bacteriaandfungusdegradation355
15.4Combinedphysicochemical-biotechnological strategies356
15.5Drawbacksandfutureperspectives358 References359
16.Advancementsinindustrial wastewatertreatmentbyintegrated membranetechnologies369
SathyaUdayakumarandKeerthiPraveen
16.1Introduction369
16.2FundamentalsofMBR370
16.2.1Membraneflux370
16.2.2Membraneresistance371
16.3HybridMBRforhigh-strengthwastewater371
16.4MBRfortannerywastewatertreatment371
16.5MBRfortextilewastewatertreatment373
16.5.1Characterizationoftextile wastewaters374
16.5.2HybridMBRfortextilewastewater treatment374
16.6MBRforpharmaceuticalwastewater376
16.7Membranefouling377
16.7.1Biofoulingbyextracellular polymericsubstances(EPS)and solublemicrobialproducts(SMP)378
16.8Strategiestoreducemembranefouling378
16.8.1Materialconfigurationforfouling reduction379
16.8.2Integrationoftreatmentsystemfor foulingreduction379
16.9Conclusions379 References380
17.Microbialelectrochemical-based constructedwetlandtechnologyfor wastewatertreatment:Reality,challenges, andfutureprospects383
DivyaniKumari,AchleshDavereyandKasturiDutta
17.1Introduction383
17.2IntegrationofBESwithCW(CW-BES)385
17.2.1FundamentalsofBES385
17.2.2AdvantagesofintegratingBES withCW387
17.2.3DesignofCW-BESsystemsand requirements388
17.3WastewatertreatmentusingCW-BES (lab-,pilot-,andfull-scalestudies)389
17.4Challengesandlimitations391 17.5Futurescope405 17.6Conclusion406 References407
18.Nanostructuredmaterialsfor water/wastewaterremediation413 JunaidMunawar,EhsanUllahRashid,ShahidNawaz,NisarAli, VineetKumar,HafizM.N.IqbalandMuhammadBilal
18.1Introduction413 18.2Wastewaterandtheirsources414 18.3Nanomaterialsforwaterremediation process416 18.4Carbon-basednanomaterials417 18.4.1Graphene-basednanomaterials417 18.4.2Carbonnanotubes419 18.5Metalandmetaloxidesnanoparticles420 18.5.1Silvernanoparticles420 18.5.2NanozerovalentFeparticles421 18.5.3Nano-TiO2 particles422 18.5.4Magneticnanoparticles423 18.6Nanocompositeandnanofibersmembrane424 18.6.1Self-assemblingmembranes426 18.6.2Clay-basednanoadsorbents426 18.7Conclusionandfutureaspects426 References427
19.Integratedtechnologiesfor wastewatertreatment433
SimranjeetSingh,DhritiKapoor,VaishaliDhaka,SavitaBhardwaj, PraveenC.RamamurthyandJoginderSingh
19.1Introduction433
19.2Currentsituationofwastewatertreatment andmanagement435 19.3Newconceptsandtechnologiesfor wastewatertreatment437
19.3.1Wastewatertreatmentusingactivated carbon437
19.3.2Wastewatertreatmentusing nanoparticles439 19.3.3Carbonnanotubesandwastewater cleansing440
19.3.4Microbialfuelcells442 19.4Advancedintegratedtechnologiesfor wastewatertreatment443 19.5Potentialbenefitsofintegratedtechnologies usedinwastewatertreatment446 19.6Conclusion449
Acknowledgements449 References449
20.Integratedanaerobic-aerobicprocesses fortreatmentofhighstrengthwastewater: Consolidatedapplication,newtrends, perspectives,andchallenges457
MalligaPerumal,SivasankariKarikalacholan,NiroshaParimannan, JanciArichandran,KeerthanaShanmuganathan,RagaviRavi, SadhumathiyaJayapandiyan,SwathiJayakumarand ThilothiMohandas
20.1Introduction457
20.2Integratedanaerobicandaerobictreatment ofhighstrengthwastewater458
20.2.1Consolidatedapplication458
20.2.2Newtrends,perspectives, andchallenges472
20.3Conclusion477 Acknowledgements478 References478
21.Integratedbiomedicalwaste degradationanddetoxification481
NandiniSingh,IshitaShreshtha,RishabhandVinodKumarNigam
21.1Introduction481
21.2Sourcesofbiomedicalwaste482
21.2.1Medicalwastetypes482
21.2.2Biomedicalwastesegregation/sorting484
21.2.3Detoxificationofwaste485
21.3Disposalstrategies485
21.4Strategiesandmechanismofdegradation489
21.4.1Thermochemicalmethods489
21.4.2Biochemicalmethods492
21.5Constraints497
21.6Futurescope499
21.7Someadvancedapproachestotreat medicalwaste500
21.8Conclusionandprospects503 References505
22.Roleofalgal-bacterialassociationin combinedwastewatertreatmentand biohydrogengeneration:Anoverview onitschallengesandfuture509
SoumyaBanerjeeandAnoarA.Khan
22.1Introduction509
22.2Unscientificdischargeofeffluents: Aseriousenvironmentalissue509
22.2.1Compositionofdifferent effluents510
22.2.2Probablesolutionsfromwater pollution513
22.3Potentialroleofmicroorganismsin remediatingwastewater513
22.3.1Roleofbacteriaintreating wastewater514
22.3.2Roleofmicroalgaeintreating wastewater515
22.3.3Microalgae-bacterialconsortiain treatingwastewater517
22.4Alternativeuseofmicroalgae-bacteria consortia522
22.4.1Biohydrogen:Analternative bioenergy523
22.4.2Potentialdrawbacksinbiohydrogen productionbymicroalgae-bacteria consortia526
22.5Comparativeanalysisofbiohydrogen overconventionalfuels526
22.6Futureaspectofbiohydrogenproduction frommicroalgae-bacteriaconsortia527 Reference527
23.Cyanobacteriamediatedtoxicmetal removalascomplementaryandalternative wastewatertreatmentstrategy533 KhalidaBlochandSougataGhosh
23.1Introduction533
23.2Metaltoxicity534
23.3Cyanobacteriamediatedmetalremoval534
23.3.1Antimony534
23.3.2Arsenic536
23.3.3Cadmium538
23.3.4Chromium540
23.3.5Copper542
23.3.6Lead542
23.3.7Selenium543
23.4Mechanism545
23.5Conclusionsandfutureperspectives545 References545
Index549
Contributors RichardAndiSolórzanoAcosta EscueladeIngenieríaAmbiental,UniversidadCésarVallejo, Lima-Este.,Perú
AbdallahAlhajar DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah, Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
NisarAli KeyLaboratoryforPalygorskite ScienceandAppliedTechnologyofJiangsu Province,National&LocalJointEngineering ResearchCentreforDeepUtilization TechnologyofRock-saltResource,Faculty ofChemicalEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteof Technology,Huai’an,China.
DanaAl-Muqbel DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah, Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
MohammedAl-Murisi DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah,Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
AmaniAl-Othman DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah, Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
DanaArjomand DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah,Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
JanciArichandran DepartmentofBiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu,India
JayaseelanArun CentreforWasteManagement, SathyabamaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
ManuelJavierAybar InstitutoSuperiordeInvestigacionesBiológicas(INSIBIO,CONICETUniversidadNacionaldeTucumán),Tucumán, Argentina;InstitutodeBiología“Dr.Francisco D.Barbieri”,FacultaddeBioquímica,Química yFarmacia,UniversidadNacionaldeTucumán, Tucumán,Argentina
RituBala DepartmentofMicrobiology,Schoolof BioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
SoumyaBanerjee DepartmentofBasicScience andHumanities,HooghlyEngineering&TechnologyCollege,Chinsurah,WestBengal,India
PaulOlusegunBankole DepartmentofPure andAppliedBotany,CollegeofBiosciences, FederalUniversityofAgriculture,Abeokuta, OgunState,Nigeria
XiomaraGiselaMendozaBeingolea Facultyof PharmacyandBiochemistry,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Perú
RamNareshBharagava DepartmentofMicrobiology(DM),SchoolforEnvironmentalSciences (SES),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh,India
SavitaBhardwaj DepartmentofBotany,School ofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
AmitBhatnagar DepartmentofSeparationScience,LUTSchoolofEngineeringScience,LUT University,Mikkeli,Finland
MuhammadBilal SchoolofLifeScienceand FoodEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteofTechnology,Huai’an,China
JayantaKumarBiswas Enviromicrobiology, EcotoxicologyandEcotechnologyResearch Laboratory,DepartmentofEcologicalStudies, UniversityofKalyani,Kalyani,Nadia, WestBengal,India;InternationalCentrefor EcologicalEngineering,UniversityofKalyani, Kalyani,WestBengal,India
SomaBiswas EnergyandEnvironmentResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Dr.B.C.RoyEngineeringCollege, Durgapur,WestBengal,India
Contributors
KhalidaBloch DepartmentofMicrobiology, SchoolofScience,RKUniversity,Rajkot, Gujarat,India
HimaniChandel EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyandManagementSciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
ZhenHongChang DepartmentofChemical EngineeringandProcess,FacultyofEngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,University KebangsaanMalaysia,UKMBangi,Selangor DarulEhsan,Malaysia;DepartmentofChemicalandPetroleumEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,TechnologyandBuiltEnvironment, UCSIUniversity,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
AkankshaChauhan EnvironmentandBiofuel ResearchLab,HydroandRenewableEnergy Department,IndianInstituteofTechnology (IIT)Roorkee,Roorkee,Uttarakhand, India
AchleshDaverey SchoolofEnvironmentand NaturalSources,DoonUniversity,Dehradun, Uttarakhand,India
ShanmugananthamSelvananthamDawn CentreforWasteManagement,Sathyabama InstituteofScienceandTechnology,Chennai, TamilNadu,India;CentreofExcellencefor EnergyResearch,SathyabamaInstituteof ScienceandTechnology,Chennai,TamilNadu, India
InderpalDevgon DepartmentofMicrobiology, SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Punjab,India
VaishaliDhaka DepartmentofMicrobiology, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
GovindarajDivyapriya DepartmentofCivil andEnvironmentalEngineering,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,UnitedStates
KasturiDutta DepartmentofBiotechnologyand MedicalEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
PabloMarceloFernández PlantaPilotodeProcesosIndustrialesMicrobiológicos(PROIMICONICET),Tucumán,Argentina;Universidad NacionaldeCatamarca,Catamarca,Argentina
LuizFernandoR.Ferreira WasteandEffluent TreatmentLaboratory,InstituteofTechnologyandResearch(ITP),TiradentesUniversity, Farolândia,Aracaju,SE,Brazil
LucíaInésCastellanosdeFigueroa PlantaPilotodeProcesosIndustrialesMicrobiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET),Tucumán,Argentina
SougataGhosh DepartmentofMicrobiology, SchoolofScience,RKUniversity,Rajkot,Gujarat,India
DilshadBegumGolgeriM Departmentof Biochemistry,SchoolofAppliedSciences, REVAUniversity,Bangalore,Karnataka,India; DepartmentofBiochemistry,IndianAcademy DegreeCollegeAutonomous,Bangalore, Karnataka,India
DummiMahadevanGurumurthy Department ofBiotechnology,GMInstituteofTechnology, Davangere,Karnataka,India
GianfrancoTalaveraGutierrez FacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,UniversidadNacional MayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Perú
NasserM.Hamdan DepartmentofPhysics,CollegeofArtsandSciences,AmericanUniversity ofSharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
OshadiHettithanthri EcosphereResilienceResearchCentre,FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSriJayewardenepura,Nugegoda,Sri Lanka
KahChunHo FacultyofEngineering,BuiltEnvironment,andInformationTechnology,SEGi University,KotaDamansara,Malaysia
AnyiHu CASKeyLaboratoryofUrbanPollutantConversion,InstituteofUrbanEnvironmentChineseAcademyofSciences,Xiamen, China
EdwinHualpa-Cutipa FacultyofPharmacyand Biochemistry,BiotechnologyandOmicsinLife SciencesResearchGroup,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Perú; UniversidadCésarVallejo
AnumIqbal MaterialSciencesandEngineeringProgram,AmericanUniversityofSharjah, UnitedArabEmirates
HafizM.N.Iqbal TecnologicodeMonterrey, SchoolofEngineeringandSciences,Monterrey, Mexico
KhushbooIqbal AmityInstituteofMicrobial Technology,AmityUniversity,Noida,Uttar Pradesh,India
SwathiJayakumar DepartmentofBiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu,India
SadhumathiyaJayapandiyan Department ofBiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity, Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
MahmoodGheniJebur RalphEMartinDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,University ofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR,USA;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TikritUniversity,Tikrit,SalahAl-din,Iraq
SyedaUlfathTazeenKadri DepartmentofBiochemistry,SchoolofAppliedSciences,REVA University,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
DhritiKapoor DepartmentofBotany,School ofBioengineeringandBiosciences,Lovely ProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab, India
AnsafV.Karim EnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringDepartment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,Powai,Mumbai,India
ArunKarnwal DepartmentofMicrobiology, SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Punjab,India
SivasankariKarikalacholan DepartmentofMarineBiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity, Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
KeerthiPraveen DepartmentofChemistry, AnnaUniversity,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
AnoarA.Khan ChemicalEngineering Department,Vignan’sFoundationforScience, Technology&Research,Vadlamudi,Guntur, AndhraPradesh,India
HassanKhan DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityofSharjah,Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
PabasariArundathiKoliyabandara Ecosphere ResilienceResearchCentre,FacultyofApplied Sciences,UniversityofSriJayewardenepura, Nugegoda,SriLanka;FacultyofTechnology, UniversityofSriJayewardenepura,Pitipana,Sri Lanka
MukeshKumar DepartmentofMicrobiology, SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara, Punjab,India
NavneetKumar EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,Shoolini UniversityofBiotechnologyandManagement Sciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh, India
VineetKumar WasteRe-processingDivision, CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),NehruMarg, Nagpur,Maharashtra-440020,India
DivyaniKumari DepartmentofBiotechnology andMedicalEngineering,NationalInstituteof TechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
DéboraDanielaMaza InstitutoSuperiordeInvestigacionesBiológicas(INSIBIO,CONICETUniversidadNacionaldeTucumán),Tucumán, Argentina
ArtiMishra AmityInstituteofMicrobial Technology,AmityUniversity,Noida,Uttar Pradesh,India
ThilothiMohandas DepartmentofBiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu,India
MonojitMondal Enviromicrobiology,EcotoxicologyandEcotechnologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofEcologicalStudies,UniversityofKalyani,Kalyani,Nadia,WestBengal, India
SikandarI.Mulla DepartmentofBiochemistry, SchoolofAppliedSciences,REVAUniversity, Bangalore,Karnataka,India
JunaidMunawar CollegeofChemistry,Beijing UniversityofChemicalTechnology,PRChina
SatishKumarMurari DepartmentofBiochemistry,SchoolofAppliedSciences,REVAUniversity,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
SibirajMurugesan EMBL-Environmental MicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory, EERG-EcotoxicologyandEnvironmental RemediationGroup,SchoolofBiotechnology, ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyand ManagementSciences,Solan,Himachal Pradesh,India
NadeeshaniNanayakkara DepartmentofCivil Engineering,UniversityofPeradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka
ShahidNawaz DepartmentofChemistry,The UniversityofLahore,Lahore,Pakistan
PuthiyaVeetilNidheesh EnvironmentalImpact andSustainabilityDivision,CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
VinodKumarNigam DepartmentofBioengineeringandBiotechnology,BirlaInstituteof Technology,Mesra,Ranchi
NarasimanNirmala CentreforWasteManagement,SathyabamaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
NiroshaParimannan DepartmentofMarine Biotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity, Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
LakshmiPisharody TheZuckerbergInstituteof WaterResearch,Ben-GurionUniversity,Beersheba,Israel
MalligaPerumal DepartmentofMarine Biotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity, Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
SanjeevKumarPrajapati EnvironmentandBiofuelResearchLab,HydroandRenewableEnergyDepartment,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT)Roorkee,Roorkee,Uttarakhand, India
NooruddinAbdelRahman Departmentof ChemicalEngineering,AmericanUniversityof Sharjah,Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates
AnushkaUpamaliRajapaksha Ecosphere ResilienceResearchCentre,FacultyofApplied Sciences,UniversityofSriJayewardenepura,
Nugegoda,SriLanka;InstrumentCenter, FacultyofAppliedSciences,University ofSriJayewardenepura,Nugegoda, SriLanka
PraveenC.Ramamurthy InterdisciplinaryCentreforWaterResearch(ICWaR),IndianInstitute ofSciences,Bangalore,India
AbhishekRana JindalGlobalLawSchool,O.P. JindalGlobalUniversity,Sonipat,Haryana,India
EhsanUllahRashid DepartmentofChemistry, UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad,Pakistan
AnushkaRathnayake EcosphereResilienceResearchCentre,FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSriJayewardenepura,Nugegoda,Sri Lanka;InstituteofChemistryCeylon,Rajagiriya,SriLanka
RagaviRavi DepartmentofBiotechnology, BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu,India
Rishabh MotilalNehruMedicalCollege,Prayagraj
RohanSamirKumarSachan DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
SheenaSangay-Tucto CentrodeInvestigación yTecnologíadelAgua(CITA),Departamento deIngenieríaAmbiental,UniversidaddeIngenieríayTecnología(UTEC),Lima,Perú
GauravSaxena EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyandManagementSciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
KeerthanaShanmuganathan Departmentof Biotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity, Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
GeetanshSharma EMBL-Environmental MicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory, EERG-EcotoxicologyandEnvironmental RemediationGroup,SchoolofBiotechnology, ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyand
ManagementSciences,Solan,Himachal Pradesh,India
NehaSharma AmityInstituteofMicrobial Technology,AmityUniversity,Noida,Uttar Pradesh,India
IshitaShreshtha DepartmentofBioengineering andBiotechnology,BirlaInstituteofTechnology,Mesra,Ranchi
KartikeyaShukla AmityInstituteofEnvironmentalSciences,AmityUniversity,Noida,India
SmritiShukla AmityInstituteofEnvironmentalToxicology,SafetyandManagement,Amity University,Noida,UttarPradesh,India
JoginderSingh DepartmentofMicrobiology, LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
NandiniSingh DepartmentofBioengineering andBiotechnology,BirlaInstituteofTechnology,Mesra,Ranchi
SimranjeetSingh InterdisciplinaryCentrefor WaterResearch(ICWaR),IndianInstituteofSciences,Bangalore,India
ManpreetKaurSomal DepartmentofBiotechnology,SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
KirtiShyam EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyandManagementSciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
SimranTakkar AmityInstituteofMicrobial Technology,AmityUniversity,Noida,Uttar Pradesh,India
MuhammadTawalbeh DepartmentofSustainableandRenewableEnergyEngineering, UniversityofSharjah,Sharjah,UnitedArab Emirates
YeitHaanTeow DepartmentofChemical EngineeringandProcess,Facultyof EngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,University KebangsaanMalaysia,UKMBangi,Selangor
DarulEhsan,Malaysia;ResearchCentrefor SustainableProcessTechnology,Facultyof EngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,University KebangsaanMalaysia,UKMBangi,Selangor DarulEhsan,Malaysia
SaurabhThakur EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,ShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyandManagementSciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India
SathyaUdayakumar EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment,CSIR-CentralLeatherResearch Institute,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
AjitVarma AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh, India
SilvanaCarolinaViñarta PlantaPilotodeProcesosIndustrialesMicrobiológicos(PROIMICONICET),Tucumán,Argentina;Universidad NacionaldeCatamarca,Catamarca,Argentina
MeththikaVithanage EcosphereResilienceResearchCentre,FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSriJayewardenepura,Nugegoda,Sri Lanka;MolecularMicrobiologyandHuman DiseasesGroup,NationalInstituteofFundamentalStudies,Kandy,SriLanka
SumithRanilWickramasinghe Departmentof ChemicalEngineeringandProcess,Facultyof EngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,University KebangsaanMalaysia,UKMBangi,Selangor DarulEhsan,Malaysia;RalphEMartinDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universityof Arkansas,Fayetteville,AR,USA
ManuYadav EMBL-EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,EERGEcotoxicologyandEnvironmentalRemediation Group,SchoolofBiotechnology,Shoolini UniversityofBiotechnologyandManagement Sciences,Solan,HimachalPradesh, India
IsabelNavarroZabarburú FacultyofPharmacy andBiochemistry,UniversidadNacionalMayor deSanMarcos,Lima,Perú
Abouttheeditors Dr.VineetKumar iscurrentlyworkingasaSeniorProject AssociateintheWasteRe-processingDivisionatCSIR-National EnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(NEERI),Nagpur, Maharashtra,India.Beforehisjoining,heworkedasAssistant Professor(Ad-hoc)intheDepartmentofBotanyatGuruGhasidas Vishwavidyalaya,Bilaspur,India.HeworkedasAssistantProfessorandAcademicCoordinatoratVinayakVidyapeeth,Meerut, UttarPradesh,India.Dr.KumarreceivedhisM.Sc.andM.Phil. degreeinMicrobiologyfromCh.CharanSinghUniversity,Meerut, India.HeearnedhisPh.D.inEnvironmentalMicrobiologyfrom BabasahebBhimaroAmbedkar(ACentral)University,Lucknow, IndiaandlaterworkedattheDr.ShakuntalaMisraNationalRehabilitationUniversity,Lucknow,IndiaasaGuestFacultywherehetaughtcoursesingeneral microbiology,microbialgenetics,molecularbiology,andenvironmentalmicrobiologytostudentsofpostgraduate-level.HewasawardedaRajivGandhiNationalFellowshipbythe UniversityGrantsCommission,Indiatosupporthisdoctoralworkon“DistilleryWastewaterTreatment”in2013.Hisresearchinterestsincludebioremediation,phytoremediation, metagenomics,wastewatertreatment,environmentalmonitoring,andbioenergyandbiofuel production.Currently,hisresearchmainlyfocusesonthedevelopmentofintegratedand sustainablemethodsthatcanhelpinminimizingoreliminatinghazardoussubstancesinthe environmentforsustainabledevelopment.Heistheauthorofnumerousresearch/review articlespublishedininternationalpeer-reviewedjournalsfromSpringerNature,Frontiers, andElsevieronthedifferentaspectsofbioremediation,phytoremediation,andmetagenomics ofindustrialwastepollutedsites.Inaddition,hehaspublished15Booksondifferentaspects ofphytoremediationandbioremediationofwastewaterorwastewaterpollutantsfromCRC Press(Taylor&FrancisGroup),andElsevierInc.,USA.Dr.Kumarhasbeenservingasa guesteditorandreviewerinmanyprestigiousInternationalJournals,includingFrontiers inMicrobiology,EnvironmentalResearch,Chemosphere,JournalofBasicMicrobiology;InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology;CLEAN-Soil,Air,Wateretc. Heisanactivememberofnumerousscientificsocietiesandhasservedtheeditorialboard ofthejournalCurrentResearchinWastewaterManagement,BiotechnologyandGenetic EngineeringReviews,andSNAppliedSciences.Aspartofhisinterestinteachingbiology, heisfounderoftheSocietyforGreenEnvironment,India(website: www.sgeindia.org).He canbereachedat drvineet.micro@gmail.com; vineet.way18@gmail.com.
Dr.ManishKumar iscurrentlyworkingasaProjectScientistatEnvironmentalBiotechnologyandGenomicDivision(EBGD),Council ofScientificandIndustrialResearch,NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR–NEERI),Nagpur,Maharashtra, India.Dr.KumardidhispostdoctoralresearchfromDepartment ofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering(CEE),TheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,ChinaandPh.D.fromSchoolof EnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi, India.Dr.Kumarworkingareabelongstobioremediation,biovalorization,bioenergy,anddetoxificationofnaturalandorganic compounds,withmajoremphasisonwastebiorefineryandcircular economy.HeworkedforDepartmentofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndiasponsor projectandDepartmentofBiotechnology(DBT),GovernmentofIndiasponsoredproject. Healsoworkedforinternationalcollaborativeprojectentitle“Indo-USAdvancedBioenergy Consortium(IUABC):SecondGenerationBiofuels.”In2018,heworkedasVisitingResearcher atÉcolepolytechniquefédéraledeLausanne(EPFL)Switzerland,BioenergyandEnergy PlanningResearchGroup(BPE).Hehaspublishedmorethan30researchandreviewpapers inpeerreviewjournals,5bookchapters,andalsoappliedforonepatent.Hehasmorethan 850Googlecitationswith17h-index.
Preface Thesedays,risingindustrial,manufacturing,andagriculturalactivities, imposinghugedemandoffreshwater andsimultaneouslyproducingsignificant amountofwastewater.Thegeneration ofwastewaterimposesseveralgrave environmentalissuesrelatedtoits treatments,reuse,andrecycling.Dueto risingdemandsofnewandemerging productssimultaneouslyimposingpressure onindustriestofulfillthedemandswhich leadstogenerationofemergingand recalcitrantcontaminantsandfurther theiramalgamationinwastewaterstream. Traditionalwastewatertreatmentsmethods areinadequatetoremovetheseemerging pollutants,furtherworseningtheissues relatedtopotablewaterglobally.Henceforth, thereisanawfuldemandtoupgradethe existingwastewatertreatmenttechnologies ortodevelopednewtechnologiesto lessentheimpactsofwastewateronthe environmentandlivingbeinghealth. Althoughwastewatertreatmentand resourcerecoverymethodshavebeenwidely expandedbytheresearchersandindustries inpresentdecades,stilltheirlarge-scale executionintreatmentsandrecoveryof resourcesfromwastewaterisinsignificant duetoseveraltechnicalandno-technical issues.Wastewatertreatmentstechnologies andtheirmanagementsignificantplays aroleindevelopingasustainableurban society.Conventionally,themainaimof wastewatermanagementandtreatment istoguarddownstreamconsumers fromhealth-relatedissues.However, thesedays,protectingtheenvironments
andpreventionthesurfaceandground watercontaminationfromwastewater containingextranutrientsloads,turnout tobeanadditionalobjective.Subsequently, technologiesforremovalofphosphorous andnitrogenhavebeendeployedrecently inwastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs). Incurrentscenario,themostextensively appliedwastewatertreatmentandresource recoverytechnologyaretheconventional activatedsludgemethod.Eventhoughthis methodissuccessfulenoughinmaintaining thequalityofwastewaterinviewofits legaldischargequalityguideline,still thisprocessisineffectiveinrecoveryof resources,economics,andtheirhighenergy intensivenessandenvironmentalfootprint. Theneedforachievingthesustainability aswellasefficientusageofavailable resources,existingwastewatertreatment technologieshaveprovidedaparadigmshift insidethescientificmindswithaffectionto solutionofwastewater.Theissuenow recommendsachangefromremovalof contaminantfromwastewaterstreamto recoveryofvalueaddedproducts,therefore, wastewatercouldberealizedasafeedstock somewhatthananenvironmentalwaste. Itappearsexpectedthatwehavetohave advanceanewtechnologyifwearewilling tocopeupwithrisingpopulationand increasinglivingstandards,whichare propellingourutilizationofnaturally availableresourcestowardboundaries beyondenvironmentalsustainability.In spiteofregularscientificoutcomeover anextendedtimescaleontechnological resolutionstocreateabettercircular
economymodelrelatedtotreatmentand resourcerecoveryfromwastewaterstream, theirexecutionatlarge-scaleisinfancy andchallenging.Theexecutionofresource recoveryoperationcanbetediousdueto alteringtheexistingtechnologiesincursextra costs,generatesoperationalinterferences, andutilizesadditionalresources.Due torisingfiguresofexistingresource recoveryapproaches,WWTtechnologies andtheirdesignarenomoreamanageable technicalissue,butamultifacetedtopicthat needsacohesivestrategytotakeeffective resolutions.Ambiguitiesrelatedtowhich approachesaremostsuitableandinwhat wayintegratethemisstillchallenging.Along withtechnicalambiguitiesthatareeffective forseveralevolvingresourcerecovery approaches,numerousnontechnological stumblingblockcouldhampertheeffective executionofsuchapproachesintotreatment ofwastewaterandrecoveryofresources. Specifically,themarketcapacityand competitionforrecoveredresourcesfrom wastewaterstreampresentambiguities.The wastewatertreatmentsectorhaspreviously beenoutofsortsequipmenttoaddressissues relatedtoconventionalengineering-centered room.Institutionalcompartmentalization whichadverselyhampersintegrated water-resourcerecoveryandmanagement strategy,mustbeimprovedsoastomake advancementinemergingresourcerecoveryorientedmanagementandtreatmentof wastewater.
Therefore,thecurrentbook,entitled“IntegratedEnvironmentalTechnologiesforWastewaterTreatmentandSustainableDevelopment”discussedthestrategies,implementation,currentfindingandprogressintreatmentof wastewaterandrecoveryofresourcesbased onthecirculareconomymodel,whichmight behelpfulinachievingthegoalofsustainableenvironments.Thesecontextspecificaspectshavebeencoveredwithin
23chapterscontributedbyleadingresearches andscientistsfromallovertheworldhaving expertiseinwastewatertreatmentandbiovalorization.Itiswellknownthatwastewatertreatmentandresourcerecoveryfrom wastestreamisamultidisciplinarytechniquewheremicrobiologists,biotechnologists,biochemists,soilscientists,environmentalscientist,andetc.workjointlyto advanceandsuccessfullyexecuteoperation toachievetheenvironmentalsustainability. Henceforth,inthisbook,manyappropriate subjectshavebeenunderwrittenbyspecialistsfromvariousbackgrounds,universities, colleges,institutions,researchanddevelopmentlaboratoriesandindustries,whoperformbasic,appliedandengineeringresearch inthenovelfieldofwastewatertreatment andresourcerecoveryfromwastestreams globally.Thisbookcovered,variousissues relatedtofundamentalandcutting-edgeinformationassociatedwithwastewatertreatmentandresourcerecoveryforsustainable environment,includingIntegrationofPhotocatalyticandBiologicalProcessesforTreatmentofComplexEffluent:RecentDevelopments,Trends,andAdvances;Anaerobic AmmoniumOxidation(ANAMMOX)TechnologyforNitrogenRemovalfromWastewater:RecentAdvancesandChallenges;InnovativeIntegratedTreatmentApproachesfor RecyclingandRe-UseofIndustrialandMunicipalWastewater;IntegratedProductionof BiodieselandIndustrialWastewaterTreatmentbyCulturingOleaginousMicroorganisms;Nature-inspiredEcotechnologicalApproachesTowardsRecyclingandRecovery ofResourcesfromWastewater;Integrated MicrobialDesalinationCellandMicrobial ElectrolysisCellforWastewaterTreatment; Hydroxyapatiteforenvironmentalremediationofwater/wastewater;AlgaeCoupled ConstructedWetlandSystemforWastewaterTreatment;IntegratedCarbonDioxide Sequestration,WastewaterTreatment,and
BiofuelProductionbyMicroalgaeCulturing: NeedsandLimitations;Physicochemical–BiotechnologicalApproachesforRemovalof ContaminantsfromWastewater;Integrated BiopolymerandBioenergyProductionfrom OrganicWaste:RecentAdvancesandFutureOutlook;IntegratedProductionofPolyhydroxyalkonate(Bioplastic)withMunicipalWastewaterandSludgeTreatmentfor SustainableDevelopment;WastewaterTreatmentbyOleaginousAlgaeandBiodiesel Production:ProspectsandChallenges;IntegratingForwardOsmosisintoMicrobial FuelCellsforWastewaterTreatment;RecentTrendsforTreatmentofEnvironmental ContaminantsinWastewater:AnIntegrated ValorizationofIndustrialWastewater;AdvancementsinIndustrialWastewaterTreatmentbyIntegratedMembraneTechnologies;MicrobialElectrochemicalBasedConstructedWetlandsTechnologiesforWastewaterTreatment:Reality,ChallengesandFutureProspects;NanostructuredMaterialsfor Water/WastewaterRemediation;Integrated TechnologiesforWastewaterTreatment;Integratedanaerobic-aerobicprocessesfortreatmentofhighstrengthwastewater:consolidatedapplication,newtrends,perspectiveandchallenges;IntegratedBiodegradationandDetoxificationofMedicalWaste; IntegratedTreatmentofIndustrialEffluentsbyChemicalCoagulationandOzona-
tion,Cyanobacteriamediatedtoxicmetal removalfromwastewater.Allcontributed chaptersinthisbookareunderstandableand comprehensivediscussed,withappropriate photographicalandgraphicalrepresentation tomaketheinformationuncomplicatedand deliveradditionalhelpandsupportinunderstandingtheprocesses.Thekeygoalofthis bookistoprovidein-depthknowledgeabout wastewatertreatmentstechnologiesandrecoveryofgreenervalue-addedproductsfrom wastesoastoupholdenvironmentalsustainability.Wearehopingthisbookalso providesinordinatevaluetoresearchers,academicians,scientists,environmentalists,entrepreneurs,environmentalengineers,legislators,governingexperts,dumpingsite managers,andstudentsbelongstovarious disciplinesandlevelsuchasbachelor,master, doctoralalongwithotherpassionatepersons whoareenthusiasticallydevotedtoprotectingtheenvironmentforsustainability.We havefaithinthatthevarioustechnologies andapproachesdiscussedinthisbook,imitatethekeydriftsofresearchworkand progressfortheupcomingyears.
VineetKumar Nagpur,India
ManishKumar Nagpur,India
