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ISBN: 9789332544864
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First Impression
Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India.
8.1–8.110
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Preface
This book is a result of increasing magnitude of students preparing for law entrance examinations and the resultant demand for a complete solution, covering all major topics which appear across all the law entrance examinations. The theoretical material as well as the questions provided in this book have been prepared taking into consideration the general difficulty level of questions as they have been appearing in the law entrance examinations.
The book begins with the essential theoretical aspects of CLAT and other law entrance examinations, familiarizing students with the basics of such examinations as well as the ideal method of using this book. The preliminary tests are prepared keeping in mind the preparation level of students at the beginning of their CLAT preparation journey. The latter half of the book contains past years’ papers of CLAT for the students to familiarize themselves with the difficulty level of the actual CLAT paper. Explanatory answers are provided as and when deemed necessary.
A lot of toil and sweat went into the preparation of this book and I hope it meets the requirements of the students. Feedback and suggestions are always welcome.
Preface to the Second Edition
No matter how good you get, you can always get better, and that’s the exciting part.
—Tiger Woods
It is the desire for improvement that keeps us on our toes, gets out the best in us and helps us exceed our own expectations. The second edition of this book was planned keeping in mind all the possible areas of improvement. We had the pleasure of getting some rave reviews of the first edition, as well as some very honest recommendations for improvement, which we had started taking note of since the day we got the first review. Some of the recommendations, and how we acted on it, are as follows:
1. Need for an Analytical Reasoning portion: This edition includes an analytical reasoning portion, in addition to the already included critical reasoning, which covers topics like blood relations, seating arrangement, data arrangement, etc. As practice exercises, we have also included the questions that have appeared in the past few years in CLAT and AILET, so that students get the hang of types and difficulty level of questions usually asked in both these entrance examinations.
2. Need for a General Studies portion: The first edition of this book, though contained excellent current affairs time lines and questions, was devoid of the general studies portion. We have included the same in this edition of the book. The general studies part of this book contains comprehensive material on chapters such as books and authors, history, general science, economics, etc.
As an add-on, we have also included the concept of ‘Did you know?’ which contains facts which are not typically available in most books for competitive examinations. Though other, usually bland facts, can be found in any good general studies book, these facts will give you an edge over others when questions asked in CLAT are a bit non-conventional and unorthodox (remember questions such as the full form of ‘P’ in P. Chidambaram, former name of New York and the origin of the term Bluetooth?—all of these were asked in CLAT 2013).
Our job is to figure out what our customers are going to want before they do.
—Steve Jobs
In addition to addressing the aforementioned two points, we also had the responsibility of making the book a bit more effective. We carefully analysed each section to find out how we can make sections better and much more valuable. As a result, we made the following changes:
1. The reading comprehension section given in the previous edition has been replaced by a revised section, whereby the passages are divided as per difficulty levels and also contain the ideal time within which an aspirant should aim to solve the questions of a particular passage. We have also included a theoretical chapter on reading comprehension which deals with types of passages and addresses Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the passages.
2. Apart from the general studies chapter, we have also included a Question Bank on general studies. The highlight of this chapter is the explanatory answers given for the correct answer to each question, which serves two functions. While explanations make sure that additional research goes into the making of the questions, making the questions error-free, it also ensures that the aspirants find important facts in the correct answers of these questions which prepare them for tackling various possible variants of these types of questions.
3. We have segregated the legal reasoning questions—subject-wise and topic-wise. Thus, students may directly solve questions on a specific topic after completion of the theoretical portion of that topic.
4. In addition to the mentioned changes, we have also included a chapter on Fact, Inference and Judgment (FIJ). Though this chapter has not yet appeared in CLAT, it did make a surprise visit in AILET 2014. Thus, it would be a wise idea to prepare for this chapter as well.
The usual upgradations are also a part of this book. Thus, it has a revised Current Affairs Timeline (2014), 1000 new highly relevant current affairs questions, solved CLAT and AILET 2014 papers, as well as some minor changes in the chapters on Syllogisms and Assertion-Reason.
Laurels, as usual, should be reserved for the entire team which has worked on the book. Errors, if any, are all mine.
Acknowledgements
It would be an error to suggest that any work of this stature could be completed by an individual without inspiration.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional support and constant motivation, without which not just this book, but even Legal Edge would not have seen the light of day.
I would also like to thank Shobhit Jain, Shreya Dua, Anujaya Krishna, Shivani Satyarthi, Arushi Singh, Poorvi Shah, Tulika Shree, Ashwin Rastogi, Vinay Pratap Singh and Ashish Shrivastava for their support in multifarious ways. I would like to thank Laxmi Sharan Mishra and Swapnil Verma, part-colleagues and part-mentors who helped in the ideation phase of this book.
I am also thankful to Priya Sharma, who typed and formatted this work for many hours and helped me finish the work on time. I am thankful to Ritika Jhurani, a longstanding friend and an honest critic, for taking substantial amount of time out from her busy routine to continuously providing questions and theoretical material used in this book.
For this revised edition, it would also be apt to thank all the CLAT aspirants whose recommendations and suggestions have played a major role in the improvements of this book.
Finally, I acknowledge the support of the team at Pearson Education, India, specifically Sharel Simon, for her valuable suggestions and remarkable help in the preparation of the manuscript.
H ars H G a G rani
About the Author
Harsh Gagrani, a graduate from National Law Institute University, Bhopal, is the founder director of Legal Edge Tutorials, a law entrance preparation institute based currently out of Bhopal, Gwalior and Patna. At 26, he is one of the youngest current affairs and critical reasoning teachers in central India. He has also authored a book on current affairs. An avid quiz master, he conducts both online and offline quizzes. His correspondence courses and online test series for CLAT aspirants can be accessed at www.clatacademy. com. The author can be contacted at gagrani.harsh@gmail.com for any suggestion to improve the content of this book.
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Part One Introduction
Chapter 1 Understanding CLAT
Chapter 2 How to Use This Book?
Chapter 3 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
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Chapter 1
Understanding CLAT
Till 2007, each of the then existing National Law Schools conducted their own entrance examinations, often on patterns different from each other. This led to candidates spending thousands of rupees over buying multiple forms, travelling from one city to another (not every city had an examination centre for every national law school), besides spending money on buying multiple guides. Though it did give independence to each law school in preparing an entrance examination paper of their choice, it often ended up being unfair to a huge strata of candidates, including those who wanted to take other (non-law) entrance examinations, but had to sacrifice those examinations whose dates clashed with those of law entrance examinations.
This led to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) being filed against the existing system. Following the PIL, the Ministry of Human Resource Development put forward the proposal of a common admission test to National Law Schools, which was accepted by the latter. It was decided that each year, one National Law School would conduct CLAT, on a rotation basis. The first CLAT took place on May 11th, 2008, which was conducted by NLSIU, Bangalore and its results were accepted by seven participating National Law Schools. Also, three other National Law Schools (CNLU, Patna, RMLNLU, Lucknow and RGNUL, Patiala) agreed to utilise the CLAT scores in principle.
As of 2015, the number of National Law Schools accepting the CLAT scores has increased to 16 and a few private universities have also started accepting CLAT scores now. Though the previous CLAT papers have not been totally controversyfree and more than one CLAT(s) has been criticized on various fronts, it can still be considered as a reasonably complete examination to test the aptitude and reasoning skills of prospective candidates.
The CLAT consists of 200 questions, each containing one mark. From CLAT 2013, negative marking has been introduced for incorrect answers, and a candidate will now be penalized 0.25 marks for every incorrect answer. Also, there is no sectional cut-off (unlike many other entrance examinations).
From CLAT 2015, online mode has been introduced for taking CLAT. The aspirants now will have to take the CLAT on the online platform provided by the CLAT authorities on the designated day.
Examination DEtails (2015)
Common Law Admission Test (CLAT)
Participating College(s)
• NLSIU, Bangalore
• NALSAR, Hyderabad
• NLIU, Bhopal
• WBNUJS, Kolkata
• NLU, Jodhpur
• HNLU, Raipur
• GNLU, Gandhinagar
• RMLNLU, Lucknow
• RGNUL, Patiala
• CNLU, Patna
• NUALS, Kochi
• NLU, Orissa
• NUSRL, Ranchi
• NLUJA, Assam
• TNNLS, Tiruchirappalli
• DSNLU, Visakhapatnam
Total Questions – 200 Duration – 120 minutes
Negative Marking – Yes (0.25 marks)
Sectional Details
• English (40 marks)
• General Knowledge (50 marks)
• Legal Aptitude (50 marks)
• Logical Reasoning (40 marks)
• Mathematics (20 marks)
Eligibility
• Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognised Board
• Not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and ST candidates)
• Below 20 years of age as on 1st July 2014 (22 years in case of SC and ST candidates)
All India Law Entrance Test (AILET)
Participating College(s)
• NLU- Delhi
Total Questions – 150
Total Time – 90 Minutes
Sectional Details
• English (35 marks)
• General Knowledge (35 marks)
• Legal Aptitude (35 marks)
• Logical Reasoning (35 marks)
• Mathematics (10 marks)
Negative marking – No
Eligibility
• Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognised Board
• Not less than 50% marks in aggregate
• Below 21 years of age as on 1st July 2014 (23 years in case of SC and ST candidates)
Seats
• 70 Seats through AILET
• 10 Seats for direct admission to Foreign Nationals on merit
Symbiosis Entrance Test (SET)
Participating College(s)
• Symbiosis Law School, Pune
• Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA
Total Questions – 150
Total Time – 150 Minutes
Sectional Details
• English (Reading Comprehension) (30 marks)
• General Knowledge (30 marks)
• Legal Reasoning (30 marks)
• Logical Reasoning (30 marks)
• Analytical Reasoning (30 marks)
Negative marking – No
Eligibility
• Senior Secondary School/Intermediate (10+2) or its equivalent certificate from a recognized Board.
• Not less than 45% marks in aggregate (40% in case of SC and ST candidates)
• Below 20 years of age as on 4th May 2014 (22 years in case of SC and ST candidates)
Law School Admission Test (LSAT- India) Participating Colleges
• Over 60
Total Questions – 92-100
Total Time – 140 Minutes
Pattern of the Test
• Analytical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
• 1st Logical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
• 2nd Logical Reasoning (Approx. 24 marks)
• Reading Comprehension (Approx. 24 marks)
Negative marking – No
Eligibility
• 3 years LLB: Bachelor’s degree with at least 50% aggregate marks
• 5 years B.A. LLB.: 10+2 examination or equivalent with not less than 50% aggregate marks
Chapter
How to Use This Book?
This book combines years of experience of some of the well-known mentors in the industry, with the newer ones. It has been drafted keeping in mind the changing pattern of law entrance examinations, and changing needs of law aspirants. To get the most out of this book, we strongly suggest following these guidelines:
Attempt all the preliminary tests on day one
The first step should be solving the preliminary tests, all of them. These tests replicate the CLAT, AILET and SET pattern, and thus they would be a good starting point for law aspirants. Once you are done with the tests, take out your scores and refer to the ‘How to read you scores?’ chapter.
Analyse your strengths and weaknesses
Inspite of the fact that some of the previous years’ papers have been given at the end of the book, we have included Preliminary Tests in the book, on a similar pattern. Reason being that a candidate should not blindly start solving various sections given in the book, but should do that armed with the knowledge of his strengths and weaknesses. This can be done by analysing your test
scores in the preliminary tests. If you have consistently scored low in a particular section, it can very well be deduced that you need to work more on that section.
Do not ignore the explanations!
Explanatory answers, even to legal knowledge (aptitude) and critical reasoning questions are one of the biggest strengths and USPs of this book. Use them smartly. Many of these explanations are kinds of questions in themselves. If you are ignoring the explanations, you are missing out on a fantastic opportunity of gaining the maximum out of the book.
Test yourself!
You should test yourself often. If you are done with a particular section, hand over the book to your friend and ask him to ask you questions randomly from this section. Do it multiple times, especially if you still have a few months to go for the examinations. Repeat this exercise often, preferably with all the sections given in the book.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Chapter 3
Which section should I attempt first?
There are two commonly followed strategies here. The first one, and more common one, is attempting the strongest section first. One of the biggest advantages of this approach is that you get to devote the maximum amount of time to the section which might end up fetching you the maximum amount of (sectional) marks. Another advantage of this approach is that a sense of confidence is developed once you are done solving your best section(s).
However, one major pitfall of this approach is that you often end up devoting more time to a particular section than what is required, and this jeopardizes your other sections, which sometimes contain more marks than your strong sections. One way to get around this is to reverse the approach. Attempt the weakest section first. The reason being – each section, whether it is your strongest or weakest, can fetch you at least some amount of marks. The possibility of you not knowing even one question in the entire section is almost negligible. However, when you devote more time to your strong sections, you often end up not attempting even sitters (really easy questions) of your weak sections. This takes a toll on your overall marks. To extract the maximum marks from each section, you have to devote at least some amount of time to that section. We recommend following this approach:
1. Even before a test begins, calculate the ideal time required to solve each section. This time should be based on your experience while solving Mocks.
2. Attempt the weakest section first. Give it the time you decided to devote to this section, in toto. Attempt all the questions that you can during this time.
3. Once the time you decided to devote to your weak sections runs out, leave that section, even if you are not done with it. The section has already got the time it deserved, and you have got the marks you deserved in that particular section.
4. Now attempt your strong sections. Use your time judiciously in solving all the remaining sections.
5. Always remember, the toppers are devoting the same amount of time to these sections. Neither are they leaving any section in toto, nor should you!
How many questions should I solve in CLAT, especially in light of negative marking?
Remember that a negative marking of 0.25 marks per wrong question is not a gigantic one. It would take four wrong answers to negate the effect of one right answer. So, do not leave a lot of questions.
As a general rule, you should only leave those questions in which you have absolutely no idea about the right answer, and you cannot rule out any of the given options. This usually happens in General Knowledge questions. In questions where you can rule out even one option as incorrect, attempt it. For obvious reasons, you then have a better chance of hitting the right answer in such questions, even with fluke.
You may leave questions which
1. are from your weakest topics and 2. usually take disproportionately large amounts of time, especially when compared to the questions from your strongest section. This would give you more time to solve questions where you are more certain to come out with the correct answer.
What is the ideal time to be devoted to each section?
The answer to this varies from person to person, and also from test to test. A certain Legal Aptitude section of a Mock may contain only Reasoning questions, and thus would take much more time to solve than a section of the Mock containing Reasoning, Aptitude and Assertion-Reason questions. Thus, a candidate should himself gauge the ideal time to be taken to solve a particular section by solving Mocks of varying difficulty levels.
Part Two
Preliminary tests
Chapter 1 Preliminary Tests—An Introduction
Chapter 2 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)
Chapter 3 Preliminary Test – 2 (AILET Pattern)
Chapter 4 Preliminary Test – 3 (SET Pattern)
Chapter 5 Answer Key
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Chapter 1 Preliminary Tests— An Introduction
The preliminary tests included in this book should be your starting point of preparation. These tests will help you analyze your current level of preparation, and guide you in chalking out a subject-wise strategy as well as the level of improvement needed in each subject. These tests have been drafted to replicate the actual test model, thus, many of the questions given in this chapters exercises have been included in these tests. We have followed the CLAT, AILET and SET pattern for Preliminary Tests 1, 2 and 3 respectively, halving the actual number of questions asked in these tests. Also, the difficulty level of each test has been set keeping in mind the general difficulty level of law entrance examinations in the past few years.
We would advise taking these tests in the prescribed time limit, keeping in mind the general instructions (negative marking in
CLAT, use of pen in SET etc.). Prescribing a rating table for test scores would be unfair. Thus, each student should independently take his or her score as a base for evaluating the layers of improvement needed. Also, a few of the questions of these tests are of relatively higher level (especially for beginners), and thus a low score should not dampen your morale.
We also recommend thoroughly reading the given explanatory answers of these questions before moving on to the individual chapters. It will give you a general idea of the level of difficulty of the questions asked, and the ideal answer which the examiner expects from you.
That’s it for now. Set the timer and ignore he distractions. Happy Testing.
Chapter 2 Preliminary Test – 1 (CLAT Pattern)
Total Questions: 100
Total Time: 60 minutes
Negative marking: Yes (0.25 marks per wrong answer)
Section i – engliSh
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions.
Passage: What inspired me to write this in the first place was the recent renovation drive carried out in Hazratganj. It rang a bell. It reminded me of how special our city is. It reminded me that it is truly ‘City of Nawabs’.
Every year we watch the Republic Day parade with unprecedented pride and hope for a better future ahead for our country. We discuss issues for the greater good—poverty, illiteracy, health and hygiene, nuclear power and what not? But have we ever glanced at the grass root level. Have we ever seen where our city stands at present. This time around when I went to Nakkhas (and Chowk area) and Nazirabad—kebabs, biryani, kulfi—a colourful palette of some of the best ‘food’ platters in Lucknow, I looked at them and realized just how beautiful and rich they are. Yet, they remain shrouded in the haze of an upcoming metropolitan culture and beautification.
There are shopping malls and high-end brands that are swarming thees place, but the true jewels of the city lie in the nooks and crannies of which many are blissfully ignorant. Even the traditional ‘chikan’ embroidery and ‘zardozi’ lie in obscurity and very few people care about preserving the rich heritage of the city. Modernization can neither be stopped nor should it be, but at the same time, the cultural values of our cities must be protected as they form a part of our identity.
This may seem like just another sermon on preserving our tradition and culture and mind you, it is somewhat that—just that we need to consider and ponder over this, not as a ‘preachy article’ but as an awakening—to wake up and smell the coffee. We need to be beacons of light and the frontrunners of positive change in society.
1. What do you gather about the author from the passage?
(a) Passion for the city (b) Orthodox (c) Modern (d) Self-indulgent
2. Which of these aspects about the city has not been mentioned in the passage?
(a) Food (b) Craft and arts
(c) Legacy (d) Language
3. Which is the city being referred to in the passage? (a) Delhi (b) Lucknow (c) Bhopal and Lucknow (d) Old Indian cities
4. Is the author against changes in the city (on the basis of information given in the passage)?
(a) Yes (b) No (c) Can not say (d) Balanced view
5. What does the expression ‘nooks and crannies’ mean?
(a) Corners (b) Obscure
(c) Remote (d) Old
6. What prompted the author to write this article? (a) Republic Day Parade (b) Eating in the city (c) Reconstruction of Hazratganj (d) Patriotism
7. What best describes the meaning of ‘wake up and smell the coffee’?
(a) Awaken from sleep (b) Pay attention to (c) Argue against (d) Form an opinion
8. What does ‘beacon’ mean in the light of the passage? (a) Lighthouse (b) Warning signal (c) Source of guidance (d) None of the above
Directions: Choose the idiom from the options given that best fits the meaning given in the question:
9. Entering into a conflict (a) Break a lance with (b) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread (c) Into the wild (d) None of the above
10. Take part in something which is likely to fail (a) Slap dash (b) At a canter (c) Skate on thin ice (d) None of the above
11. Worthless person
(a) A trump (b) A black sheep (c) To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (d) None of the above
12. To go to bed
(a) Hit the road (b) Take the cake (c) Hit the sack (d) Drop a dime
Directions: The following questions consist of jumbled up parts of a sentence which need to be arranged in the proper sequence. The list of options contains the correct sequence which needs to be identified using principles of grammar and logical deduction.
13. A. The boy stood frozen
B. On the lifeless form
C. Of his mother’s still body
D. With shock, with his eyes transfixed
(a) CDBA (b) DBAC (c) ACDB (d) ADCB
14. A. The entrance exam paper
B. Rohan missed out
C. Due to paucity of time
D. On an entire section of (a) BDCA (b) DBAC (c) CDAB (d) BDAC
15. A. Personal affairs is my concern B. The only reason behind C. My interest in your
D. For your well being (a) BCAD (b) DACB (c) BCDA (d) BDCA
16. A. The point of view of your B. Brother or be prepared C. To face the consequences D. Either try to understand (a) ADCB (b) DABC (c) DACB (d) ABCD
Directions: The following questions based on analogies require the identification of the common relation between the main set and the given options. You are to select the appropriate option which is in line with the relation from the given list using the meaning of the words and logical deduction.
17. Wheat : Threshing
(a) Rice : Crushing (b) Milk : Pasteurization (c) Dog : Grooming (d) Art : Painting
Directions: In the following questions, a statement is given followed by two possible assumptions. Choose:
(a) If assumption I is implicit
(b) If assumption II is implicit
(c) If either I or II is implicit
(d) If neither I nor II is implicit
(e) If both I and II are implicit
21. Statement: “For an ever glowing skin, use Fair and Healthy”– An advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. People like other people with an ever glowing skin.
II. The advertisement will help in increasing the sales.
22. Statement: “Readers are leaders” – A quote.
Assumptions:
I. Not all readers are leaders but all leaders are readers.
II. Not all leaders are readers but all readers are leaders.
23. Statement: One should make notes from the newspaper everyday for an efficient preparation of current affairs.
Assumptions:
I. One cannot prepare for current affairs efficiently without reading newspapers.
II. Making notes helps in an efficient preparation of current affairs.
Statement: ‘I think hockey should no more be our national game. Games like cricket and shooting are bringing us more laurels and international popularity’ –A tells B
‘Are you serious? India was once the hockey powerhouse and has won 8 gold medals in Olympics, with half a dozen world records’ – B replies to A.
24. What are the assumptions on which A relies?
I. The national game of India can be changed. II. The national game of India should be decided on the basis of international recognition it is bringing.
25. What are the assumptions on which B relies?
I. The game which has won more medals in Olympics deserves to be the national game of India. II. A is not serious when he says that hockey should not be the national game of India.
Directions: Read the given passages and answer the question(s) that follow.
26. In a recently released survey, it was found that in 76% of the cases, the drivers of the cars which met with an accident were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones. Thus people can avoid accidents in majority of the cases by not driving when they are drunk or talking on their mobile. The central assumption of the argument is that:
(a) The driver of the car carrying others who are either drunk or talking on their mobile phones would also not be drunk, or talking on his mobile phone.
(b) In the rest 24% of the cases covered in the survey, the driver was driving within permissible limits.
(c) Seatbelts and airbags play no major role in avoiding fatal accidents.
(d) The cars which met with an accident whose drivers were either drunk or talking on their mobile phones, were within the permissible speed limits.
27. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) soon wants to automate the whole system of ticket issuance, as well as baggage checks by bringing in machines to do the job, and wants to curtail the staff strength to save costs. The DMRC assumes that:
(a) Automated ticket issuance and baggage checks have been successfully running in various countries.
(b) Personal service of the staff is not required for the job of issuing tickets and checking bags.
(c) Cost cutting would necessarily lead to increase in profits.
(d) The costs associated with automating the job of ticket issuance and baggage checks would be lesser than that of keeping staff for the same.
28. A real artist is not only the one who creates beautiful pictures and brilliant stories. He also raises the bar by forever challenging status quo. Furthermore, a real artist doesn’t even care for credit. All he cares about is his work and contribution to art. However, in today’s world, these traits
barely matter as nothing succeeds without advertising, marketing and branding.
The statement above logically conveys which of the following?
(a) It is virtually impossible for real artists to succeed in today’s world without advertising, marketing and branding.
(b) Real artists should invest in advertising, marketing and branding to be really successful, as they also have other traits which put them on higher footing than the others.
(c) People who succeed in today’s world are not real artists but only a reflection of them.
(d) Real artists shouldn’t bother about advertising, marketing and branding and should just care about their contribution to the world.
29. If Mary completes the formalities, she might get admission in a reputed law college. Mary was able to complete the formalities.
If the above statement is correct, which of the following must also be correct?
(a) She got admission in a reputed law college.
(b) She might have gotten admission in a reputed law college.
(c) She took external help in completing the formalities.
(d) Both (b) and (c) are correct.
Directions: In each of the questions below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
(a) If only conclusion I follows.
(b) If only conclusion II follows.
(c) If either I or II follows.
(d) If neither I nor II follows.
(e) If both I and II follow.
30. Statements
I. Some salaries are expenditures
II. Some salaries are savings
Conclusions
I. Some savings are salaries
II. Some expenditures are savings
31. Statements
I. Some chromes are not mozillas
II. All mozillas are IEs Conclusions
I. Some chromes are not IEs
II. Some mozillas are IEs
32. Statements
I. A is B II. B is C Conclusions
I. A is C II. C is A
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
33. Statements I. II. No Persians are Africans Conclusion
I. Some Africans are not Persians (a) All Persians are Africans (b) Some Persians are Africans (c) Some Persians are not Africans (d) Not required
34. Statements I.
II. All Mirrors are Glasses Conclusion
I. Some Tables are Glasses
(a) All Tables are Mirrors
(b) Some Tables are not Mirrors (c) Some Mirrors are not Tables (d) None of the above
35. Statements
I. No Pens are Books II. Conclusion
I. Some Books are not Pens
(a) No Books are Pencils
(b) No Books are Pens
(c) All Books are Pens (d) Not Required
Directions: In the question below is given a passage followed by several inferences. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity. Mark answer:
(a) If the inference is definitely true.
(b) If the inference is probably true.
(c) If the data is inadequate.
(d) If the inference is probably false.
(e) If the inference is definitely false.
Passage: Reform also brought with it a strange reinvention of the very meaning of the concept of ‘reform’ itself ‘Land reform’ now meant the facilitation of transfer of land to the rich and the new breed of land developers. The passage of the Special Economic
Zone (SEZ) Act symbolized this. ‘Labour reform’ meant the dismantling of labour protection laws. Government job openings were reducing, especially at the bottom end, and while the value of education for all was clearly a felt need by everyone, a large numbers of people at the base of the economic pyramid felt the shrinking of responsibility and shirking of accountability of agencies of the State.
36. The author is pointing out to the 1991 reforms, when the economy was opened up to foreign companies.
37. The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act helped the rich more than the poor.
38. The author asserts that the reforms now are essentially for the protection of the rich, and not for the upliftment of the poor.
39. Labour reforms are helping the labour class realize and protect their basic rights.
40. Though government jobs has been reducing, the new age reforms has helped the private sector generate more jobs and thus increase employment.
Section iii – geneRal Knowledge/ cuRRent affaiRS
41. Which canal, opened in 1869, is nicknamed ‘Highway to India’?
(a) Panama (b) Suez (c) Alappuzha (d) Bruges
42. RMS Titanic, a British passenger liner that sank in the Atlantic in one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history, was on its way to New York from:
