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Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems

A

sustainable solution for the 21st Century

FIRST EDITION

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface of the Series Editor

Preface

Disclaimer

Terminology

Introduction: Energy

/Problems

Chapter One: Overview

Abstract

Historical perspective

Hybrid Vision

Hybrid Mission

Hybrid Key Features

Chapter Two: Background

Abstract

Historical perspective

Power

Power

Power

Power

Power

Power

Grid Characteristics

Chapter Three: Combinations

Abstract

Historical perspective

Nuclear Hybrid

The Hybrid

The Hybrid

The Hybrid

The Hybrid

End-Notes

Chapter Four: Uses

Abstract

Historical perspective

Chapter Five: Environment

Abstract

Historical perspective

Summary Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts

Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Rankings Rankings End Notes

Chapter Six: Financial

Abstract

Historical perspective

Chapter Seven: Technical

Abstract

Historical perspective

Engineered Qualities

Plant Overview

Cycle Overview

Elevation Overview

Plot Overview

Reactor System

Reactor

Reactor

Reactor

Reactor

Heat Exchangers

Control

He Turbo-Machinery

He Turbo-Machinery

Turbo-Machinery

Electrical Overview

Readiness

Thermal Cycle

Thermal Cycle

Contrasts

Contrasts

Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts

Contrast Rankings Rankings

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

Chapter Eight: Safety

Abstract

Historical perspective

Overview

Summary

In-depth Protection

Key Capabilities

Core Cooling Methods

Reactor Heat Removal

Decay Heat Removal

Decay Heat Removal

Passive Barriers Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrasts Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast Rankings Rankings

Chapter Nine: Licensing

Abstract

Historical perspective1

Chapter Ten: Advanced Reactor Issues

Abstract

Historical perspective

Overview

Development

Development

The Department of Energy

Overregulation

Overregulation

Overregulation

Overregulation

Overregulation

Overregulation

Overregulation

Last Fatal Flaw

Strategic Threat

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

End Notes

Chapter Eleven: Status

Abstract

Historical perspective

Poised to Move Ahead

Path Forward

Chapter Twelve: Conclusion

Abstract

Historical perspective

Appendix A: Ranking and Grading

Appendix B: Safety classes

Safety Classes

Safety Classes

Safety Classes

Safety Classes

Safety Classes

Appendix C: Pollutants

Pollutants

Pollutants

Pollutants

Appendix D: Gas reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Gas Reactors

Appendix E: NRC Safety Goals

NRC Safety Goals

Appendix F: Hybrid/All-Nuclear

Hybrid All Nuclear

Hybrid/Enhanced Coal-gas

Hybrid/Enhanced Coal-Gas

Hybrid/ All-Nuclear

Hybrid/ All-Nuclear

Appendix G: Hybrid Principal Design Criteria

Introduction

Criteria

Appendix H: Key Summaries

Appendix I: DOE Shortcomings and Remedies

Appendix J: Quality Assurance Policy

Hybrid Quality Assurance Programmatic Policy Preamble

I. Organization

II. Program

III Design Control

III. Design Control (continued)

IV. Procurement Control

V Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings

VI. Document Control

VII. Purchased Material, Equipment, and Services

VIII. Materials, Parts, and Components

IX. Special Processes

X. Inspections

XI. Test Control

XII. Measuring and Test Equipment

XIII. Handling, Storage, and Shipping

XIV. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status

XV. Nonconformance

XVI. Corrective Action

XVII. Records

XVIII. Audits

Appendix K: Hybrid Solutions

Hybrid Solutions

Hybrid Solutions

Hybrid Solutions

Hybrid Solutions

Appendix L: US Power Markets

References

Credentials: Biography

Papers and Lectures

Index

Copyright

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

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525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States

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The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a maer of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-824107-3

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at hps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Acquisitions Editor: Maria Convey

Editorial Project Manager: Leticia M. Lima

Production Project Manager: Poulouse Joseph

Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen

Typeset by SPi Global, India

Preface of the Series Editor

Hybrid energy systems are defined as the integration of several types of energy generation equipment such as electrical energy generators, electrical energy storage systems, and renewable energy sources.1 They represent a very promising sustainable solution for power generation in standalone applications. Technology will continue to evolve in the future, so that it will have wider applicability and lower costs. There will be more standardized designs, and it will be easier to select a system suited to particular applications. There will be increased communication between components, facilitating control, monitoring, and diagnosis. Finally, there will be increased use of power electric converters. Power electronic devices are already used in many hybrid systems, and as costs go down and reliability improves, they are expected to be used more and more.

This series provides a medium for publishing up-to-date research and explaining the concepts behind the development of hybrid technology systems, including advances in theories, developments, principles and bridges to practical case studies and applications in the overarching subjects related to advancing the energy mix. The intended audience are researchers, engineers, and managers in energy engineering, petroleum engineering, pipeline engineering, offshore engineering, nuclear engineering, and environmental engineering.

My hope is that this series drives forward the energy transition needed to meet all of the world’s energy demands in a sustainable and economically viable way.

1 hps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hybrid-energysystem (Accessed on January 13, 2021).

Preface

The objective of this text is to introduce a new approach to electrical energy production. The text also helps to broaden an

understanding of energy production in general and an innovative new Hybrid technology in particular. The implications on modern society of our energy choices are also studied.

The concept bases for this ground-breaking hybrid technology are examined, including discussions of major elements required for success in a competitive power industry.

Comparisons are made with other forms of energy production. These contrasts are generally on a relative basis, as opposed to absolute standards. The comparisons, while helpful, are not intended for drawing universal conclusions.

This heavily illustrated text is aimed at the general public, students, energy professionals, the financial community, politicians, and government regulators. Important considerations are simply introduced, evaluated, and a summary of conclusions is provided. Detailed information is also offered to aid independent investigations and studies involving: the environment, economics, public safety, and the hybrid’s technical characteristics.

The text is organized into the following chapters:

More detailed technical information is typically contained in page footnotes and chapter end notes. Collectively, this information promotes a broader understanding of energy production and the various considerations that collectively must be addressed to successfully provide energy in our modern society.

This concept builds on the pioneering closed-cycle gas turbine work of Hans Ulrich Frutschi, Dr. Curt Keller, and Jacob Ackert.

In summary, the text provides insights into a unique hybridnuclear solution for sustainably and affordably meeting the world’s

energy needs. This distinctive solution uses environmentally sound methods involving the marriage of nuclear and fossil fuels.

Disclaimer

Hybrid Power Technologies LLC makes no warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific product, process, or service by tradename, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise do not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by Hybrid Power Technologies LLC. © 2020 by Hybrid Power Technologies LLC. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmied, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior express wrien permission of Hybrid Power Technologies LLC or Michael F. Keller, the author of this document.

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