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HANDBOOKOFMICROBIAL NANOTECHNOLOGY Thispageintentionallyleftblank
HANDBOOKOF MICROBIAL NANOTECHNOLOGY Editedby
CHAUDHERY MUSTANSAR
HUSSAIN DepartmentofChemistryandEnvironmentalScience,NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology, Newark,NJ,UnitedStates
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ISBN:978-0-12-823426-6
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Contents Listofcontributorsxv
Abouttheeditorxix
Prefacexxi
Acknowledgmentsxxiii
1.Microbialnanotechnology based approachesforwoundhealingand infectioncontrol1
HamedBarabadi,EbrahimMostafavi,LinhB.Truong, DavidMedinaCruz,HosseinVahidi,MohammadAliMahjoub, OmidHosseiniandMuthupandianSaravanan
1.1Introduction1
1.2Woundhealingandinfectioncontrol: aninsight2
1.3Useofnanotechnologyinwoundhealingand infectioncontrol3
1.3.1Currenttherapiesandtheir drawbacks3
1.3.2Currentnanoplatformsforwound healingandinfectioncontrol3
1.4Microbialsynthesisofnanomaterials4
1.5Methodsofmicrobial-basedgreensynthesisof nanomaterials5
1.5.1Bacterial-mediatedsynthesisof nanoparticles5
1.5.2Fungal-mediatedsynthesisof nanoparticles5
1.5.3Microalgal-mediatedsynthesisof nanoparticles6
1.6Microbiallysynthesizednanomaterialsfor woundhealingandinfectioncontrol6
1.6.1Goldnanoparticles6
1.6.2Silvernanoparticles7
1.6.3Metaloxidenanoparticles10
1.7Antibacterialmechanismsofmetal-based nanoparticles11
1.8Conclusionsandfutureoutlook12 References12
2.Cancertherapeuticswithmicrobial nanotechnology-basedapproaches17
LinhB.Truong,DavidMedinaCruz,HamedBarabadi,Hossein VahidiandEbrahimMostafavi
2.1Introductionofcancer,currentstate, treatments,andlimitations17
2.2Introductionofnanoparticles,advantages, properties,synthesispathways,andthe emerginguseofmicrobialsynthesis19
2.3Synthesispathwaysandgeneral characteristics20
2.4Directtherapeuticmechanisms (nanoparticlesastherapy)23
2.5Indirecttherapeuticmechanism27
2.6Currentchallengesandprospectsinclinical translation30
2.7Conclusion32 References32
3.Nanotechnologicalinterventions forthedetectionofpathogensthrough surfacemarkerrecognition45 ChandniSharma,MohiniVerma,ShiwaniRandhawaand AmitabhaAcharya
3.1Introduction45
3.2Biomarkersexposedonthesurfaceof microorganisms46
3.2.1Surfaceproteins47
3.2.2Carbohydrates48
3.2.3Glycoproteins49
3.2.4ExtracellularDNA50
3.3Conventionalmethods51
3.3.1Cellcultureandcolonycountingbased methods52
3.3.2Microscopy53
3.3.3Polymerasechainreaction53
3.3.4Immunology-baseddetection methods54
3.3.5Flowcytometry55
3.3.6Biosensors-baseddetection56
3.4Switchingfromconventionalto nanotechnologicalapproach57
3.4.1Immunosensor59
3.4.2Surface-enhancedRaman spectroscopy-basedbiosensor60
3.4.3ColorimetricSensor62
3.4.4Fluorometricsensor62
3.4.5Electrochemicalsensor63
3.4.6Miscellaneoussensingplatforms65
3.5Conclusionandfutureprospects68
Acknowledgement68
Abbreviations68 References69
4.Anoverviewofmicrobialcalcite nanoparticlegenerationinself-healing concrete:itspotential,advantages,and limitationsasagreenbuilding material79
HimanshiSainiandLalitaLedwani
4.1Introduction79
4.2Constituentsofmicrobialconcrete80
4.3Implantationofhealingagentsand precipitationprocessinsidethematrix81
4.4Performanceandenhancementofbioconcrete properties84
4.5Potentialofbioconcreteintheconstruction industry85
4.6Advantagesanddisadvantages87
4.7Conclusion88 References88
5.Nanobiosensorsfordetectionof bacteria:anoverviewoffiber-optics andRamanspectroscopybased biosensors91
J.Nirgund,K.N.Purana,D.Selvakumar,N.S.Kumarand S.Sil
5.1Introduction91
5.2Biosensorsforpathogendetection94
5.2.1Classificationbasedonbiorecognition element95
5.2.2Classificationbasedonthetransducer component97
5.3Opticalbiosensorsandmethods100
5.3.1Biofunctionalizationstrategies101
5.3.2Polymeropticalfibers102
5.3.3Immobilizationofmetal nanoparticles102
5.3.4Aptamersasbiorecognition elements102
5.4Nanomaterialenhancedbiosensors103
5.4.1Surfaceplasmonresonance-based biosensors105
5.4.2Fluorescence-basedfiberoptic biosensors108
5.4.3Ramanspectroscopyand surfaceenhancedRaman spectroscopy110
5.5Conclusion123 References124 Furtherreading132
6.Utilizationofflowcytometryin nanomaterial/bionanomaterial detection133
RamakrishnanGeethalakshmi,SRNivaz,GSLekshmi, DuraiarasanSurendhiran,ChaudheryMustansarHussainand AbdulRazackSirajunnisa
6.1Introduction133
6.2Flowcytometer:principlesand instrumentation134
6.2.1Principleofflowcytometry134
6.2.2Instrumentation135
6.3Flowcytometryanditsapplicationsin research138
6.3.1Immunophenotyping138
6.3.2Cellsorting138
6.3.3Cellcycleanalysis139
6.3.4Apoptosis139
6.3.5Intracellularcalciumflux139
6.3.6Analysisofmicrobiota139
6.4Nanotechnologyandflowcytometry139
6.4.1Imagingofnanoparticlesin suspension140
6.4.2Detectionofnanoparticles141
6.5Conclusion142 References142
7.UtilizationofRamanspectroscopyin nanomaterial/bionanomaterial detection145
SRNivaz,RamakrishnanGeethalakshmi,GSLekshmi, DuraiarasanSurendhiran,ChaudheryMustansarHussainand AbdulRazackSirajunnisa
7.1Introduction145
7.2Raman:principleandinstrumentation146
7.2.1Principle:Ramanscatteringand shift146
7.2.2Instrumentation147
7.2.3VariantsinRamanspectroscopy148
7.3DetectingnanoparticlesincellsusingRaman spectroscopy151
7.3.1Surface-enhancedRaman spectroscopy151
7.4DetectingnanoparticlesincellsusingRaman spectroscopy153
7.5Conclusion154
References154
8.NanotechnologybasedPathogen identificationthroughsurfacemarker identification157
AnamikaNayakandDebjaniDutta
8.1Introduction157
8.2Nanotechnologicaladvancementinpathogen identification158
8.2.1Goldnanoparticle based detection158
8.2.2Silvernanoparticle based detection159
8.2.3Quantumdot baseddetection160
8.2.4Carbonnanotube baseddetection161
8.2.5Magneticnanoparticle based detection162
8.3Trendsandchallenges163
8.4Conclusion164
Abbreviation164
References165
9.Microalgaenanotechnologyand drugdevelopment169
JenniferR.McCall,ArielP.Brown,KathrynT.Sausmanand SamuelH.McCallIV
9.1Introduction169
9.2Microalgaeproductionofmetallic nanoparticles170
9.2.1Microalgalsynthesisofmetallic nanoparticles171
9.2.2Silvernanoparticlesforuseinantibiotic applications172
9.2.3Microalgaeproductionofgoldandother metallicnanoparticles173
9.3Microalgaeproductionofbiomoleculesfor pharmaceuticalapplications174
9.3.1Bioassay-guidedfractionationandother methodsfordetermining bioactivity175
9.3.2Anticancerbioactivecompoundsfrom microalgae177
9.3.3Antimicrobialbioactivecompoundsfrom microalgae178
9.3.4Microalgaldrugdiscoveryforother healthapplications178
9.3.5Phycotoxinsaspotentialdrugs179
9.4Microalgaeasfacilitatingtechnologies180
9.4.1Genetictransformationofmicroalgaeas drugfactories180
9.4.2Microalgaeasscavengers182
9.5Summaryandconclusions182 References184
10.Regulationsandriskassessmentof microbialgreennanotechnology191
KatyaM.Aguilar-Pe ´ rez,GustavoRuiz-Pulido,DoraI.Medina, RobertoParra-SaldivarandHafizM.N.Iqbal
10.1Introduction191
10.2Microbialgreensynthesisof nanomaterials194
10.2.1Intracellularsynthesis194
10.2.2Extracellularsynthesis194
10.3Lifecycleassessmentofnanomaterials: environmentalandhealthriskassessment195
10.4Influencingfactorsintoxicityofgreen nanomaterials196
10.5Challengesonsafetyassessment199
10.6Globalregulatoryaspectsonmicrobialgreen nanotechnology201
10.7Conclusionandfuturetrends/GreenNano Policyrecommendations202 Acknowledgments204 Conflictsofinterest204 References204
11.Nanoparticlesasantibacterialagentfor dentalrestorativematerialsandtheir antibacterialactivityevaluation209 DasmawatiMohamadandHabsahHasan
11.1Introduction209
11.1.1Dentalrestorativematerials209
11.2Nanoparticlesasfillersinrestorative materials210
11.3Surfacemorphologyandroughnessof restorativematerialswithdifferentfiller sizes211
11.4Astudyofsurfaceroughnessrelationwith bacterialaccumulation211
11.5Nanoparticlesasantibacterialagentsandtheir mechanisms214
11.5.1Nanozincoxideparticles214
11.5.2Nanosilverparticles214
11.5.3Nanographene215
11.6Antibacterialevaluationtechnique216
11.6.1Diskdiffusion217
11.6.2Brothdilutionmethod218
11.6.3Time-killmethod221
11.7Microscopycellularstructureofthe microbes221 References222
12.Greensynthesisofnanomaterials225
N.B.Singh
12.1Introduction225
12.2Synthesisofnanomaterials226
12.3Greenchemistry228
12.4Methodsofsynthesizingnanomaterials employinggreenroutes229
12.5Synthesisofnanomaterialswithplants230
12.5.1Synthesisofsilver nanoparticles230
12.5.2SynthesisofgoldNPs231
12.5.3SynthesisofZnONPs232
12.5.4SynthesisofCNTusingleafextracts asacatalyst236
12.5.5Synthesisofreducedgraphene oxide nickeloxidenanocomposites using Psidiumguajava L.(guava) leafextract242
12.6Synthesisofnanomaterialsthrough microbes243
12.7Microwave248
12.8Sonochemicalmethod249
12.9Synthesisfromwaste249
12.10Synthesisofnanomaterialsbyusing solvents250
12.11Conclusions253 References253
13.Antimicrobialnanocoatingforfood industry255
RaciyeMeral,ZaferCeylan,NazanKutlu,AliKılıc¸er, AbdullahC¸a ˘ glarandOktayTomar
13.1Introduction255
13.2Coating256
13.2.1Coatingapplicationsforfood safety256
13.2.2Nanocoating257
13.3Widelyusednanocoatingantimicrobial materials261
13.3.1Nano-silver-basednanocoating261
13.3.2Encapsulatedbioactivematerialsfor nanocoatinginfoodsafety262
13.3.3Probioticbacteriaand nanocoating265
13.3.4Widelyusedwallmaterialsfor nanoencapsulationofantimicrobial materials267
13.4Somepotentialconvertiblematerialsfor obtainingnanomaterials271
13.4.1Pumiceandperlite271
13.5Conclusion273
References274
14.Antiviralpotentialofgreensynthesizedsilvernanoparticles285
HamedBarabadi,KamyarJounaki,ElahePishgahzadeh, HamedMorad,SalarSadeghian-Abadi,HosseinVahidiand ChaudheryMustansarHussain
14.1Introduction285
14.2Useofnanotechnologyforantiviral therapeutics287
14.2.1Currenttherapiesandtheir drawbacks287
14.2.2Currentnanoplatformsforantiviral therapeutics288
14.3Bioengineeringofsilvernanomaterialsusing biologicalresources290
14.3.1Plant-mediatedsynthesisofsilver nanomaterials292
14.3.2Fungal-mediatedsynthesisofsilver nanomaterials294
14.3.3Bacterial-mediatedsynthesisofsilver nanomaterials295
14.3.4Algal-mediatedsynthesisofsilver nanomaterials297
14.4Green-synthesizedsilvernanoparticlesfor antiviraltherapeutics:Amechanistic approach297
14.5Conclusionsandfutureoutlook302 References303
15.Microbialnanotechnologyin foodindustry:antimicrobial packaging311
G.Sivaprakash,R.KarthikRaja,K.Mohanrasu,G.H.Dineshand A.Arun
15.1Introduction311
15.2Drawbacksofexistingpackaging materials312
15.3Roleofnanoresearchinthefood industry313
15.4Foodpackaging314
15.4.1Activepackaging315
15.4.2Intelligentorsmartnanosystem packing316
15.4.3Antimicrobialfoodpacking316
15.4.4Nanocompositesinfoodpacking317
15.5Shelflifeorpreservationoffood material319
15.6Toxicologicalandsafetyaspectsof nanotechnologyinfoodpackaging320
15.7Conclusion323 Acknowledgments323 References324
16.Microbialbio-basedpolymer nanocompositeforfoodindustry applications331
K.Mohanrasu,R.GuruRajRao,V.Ananthi,G.Sivaprakash, G.H.Dinesh,AngelinSwetha,J.JeyakanthanandA.Arun
16.1Introduction331
16.2Nanotechnologyapplicationsinfood industry332
16.3Applicationofpolymernanocompositesin foodindustry332
16.4Bio-basedpolymerapplicationsinfood industry(nanocomposite)333
16.5Polyhydroxybutyrate335
16.5.1Productionof polyhydroxybutyrate335
16.5.2Polyhydroxybutyratenanocomposite filmsforpackagingapplications337
16.6Bacterialcellulose341
16.6.1ProductionofBC342
16.6.2Bacterialnanocelluloseforfood packagingapplications342
16.7Polylacticacid343
16.8Curdlan,gellangum,k-carrageenan,and xanthangumnanocomposite344
16.9Microbialbiopolymericnanocomposites’role inthefoodpackaging345
16.10SafetyandregulationissuesofNPs346
16.11Conclusion346 Acknowledgments347 References347
17.Pathogenidentificationthrough surfacemarkerrecognitionmethods355
V.AnanthiandA.Arun
17.1Introduction355
17.2Componentsofnanoparticlesinvolvedin pathogendetection357
17.3Biosensors358
17.3.1Electrochemicalbiosensors360
17.3.2Colorimetricbiosensors360
17.3.3Fluorescentbiosensors361
17.3.4Surface-enhancedRamanscattering biosensors361
17.4Pathogenidentificationthroughsurface markerrecognition361
17.4.1Pathogendetectionbymetallic nanoparticles362
17.4.2Pathogendetectionbyquantum dots365
17.4.3Pathogendetectionbymagnetic nanoparticles365
17.4.4Pathogendetectionbyfluorescent polymericnanoparticles366
17.4.5Recentadvancementsinpathogen detectionbyothernanoparticles367
17.5Futureperspectives367 References368
18.Microbialnanotechnologyin cancertherapy375 ShamaParveenandMonishaBanerjee
18.1Introduction375
18.2Microbialnanotechnology375
18.2.1Enzymesresponsiblefor synthesis376
18.2.2Mechanismofsynthesis376
18.2.3Microbialnanotechnologyin cancer377
18.3Microbialnanotechnologyin immunotherapy378
18.4Microbialnanoformulations379
18.4.1Fungus-basednanoparticles379
18.4.2Bacteria-basednanoparticles380
18.4.3Algae-basednanoparticles380
18.4.4Futureprospects380
Acknowledgments381 References381
19.Greensynthesizednanomaterialsfor greenerenvironment385
SudipNag,ArnabPramanikandMaitreeBhattacharyya
19.1Introduction385
19.2Environmentalpollutants:chemicaland molecularclassification386
19.2.1Aromaticandpoly-aromatic hydrocarbon387
19.2.2Syntheticdyes387
19.2.3Heavymetals389
19.2.4Halogencontainingcompounds391
19.3Environmentalpollutants:effectonhuman health391
19.4Limitationofconventionalremediation techniques393
19.5Nano-bioremediation:amodernapproachof usinggreensynthesizednanomaterialsin environmentalremediation393
19.5.1Metal-basednanoparticles394
19.5.2Carbon-basednanoparticles399
19.5.3Biopolymer-based nanomaterials400
19.6Mechanismofnano-remediation402
19.6.1Chemicalcatalysis402
19.6.2Photo-catalysis402
19.6.3Adsorption403
19.6.4Sensor:surfaceenhancedRaman scatteringsubstrate404
19.7Conclusion405
19.8Futureoutlook405 References406
20.Enzymesincorporatednanotechnology forwastewatertreatment415
T.AngelinSwetha,K.Mohanrasu,AbhispaBora, V.AnanthiandA.Arun
20.1Introduction415
20.2Enzymes416
20.2.1Propertiesofenzymes417
20.3Typesofenzymesusedforwastewater treatment417
20.3.1Phenoliccontaminantsandrelated compounds417
20.3.2Pulpandpaperwastetreatment420
20.3.3Treatmentofpesticides421
20.3.4Treatmentofcyanidewastes422
20.3.5Treatmentoffood-processing wastes422
20.3.6Solidwasteandsludge treatment423
20.3.7Removalofheavymetals424
20.4Enzymeintegratednanoparticleforwastewater treatment424
20.4.1Magneticnanoparticles426
20.4.2Goldandsilvernanoparticles426
20.4.3Chitosannanoparticles427
20.4.4Carbonnanotubes427
20.4.5Silicananoparticles428
20.5Deliveryofenzymebyusingnanoparticlefor wastewatertreatment428
20.6Applicationsofenzyme-based nanomaterials430
20.6.1Useofenzyme-basednanomaterials fortheeliminationofemerging pollutants430
20.6.2Disinfection431
20.7Conclusion433 Acknowledgements433 References433
21.Microbesincorporatednanomaterials forwaterpurification439
AbhispaBora,K.Mohanrasu,T.AngelinSwetha, V.Ananthi,P.Kumar,MuthusamyGovarthananandA.Arun
21.1Introduction439
21.2Microbialsynthesisofsilver nanoparticles440
21.3Mechanismofmicrobiallysynthesized nanoparticles441
21.3.1Mechanismofmetalnanoparticle productionbybacteria441
21.3.2Mechanismofmetalnanoparticle generationbyfungi443
21.3.3Utilizationofwhole-cellversuscell extractsfornanoparticle production444
21.4Endophyticmicrobes—thebiofactoriesof nanoparticlessynthesis444
21.5Applicationsofnanomaterialsonwastewater treatment/waterpurification446
21.5.1Zero-valentnanoparticles446
21.5.2Metaloxidenanoparticles447
21.5.3Carbonnanomaterials448
21.5.4Anamalgamationofmicroorganisms withelectrospunnanofibrouswebsfor waterdecontamination450
21.6Useofmicrobiallymanufacturedsilver nanoparticlesforwaterpurification451
21.7Conclusion451
Acknowledgment452 References452
22.Greennanotechnologyforthe environment461
RamalingamKarthikRaja,SelcukHazir,GovindanBalasubramani, GurusamySivaprakash,EbenezerSamuelJamesObeth, ThulasinathanBoobalan,ArivalaganPugazhendhi, R.HariKrishnaRajandAlagarsamyArun
22.1Introduction461
22.2Goalsofgreentechnology462
22.3Currentscientificandtechnological advancements463
22.3.1Recentadvancementsingreen nanotechnology463
22.3.2Thepotentialimpactof nanotechnologyongreen technologies466
22.3.3Waterclean-upnanomaterial technology466
22.3.4Nanomaterialsforconstruction industry467
22.4Energyandenvironmentaltechnology468
22.4.1Nanomaterialsforenergy conversion468
22.4.2Nanomaterialsforenergy storage468
22.5Nano-enhancedgreentechnologies469
22.6Nanomaterialsinchemicalindustry469
22.7Impactonenvironmentalfiltrationand remediation470
22.7.1Safetreatment,filtrationand desalinationofwaterbycheapand compactnanotechnologyfilters470
22.8Greennanotechnologyforeco-friendly agriculture471
22.8.1Nanofertilizers471
22.8.2Nanopesticides472
22.9Nanotechnologyandairpollution472
22.9.1Nanostructuredmembranesand catalysts472
22.10Nanotechnologyforpollution prevention472
22.11Toxicity,riskassessment,and management473
22.12Conclusion474
Acknowledgment474 References474
23.Atomicforcemicroscopyas multifunctionalmicrobialimagingand characterizationplatform479
MartaWo´zniak-Budych,BarbaraM.Maciejewska, StefanJurgaandKarolinaWieszczycka
23.1Antibioticresistance479
23.1.1ClassificationonthebasisofGram stainandbacterialcellwall480
23.1.2Bacterialpathogensandtheir antibioticresistance481
23.1.3Thebacterialantibiotic resistance485
23.2Multifunctionalmicrobialidentificationand imaging487
23.3Atomicforcemicroscopy,multifunctionaltool forbiologicalsamplecharacterization495
23.4Challenges501
Acknowledgment502
Credit:authorshipcontributionstatement502
References502
24.Roleofmicrobialnanotechnologyin energydevices517
ShareefrazaJ.Ukkund,BhavnaAlke,SyedNoemanTaquiand UsmanTaquiSyed
24.1Introduction517
24.2Microbialnanotechnologyinenergy sources519
24.2.1Nanotechnologyinenergy sources519
24.2.2Microbesasenergysources520
24.3Microbialnanotechnologyinenergy conversion520
24.3.1Microbialphotoelectrochemical system523
24.4Microbialnanotechnologyinenergy distribution523
24.4.1Nanotechnologyinenergy distribution525
24.5Microbialnanotechnologyinenergyusageor consumption527
24.5.1Currentstatusofenergyusage527
24.5.2Nanotechnologyforenergy consumption527
24.5.3Roleofmicrobialnanotechnologyin energyconsumption528
24.6Microbialnanotechnologyinenergy storage529
24.6.1Bioelectrochemicalsystems529
24.6.2Supercapacitivemicrobialfuel cells529
24.6.3Nanotechnologyandsupercapacitive microbialfuelcells529
24.7Biofuels531
24.7.1Biohydrogen531
24.7.2Biodiesel534
24.7.3Bioethanol536
24.7.4Biomethane538
24.8Conclusion541
References541
Index549 Listofcontributors AmitabhaAcharya BiotechnologyDivision, CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresource Technology,Palampur,HimachalPradesh, India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh, India
KatyaM.Aguilar-Pe ´ rez Tecnologicode Monterrey,SchoolofEngineeringand Sciences,Monterrey,MexicoCity,Mexico
BhavnaAlke LAQV/REQUIMTE,Department ofChemistry,FacultyofScienceand Technology,NOVAUniversityofLisbon, Caparica,Portugal
V.Ananthi DepartmentofMolecularBiology, MaduraiKamarajUniversity,Madurai,Tamil Nadu,India
T.AngelinSwetha Bioenergyand BioremediationLaboratory,Departmentof Microbiology,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
A.Arun BioenergyandBioremediation Laboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,TamilNadu, India
GovindanBalasubramani AquaticAnimal HealthandEnvironmentalDivision,ICARCentralInstituteofBrackishwater Aquaculture,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
MonishaBanerjee MolecularandHuman GeneticsLaboratory,Departmentof Zoology,UniversityofLucknow,Lucknow, India
HamedBarabadi DepartmentofPharmaceutical Biotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,Shahid BeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences, Tehran,Iran
MaitreeBhattacharyya Departmentof Biochemistry,UniversityofCalcutta,Kolkata, WestBengal,India;JagadisBoseNational
ScienceTalentSearch,Kolkata,WestBengal, India
ThulasinathanBoobalan Departmentof Microbiology,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
AbhispaBora BioenergyandBioremediation Laboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India
ArielP.Brown ClinicalResearchProgram, SchoolofNursing,UniversityofNorth CarolinaWilmington,WilmingtonNC,USA
AbdullahC¸ag ˘ lar FacultyofAgricultureand NaturalScience,KocaeliUniversity,Kocaeli, Turkey
ZaferCeylan VanYuzuncu YılUniversity, FacultyofTourism,Departmentof GastronomyandCulinaryArts,Van,Turkey
DavidMedinaCruz DepartmentofChemical Engineering,NortheasternUniversity, Boston,MA,UnitedStates
G.H.Dinesh DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India
DebjaniDutta DepartmentofBiotechnology, NationalInstituteofTechnology,Durgapur, WestBengal,India
RamakrishnanGeethalakshmi Bionanomaterials Laboratory,CentreforBiotechnology,Anna University,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
MuthusamyGovarthanan Departmentof EnvironmentalEngineering,Kyungpook NationalUniversity,DaeguCampus, GyeongbukProvince,SouthKorea
R.GuruRajRao StructuralBiologyand Bio-ComputingLab,Departmentof Bioinformatics,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
HabsahHasan MicrobiologyandParasitology Department,SchoolofMedicalSciences, HealthCampus,UniversitiSainsMalaysia, KubangKerian,Kelantan,Malaysia
SelcukHazir DepartmentofBiology,Faculty ofArtsandScience,AdnanMenderes University,Aydin,Turkey
OmidHosseini ShahidBeheshtiUniversityof MedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran
ChaudheryMustansarHussain Departmentof ChemistryandEnvironmentalScience,New JerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,NJ, UnitedStates
HafizM.N.Iqbal TecnologicodeMonterrey, SchoolofEngineeringandSciences, Monterrey,Mexicocity,Mexico
J.Jeyakanthan StructuralBiologyandBioComputingLab,Departmentof Bioinformatics,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
KamyarJounaki DepartmentofPharmaceutical Biotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,Shahid BeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences, Tehran,Iran
StefanJurga NanoBioMedicalCentre,Adam MickiewiczUniversity,Poznan,Poland
N.S.Kumar DepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,DefenceBioengineeringand ElectromedicalLaboratory(DEBEL), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
P.Kumar DepartmentofAnimalHealthand Management,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
NazanKutlu FacultyofEngineering,Food EngineeringDepartment,VanYu zu ncu Yıl University,Van,Turkey;Instituteof Science,VanYu zu ncu YılUniversity,Van, Turkey
AliKılıc¸er FacultyofEngineering,Geological EngineeringDepartment,VanYuzuncu Yıl University,Van,Turkey
LalitaLedwani ManipalUniversityJaipur, Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
GSLekshmi AdvancedNanomaterials Laboratory,CentreforNanoscienceand
Technology,AnnaUniversity,Chennai, TamilNadu,India
BarbaraM.Maciejewska NanoBioMedical Centre,AdamMickiewiczUniversity, Poznan,Poland
MohammadAliMahjoub Departmentof Pharmaceutics,SchoolofPharmacy,Shahid BeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences, Tehran,Iran
JenniferR.McCall ClinicalResearch Program,SchoolofNursing,Universityof NorthCarolinaWilmington,Wilmington NC,USA;SeaToxResearchInc,Wilmington NC,USA
SamuelH.McCall,IV SeaToxResearchInc, WilmingtonNC,USA
DoraI.Medina TecnologicodeMonterrey, SchoolofEngineeringandSciences, Monterrey,MexicoCity,Mexico
RaciyeMeral FacultyofEngineering,Food EngineeringDepartment,VanYuzuncu Yıl University,Van,Turkey
DasmawatiMohamad BiomaterialsUnit, SchoolofDentalSciences,HealthCampus, UniversitiSainsMalaysia,KubangKerian, Kelantan,Malaysia
K.Mohanrasu DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India;BioenergyandBioremediation Laboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India
HamedMorad DepartmentofPharmaceutics, FacultyofPharmacy,MazandaranUniversity ofMedicalSciences,Sari,Iran;Ramsar Campus,MazandaranUniversityofMedical Sciences,Ramsar,Iran
EbrahimMostafavi StanfordCardiovascular Institute,StanfordUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Stanford,CA,UnitedStates; DepartmentofMedicine,Stanford University,SchoolofMedicine,Stanford,CA, UnitedStates
SudipNag DepartmentofBiochemistry, UniversityofCalcutta,Kolkata,WestBengal, India
AnamikaNayak Departmentof Biotechnology,NationalInstituteof Technology,Durgapur,WestBengal,India
J.Nirgund DepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,DefenceBioengineeringand ElectromedicalLaboratory(DEBEL), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
SRNivaz AdvancedNanomaterials Laboratory,CentreforNanoscienceand Technology,AnnaUniversity,Chennai, TamilNadu,India
EbenezerSamuelJamesObeth Departmentof Microbiology,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
RobertoParra-Saldivar Tecnologicode Monterrey,SchoolofEngineeringand Sciences,Monterrey,Mexicocity,Mexico
ShamaParveen MolecularandHuman GeneticsLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology, UniversityofLucknow,Lucknow,India
ElahePishgahzadeh Departmentof PharmaceuticalBiotechnology,School ofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshtiUniversityof MedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran
ArnabPramanik JagadisBoseNationalScience TalentSearch,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
ArivalaganPugazhendhi InnovativeGreen ProductSynthesisandRenewable EnvironmentDevelopmentResearchGroup, FacultyofEnvironmentandLabourSafety, TonDucThangUniversity,HoChiMinh City,VietNam
K.N.Purana DepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,DefenceBioengineeringand ElectromedicalLaboratory(DEBEL), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
RHariKrishnaRaj Departmentof Biotechnology,PadmavaniArts&Science CollegeforWomen,Salem,TamilNadu,India
R.KarthikRaja DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India
ShiwaniRandhawa BiotechnologyDivision, CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresource Technology,Palampur,HimachalPradesh,
India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh, India
GustavoRuiz-Pulido Tecnologicode Monterrey,SchoolofEngineeringand Sciences,Monterrey,MexicoCity,Mexico
SalarSadeghian-Abadi Departmentof PharmaceuticalBiotechnology,Schoolof Pharmacy,ShahidBeheshtiUniversity ofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran
HimanshiSaini ManipalUniversityJaipur, Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
MuthupandianSaravanan Departmentof MedicalMicrobiologyandImmunology, InstituteofBiomedicalSciences,Collegeof HealthScience,Mekelle University,Mekelle, FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia;AMR andNanomedicineLaboratory,Department ofPharmacology,SaveethaDentalCollege, SaveethaInstituteofMedicalandTechnical Sciences(SIMATS),Chennai,India
KathrynT.Sausman ClinicalResearchProgram, SchoolofNursing,UniversityofNorthCarolina Wilmington,WilmingtonNC,USA
D.Selvakumar DepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,DefenceBioengineeringand ElectromedicalLaboratory(DEBEL), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
ChandniSharma BiotechnologyDivision, CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresource Technology,Palampur,HimachalPradesh, India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh, India
S.Sil DepartmentofEnvironmental Protection,DefenceBioengineeringand ElectromedicalLaboratory(DEBEL), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
N.B.Singh DepartmentofChemistryand Biochemistry,SchoolofBasicSciencesand ResearchandResearchDevelopmentCell, ShardaUniversity,GreaterNoida,Uttar Pradesh,India
AbdulRazackSirajunnisa Bionanomaterials Laboratory,CentreforBiotechnology,Anna University,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
G.Sivaprakash DepartmentofMicrobiology, AlagappaUniversity,Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu,India
DuraiarasanSurendhiran DepartmentofFood ScienceandTechnology,PukyongNational University,Busan,SouthKorea
UsmanTaquiSyed LAQV/REQUIMTE, DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScience andTechnology,NOVAUniversityof Lisbon,Caparica,Portugal;Departmentof ChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering, InstituteofNanoscienceofAragon(INA), UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
SyedNoemanTaqui Departmentof Chemistry,UniversityofMalaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
OktayTomar FacultyofAgricultureand NaturalScience,KocaeliUniversity,Kocaeli, Turkey
LinhB.Truong DepartmentofChemical Engineering,NortheasternUniversity, Boston,MA,UnitedStates
ShareefrazaJ.Ukkund DepartmentofNanoTechnology,SrinivasInstituteofTechnology, Mangalore,Karnataka,India;Centrefor Nanoscience&Technology,Collegeof EngineeringandTechnology,Srinivas University,Mangalore,Karnataka,India
HosseinVahidi DepartmentofPharmaceutical Biotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,Shahid BeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences, Tehran,Iran
MohiniVerma BiotechnologyDivision,CSIRInstituteofHimalayanBioresource Technology,Palampur,HimachalPradesh, India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh, India
KarolinaWieszczycka InstituteofChemical TechnologyandEngineering,Poznan UniversityofTechnology,Poznan,Poland
MartaWoz ´ niak-Budych NanoBioMedical Centre,AdamMickiewiczUniversity, Poznan,Poland
Abouttheeditor ChaudheryMustansarHussain,PhD,isan adjunctprofessoranddirectoroflaborato-
riesintheDepartmentofChemistry& EnvironmentalScienceattheNewJersey
InstituteofTechnology(NJIT),Newark, NewJersey,UnitedStates.Hisresearchis focusedontheapplicationsofnanotechnologyandadvancedmaterials,environmental management,analyticalchemistry,smart materialsandtechnologies,andothervariousindustries.Dr.Hussainistheauthorof numerouspapersinpeer-reviewedjournals aswellasaprolificauthorandeditorof aroundhundredbooks,includingscientific monographsandhandbooksinhisresearch areas.HehaspublishedwithElsevier, AmericanChemicalSociety,RoyalSociety ofChemistry,Springer,JohnWiley&Sons, andCRCPress.
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Preface Nanotechnologyhasshowngreatpromiseinvarioustechnicaldisciplinesincludingnanomedicine,nano-drugdelivery systems,fuelcellcatalysts,self-assembled polymerfilms,nanofabrication,miniaturization,imprintlithography,andmicroelectronics.Similarlymicrobiologyisrelatedto nanotechnologyatanumberoflevels. Severalbacterialentitiesarenano-machines innature.Thesebacteriaalsocreatebiofilmsbytheprocessofself-assemblywhere controlledaswellasorderedbuilding blocksareformed.Moreover,theformation ofviruscapsidsisatypicalprocedureof molecularrecognitionandself-assemblyat thenanometerlevel.Asaresultmicrobial nanotechnologyispredictedtobeamain driverofindustryandbusinessinthiscenturyandwillsignificantlyimpactall aspectsofsociety.Likewisemicrobialnanotechnologyistakingpartincreatingdevelopmentandinnovationinvarioussectors. Despitetheparticipationofmicrobialnanotechnologyinmoderndevelopment,there aresomehindrances.Thelackofinformation,thepossibilityofadverseimpactson theenvironment,humanhealth,safety,and sustainabilityarestillachallengewhichare addressedinthishandbook.Specialattentionispaidtothoseapproachesthatare greenandsustainableforindustrialdevelopments.Thisproposedhandbookdiscussesaboutrecentadvancementsin microbialnanotechnologyarena.
Toapprehendinclusiveimpressionof microbialnanotechnologyandtoprovide thereaderalogicalandexpressiverepresentation,thebookisdividedintodifferent
chapters. Chapter1 discussesaboutmicrobialnanotechnology-basedapproachesfor woundhealingandinfectioncontrol. Cancertherapeuticswithmicrobial nanotechnology-basedapproachesare exploredin Chapter2 Chapters3 5 areon nanotechnologicalinterventionsforthe detectionofpathogens,microbialcalcite nanoparticlegenerationinself-healingconcrete,andnano-biosensorsforthedetection ofbacteria.Utilizationofflowcytometryand Ramanspectroscopyinbio-nanomaterial detectioniscarriedoutin Chapters6and7. Pathogenidentificationthroughsurface markerrecognition,microalgaenanotechnology,anddrugdevelopmentaretopicsfor Chapters8and9.Regulationsandrisk assessmentofmicrobialgreennanotechnologyisdiscussedin Chapter10.Nanoparticles asantibacterialagentfordentalapplication, greensynthesisofnanomaterials,antimicrobialnanocoating,andantiviralpotentialof greensynthesizedsilvernanoparticlesare describedin Chapters11 14.Thenantimicrobialpackaging,microbialbio-basedpolymer nanocompositeforfoodindustryapplications, pathogenidentificationthroughsurface markerrecognition,andmicrobialnanotechnologyincancertherapyarediscussedinthe nextthreechapters. Chapter19 onwardsare basedongreensynthesizednanomaterialsfor greenerenvironment,enzymes-incorporated nanotechnologyforwastewatertreatment, microbes-incorporatednanomaterialsfor waterpurificationgreennanotechnologyfor environment,andAFMasmultifunctional microbialimagingandcharacterization platform.Thelastchapterdescribesthe
applicationsofmicrobialnanotechnologyin energydevices.
Overall,thisbookisintendedtobeareferenceguidebookforexperts,researchers, andscientistswhoaresearchingforanew andmoderndevelopmentinmicrobialnanotechnology.Theeditorandauthorsarewellknownresearchers,scientists,andspecialists fromvariousuniversitiesandindustry. OnbehalfofElsevier,Iamverydelighted withallauthorsfortheiroutstandingand
enthusiastichardworkinmakingofthis book.Veryspecialacknowledgmentsto PatriciaOsborn(acquisitioneditor),Chezca Cabural(editorialprojectmanager),and KumarAnbazhagan(productionmanager) atElsevier,fortheirdevotedsupportand helpduringthisproject.Intheend,Ioffer mysincerethankstoElsevierforpublishing thebook.
ChaudheryMustansarHussain
Acknowledgments IwouldliketoacknowledgeChaudheryGhazanfarHussainforhisdedicatedsupport duringthecompilationofthishandbook.
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Microbialnanotechnology based approachesforwoundhealingand infectioncontrol HamedBarabadi1,*,EbrahimMostafavi2,3,*,LinhB.Truong4, DavidMedinaCruz4,HosseinVahidi1,MohammadAliMahjoub5, OmidHosseini6 andMuthupandianSaravanan7,8
1DepartmentofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshti UniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran 2StanfordCardiovascularInstitute,Stanford UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanford,CA,UnitedStates 3DepartmentofMedicine,Stanford UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanford,CA,UnitedStates 4DepartmentofChemical Engineering,NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA,UnitedStates 5Departmentof Pharmaceutics,SchoolofPharmacy,ShahidBeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran, Iran 6ShahidBeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran 7DepartmentofMedical MicrobiologyandImmunology,InstituteofBiomedicalSciences,CollegeofHealthScience, MekelleUniversity,Mekelle,FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia 8AMRand NanomedicineLaboratory,DepartmentofPharmacology,SaveethaDentalCollege,Saveetha InstituteofMedicalandTechnicalSciences(SIMATS),Chennai,India
1.1Introduction
TheNationalNanotechnologyInitiativedescribedthetermnanotechnologyas“the understandingandcontrolofmatteratdimensionsbetweenapproximately1and100nm, whereuniquephenomenaenablenovelapplications.”Besides,theU.S.Environmental ProtectionAgencydefinedthetermnanotechnologyas“thecreationanduseofstructures, devices,andsystemsthathavenovelpropertiesandfunctionsbecauseoftheirsmallsize”
*Theseauthorscontributedequallytothisstudy.
