HandbookofEnergyand EnvironmentalSecurity
Editedby
MuhammadAsif
KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals, Dhahran,SaudiArabia
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
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CHAPTER4Energysecurity:roleofrenewableandlow-carbon
NofriYenitaDahlan,NurfadzilahAhmad,NurIqtiyaniIlhamand SitiHajarYusoff
2. Overviewofgloballow-carbontechnologystatus.....................................................41
2.1Renewableenergytechnologies:globaltrends...................................................41
3. Rolesofrenewableandenergyefficiencytechnologiesforenhancingenergy
3.1Renewableenergypavingworldsustainableelectricitygenerationmix...........45
4. Futurerolesoflow-carbontechnologiesindecentralizedenergymarket.................50
4.1Peer-topeerenergytrading..................................................................................50
HirushieKarunathilake,TharinduPrabatha,RehanSadiqand KasunHewage
1. Energyscenarioindevelopingcountries....................................................................61
1.1Currentstatusofsupplyanddemand.................................................................63
1.2Energychallengesfordevelopingcountries.......................................................66
2. Thenexusofsupply,demand,andenergysecurity...................................................67
2.1Parametersgoverningthenexus..........................................................................68 2.2Interrelationshipsbetweenparameters................................................................71
3. Holisticassessmentofenergysecurityandsustainabledevelopment.......................71
3.1Energysecurityindexdevelopment....................................................................72
3.2Energysecurityandenergyindependence:SouthAsia.....................................75
4. Improvingenergysecurityandequity........................................................................81
4.1Opportunitiesforanenergysecureandsustainablefuture................................81
4.2Aglobalframeworkforcarboneconomy...........................................................82
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................83 References.........................................................................................................................84
CHAPTER6RenewableenergyinLatinAmericaandscenariostothe Brazilianenergymatrixby2050 ....................................................... 89 RamonSoaresCorreˆa,OsvaldoLuizGonc¸alvesQuelhas, GustavoNaciffdeAndrade,PauloRobertodeCamposMerschmann, RosleyAnholonandChrystyaneAbreu
1. Introduction:energyandsustainability......................................................................90
2. Futurescenarios,2050calculator,andrenewablesinLatinAmericaandBrazil.....91
2.1Scenariosandtheenergysector..........................................................................91
2.2The2050calculatortool.....................................................................................93
2.3RenewableenergyinLatinAmericaandBrazil................................................93
3. Studymethods.............................................................................................................96
3.1FirststepofSchwartz definitionofthecentralquestion.................................96
3.2SecondandthirdstepsofSchwartz listofthekeyfactorsandthe drivingforces.......................................................................................................96
3.3ThefourthstepofSchwartz hierarchizethekeyfactorsandthe drivingforces.......................................................................................................96
3.4FifthstepofSchwartz definingthelogicofthescenarios..............................98
3.5SixthstepofSchwartz embodyingthescenarios............................................99
3.6SeventhstepofSchwartz implicationstothecentralquestion.......................99
3.7EighthstepofSchwartz definitionofwarningsigns.......................................99
4. Resultsanddiscussions.............................................................................................100
5.
1. Background...............................................................................................................109
2. Thedemandside.......................................................................................................112
3. Thesupplyside.........................................................................................................113
3.1PDP-7revised....................................................................................................113
4. Recentdevelopments................................................................................................114 4.1AviewfromtheVietnambusinessforum........................................................116
5. Challengesandopportunities....................................................................................116
5.1Transmissionissues...........................................................................................116
1.
2.
2.1Humandevelopmentindex................................................................................145
2.2Happinessindex.................................................................................................145
3. Energyandsocialissues:SouthAsia.......................................................................146
4. Energysecurity:SouthAsia.....................................................................................153
4.1Challengesinenergysecurityandsustainableenergyuse...............................153
4.2Energypoliciesforsustainabledevelopment...................................................155
4.3EnergysecuritychallengesinBhutan...............................................................157
4.4EnergysecuritychallengesinIndia..................................................................157
4.5EnergysecuritychallengesinSriLanka..........................................................159 4.6Pakistan:energypolicyandactions..................................................................159
5. RecommendationsforSouthAsiancountriestoovercomeenergysecurity
1.
2.
3. Energyefficiencyinbuildings..................................................................................173
3.1Buildingretrofitting...........................................................................................175
4. Renewableenergyinbuildings.................................................................................175
5. EnergyuseincommercialbuildingsintheUSA:casestudy..................................176
5.1Energysustainabilityinshoppingmalls...........................................................178
6. Conclusions...............................................................................................................179
CHAPTER10Wildfires,haze,andclimatechange .............................................
MaggieChelGeeOoi,AndyChan,MohdTalibLatif,Neng-hueiLin andLiLi
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................184
2. Relationshipbetweenwildfireshazeandclimate....................................................186
2.1Directradiativeforcing.....................................................................................186 2.2Indirecteffect....................................................................................................187
3. Wildfireburningandhazeformationconditions......................................................188
3.1Fueltypes..........................................................................................................189
3.2Firetypes...........................................................................................................190
4. Wildfireshazeconditions..........................................................................................192 4.1Fireemissioninventories..................................................................................193
4.2Casestudy:PeninsularSoutheastAsia.............................................................194
4.3Casestudy:Maritimecontinent........................................................................196
4.4Casestudy:Australiabushfire...........................................................................197
5. Firepredictionmodel................................................................................................198
5.1Historicalandcontinualmonitoring.................................................................198
5.2Forestfiredangerratingsystem........................................................................199
6. Conclusionandwayforward....................................................................................201
CHAPTER11Environmentalexperiencedesignresearchspectrumfor energyandhumanwell-being ........................................................ 207 MasaNoguchi,LiLan,SajalChowdhuryandWeiYang
1. Overviewofenergyandhumanhealthandwell-beingineconomically boomingcountries.....................................................................................................207
1.1Energy,housing,andurbanizationinBangladesh............................................208
1.2RegionaldevelopmentsforclimatemitigationinChina..................................210
2. Indoorenvironmentalqualityonhumanwell-beingandproductivity....................213
2.1IEQeffectsonproductivity...............................................................................215
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CHAPTER14EnvironmentalsustainabilityinAsia:insightsfroma
1.
2.
2.1Theconceptofenvironmentalsustainability....................................................279
2.2Constructingacompositeindexforenvironmentalsustainability...................280
3.
CHAPTER15Pearlsandperilsofresourcesrecoveryandreuse
1.
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5. PovertyalleviationanddiseasepreventioneffectsofRRR.....................................332
6.
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CHAPTER17Sustainabledevelopment:acaseforurbanleftover
CHAPTER18Evaluatingclimatechangetowardssustainable
VikniswariVijaKumaran,NazatulFaizahHaron,AbdulRahimRidzuan, MohdShahidanShaari,NurSurayyaSaudiandNorainaMazuinSapuan
CHAPTER19Responsetoenergyandenvironmentalchallenges:drivers andbarriers ....................................................................................
LilianaN.Proskuryakova
1. Introduction:Themainapproachestoidentificationofgrandchallenges..............399
2. Contemporaryenergyandenvironmentalchallengesandtheirimplications forsecurity................................................................................................................402
3. Keydriversforresolutionofenergyandenvironmentalchallenges.......................405
4. Keybarriersforaddressingenergyandenvironmentalchallenges.........................407
5. Designingresponsestograndchallenges.................................................................409
6. Conclusions...............................................................................................................410
RichardR.Reibstein
1. Transformationofthesetofsystemsforliving.......................................................415
2. Thenecessityofcitizenengagement........................................................................416
2.1Insufficiencyofengagement thegovernanceofelectricitydistribution.......416
2.2Investmentincentivesdivergentfrompublicinterest.......................................417
2.3Acurrentexampleofdivergence......................................................................418
3. Sufficiencyofengagement somesimpleprinciples..............................................419
3.1Overcomingthebarrierofcomplexity.............................................................419
4. Citizenengagementanywhere..................................................................................420
4.1Progress..............................................................................................................421
4.2Obstacles............................................................................................................421
5. Thepowerofbasicprinciples...................................................................................422
6. Howsocietycaninvestinitsownfuture?...............................................................423
6.1Governmentisourtooltoservethecommoninterest.....................................423
6.2Usingallthetoolsofgovernancetotransformallsystems.............................424
7. Sensibletransitionthroughjointenvisioninginsteadofdisruptiverevolution.......425
7.1Transitioningfromcorporatecompetitiontocooperativeenterprise...............425
8. Recognizinghowprimitiveourvisionhasbeen......................................................426
8.1Thefundamentalnatureofrelationship............................................................427 CHAPTER21Nationallydeterminedcontributionstofoster
3. Climatechangeimpacts,vulnerability,andadaptationsintheNileBasin.............433
4. AnalysisoftheNDC SDGsynergiesfortheNileBasinripariancountries.........435
5. AnalysisofpriorityclimateactionsandrelevantSDGs..........................................437
5.1Climateactionsand“affordableandcleanenergy”(SDG7)...........................437
5.2Climateactionsand“cleanwaterandsanitation”(SDG6)..............................437
5.3Climateactionsand“zero-hunger”(SDG2).....................................................442
5.4Climateactionsandimproved“lifeonland”(SDG15)...................................442
5.5Actionstosupport“partnershipforgoals”(SDG17).......................................446
6. Mobilizingfinancialresources..................................................................................446
7. Keyfindingsandrecommendations..........................................................................449 Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................450
1. Introduction:theprocessofshapingenergyandenvironmentpolicy landscape...................................................................................................................453
2. Themaininternationalagreementswithenvironmentalandenergygoals.............455
3. Harmonizingenvironmentalandenergypoliciesfromthesecurity perspective.................................................................................................................459
4. Universalism,regionalism,ornation-stateprotectionism:whatisthefuture ofinternationalrelationsaroundenergyandenvironment?.....................................462
5.
1. Introductiontoenvironmentalsustainability............................................................469
2. Thelinkagebetweenenergyandenvironment.........................................................470 2.1Environmentalissuesoffossilfuel...................................................................470 2.2Environmentalissuesofrenewables.................................................................472
3. Environmentalsecurity.............................................................................................473
4. Complementaritiesandconflictsissuesofenergysecurityandenvironmental
5. Selectedcasestudiesonenergy,environmentalsustainability,andsecurity..........476
5.1Renewableenergy powereddesalinationplant:AlKhafjiin SaudiArabiaandtheChtoukaAitBahainMorocco......................................477
5.2HydrogeneconomyofIceland..........................................................................477 5.3ThreeGorgesofChina......................................................................................478
6.
CHAPTER24Circulareconomy Atreasuretroveofopportunitiesfor enhancingresourceefficiencyandreducinggreenhousegas
1.
2. “Circulareconomy”strategiesandGHGemissionreductionprospects...............483
3. Circulareconomyprospectsinagriculture............................................................484
4. Circulareconomyprospectsintextileindustry.....................................................487
5.
6.
7. PotentialnichesforRRRoptionstoenhancefood,energy,andwatersecurity.....519 7.1Demandforfertilizer.........................................................................................519 7.2Energydemandandwateravailability..............................................................521
8.
8.1Affordabilityoftechnologicalchangeandaccesstocredit.............................522
8.2Businessopportunitiesandfinancingarrangementsalongthesanitation
8.3Regulationandpolicies.....................................................................................523 8.4Institutionsandstakeholders.............................................................................525
1.
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3.
Listofcontributors
ChrystyaneAbreu
ProductionEngineeringCoordination,CentroFederaldeEducac¸aoTecnolo ´ gicaCelsoSuckow daFonseca,NovaIguac¸u,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
NurfadzilahAhmad
SchoolofElectricalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMARAShahAlam, Selangor,Malaysia
IjazAhmad NationalSkillsUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan
RosleyAnholon
ManufacturingandMaterialsEngineeringDepartment,UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas, Campinas,SaoPaulo,Brazil
MuhammadAsif
DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals, Dhahran,SaudiArabia
JasimAzhar
ArchitectureDepartment,KingFahdUniversityofPetroleumandMinerals,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia
TriRatnaBajracharya
CenterforEnergyStudies(CES),InstituteofEngineering,TribhuvanUniversity,Pulchowk, Lalitpur,Nepal
MaksudBekchanov
ResearchUnitSustainabilityandGlobalChange(FNU),CenterforEarthSystemResearchand Sustainability(CEN),UniversityofHamburg,Hamburg,Germany;CenterforDevelopment Research(ZEF),UniversityofBonn,Bonn,Germany
AndyChan
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofNottinghamMalaysia,Semenyih,Selangor, Malaysia
SajalChowdhury
ZEMCHEXDLab,FacultyofArchitecture,BuildingandPlanning,TheUniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne,VIC,Australia
RamonSoaresCorre ˆ a ProductionEngineeringDepartment,UniversidadeFederalFluminense,Nitero ´ i,RiodeJaneiro, Brazil
NofriYenitaDahlan
SolarResearchInstitute(SRI),UniversitiTeknologiMARA,ShahAlam,Selangor,Malaysia; SchoolofElectricalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMARAShahAlam, Selangor,Malaysia
DavidDapice
HarvardKennedySchool,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
AjithdeAlwis
DepartmentofChemicalandProcessEngineering,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,Sri Lanka
SandipS.Deshmukh
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HyderabadCampus,BirlaInstituteofTechnology& Science,Pilani,Telangana,India
DaphneGondhalekar
ChairofUrbanWaterSystemsEngineering,TechnischeUniversitatMunchen,Munich, Germany
OsvaldoLuizGonc¸alvesQuelhas
LATECLaboratoryofTechnology,BusinessManagementandEnvironment,Universidade FederalFluminense,Nitero ´ i,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
NazatulFaizahHaron
UniversitiSultanZainalAbidin,KualaTerengganu,Terengganu,Malaysia
MabroorHassan
DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,InternationalIslamicUniversity,SectorH-10, Islamabad,Pakistan;GreenEnvironSol(Private)Limited,SectorH-10,Islamabad,Pakistan
MazharHayat
NationalAdaptationProcess,MinistryofClimateChange,Islamabad,Pakistan
KasunHewage
SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofBritishColumbia(OkanaganCampus),Kelowna,BC, Canada
NurIqtiyaniIlham
SchoolofElectricalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMARA,Masai, Johor,Malaysia
HirushieKarunathilake
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka
VikrantP.Katekar
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S.B.JainTechnologyManagementandResearch, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
MuhammadKhalifa
InstituteforTechnologyandResourcesManagementintheTropicsandSubtropics(ITT), CologneUniversityofAppliedSciences,Cologne,Germany
MuhammadIrfanKhan
DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,InternationalIslamicUniversity,SectorH-10, Islamabad,Pakistan
KrishnaJ.Khatod
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HyderabadCampus,BirlaInstituteofTechnology& Science,Pilani,Telangana,India
VikniswariVijaKumaran
UniversitiTunkuAbdulRahman,KamparCampus,Perak,Malaysia
LiLan SchoolofDesign,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai,China
MohdTalibLatif
DepartmentofEarthSciencesandEnvironment,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia(UKM),Bangi,Selangor,Malaysia
Ha-ChiLe
MonashUniversity,Melbourne,VIC,Australia
PhuV.Le
NaturalCapitalManagementProgram,FulbrightSchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement, FulbrightUniversityVietnam,HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam
Thai-HaLe
NaturalCapitalManagementProgram,FulbrightSchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement, FulbrightUniversityVietnam,HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam;UniversityofEconomicsHoChiMinh City,HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam
LiLi
SchoolofEnvironmentalandChemicalEngineering,ShanghaiUniversity,Baoshan,Shanghai, China
Neng-hueiLin
DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,NationalCentralUniversity,ZhongliDistrict,Taoyuan, Taiwan;CenterforEnvironmentalMonitoringTechnology,NationalCentralUniversity,Zhongli District,Taoyuan,Taiwan
GustavoNaciffdeAndrade
EmpresadePesquisaEnerge ´ tica,Centro,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
CanhPhucNguyen
UniversityofEconomicsHoChiMinhCity,HoChiMinhCity,Vietnam
MasaNoguchi
ZEMCHEXDLab,FacultyofArchitecture,BuildingandPlanning,TheUniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne,VIC,Australia
MaggieChelGeeOoi
InstituteofClimateChange,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia(UKM),Bangi,Selangor,Malaysia
BalgisOsman-Elasha
AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup,ImmeubleZahrabedAvenueduDollar,Tunis,Tunisia
TharinduPrabatha
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMoratuwa,Moratuwa,SriLanka;Schoolof Engineering,UniversityofBritishColumbia(OkanaganCampus),Kelowna,BC,Canada
LilianaN.Proskuryakova
NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,Russia
RichardR.Reibstein
EnvironmentalLawandPolicy,DepartmentofEarthandEnvironment,BostonUniversity, Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStates
AbdulRahimRidzuan
UniversitiTeknologiMara,CawanganMelaka,Melaka,Malaysia
PauloRobertodeCamposMerschmann
ProductionEngineeringDepartment,CentroFederaldeEducac¸a ˜ oTecnolo ´ gicaCelsoSuckow daFonseca,RiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
RehanSadiq
SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofBritishColumbia(OkanaganCampus),Kelowna,BC, Canada
GullerSahin
KutahyaHealthSciencesUniversity,EvliyaC¸elebiCampus,Kutahya,Turkey
NorainaMazuinSapuan
UniversitiMalaysiaPahang,Pahang,Malaysia
NurSurayyaSaudi
UniversitiPertahananNasionalMalaysia,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
NobuhiroSawamura
AsiaPacificEnergyResearchCentre,Tokyo,Japan
MohdShahidanShaari
UniversitiMalaysiaPerlis,Perlis,Malaysia
ShreeRajShakya
InstituteforAdvancedSustainabilityStudies(IASS),Potsdam,Germany;CenterforEnergy Studies(CES),InstituteofEngineering,TribhuvanUniversity,Pulchowk,Lalitpur,Nepal
AnzooSharma
CenterforRuralTechnology(CRT/N),Kathmandu,Nepal;CenterforEnergyStudies(CES), InstituteofEngineering,TribhuvanUniversity,Pulchowk,Lalitpur,Nepal
MayuriWijayasundara
FacultyofScienceEngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,DeakinUniversity,Melbourne,VIC, Australia
WeiYang
ZEMCHEXDLab,FacultyofArchitecture,BuildingandPlanning,TheUniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne,VIC,Australia
SitiHajarYusoff
ElectricalandComputerEngineering(ECE),KulliyyahofEngineering,InternationalIslamic UniversityMalaysia,Gombak,Selangor,Malaysia
Preface
Theroleofenergyhasneverbeenmoreimportant.Despitethegrowingrealizationaboutthe importanceofenergyinthesocio-economicwell-beingandadvancementofsocieties,theglobal energylandscapecontinuestofacenumerouschallenges,aboveall,energysecurityissues.Thenature ofenergysecuritychallengesforcountriesatdifferentsocio-economicandtechnologicalstratavaries significantly.Energyaffordability,however,isbecomingaglobalissuewithfuelpovertyonariseeven inthedevelopedcountries.Long-standinggeopoliticalissuesaroundthemajoroilandgas-producing regionscontinuetosendfrequentshockwavesacrosstheenergyindustry.Thespectrumofenergy securitychallengesfacingdevelopingcountriesisquitebroad.Notwithstandingthesituationhas improvedinrecentyears,accesstorefinedenergyfuelsremainstobeaseriousissueasnearlyone billionpeopleindevelopingcountrieslackaccesstoelectricityandover2.6billionrelyoncrude biomassfuelstomeetcookingrequirements.Issueslikepoorgridquality,poweroutagesand breakdowns,andplannedload-sheddingarealmostaregularphenomenon.Theglobalenvironmental scenarioisalsofacingmountingchallenges.Asclimatechangeisregardedasthebiggestthreatfacing themankind,hopestolimittheglobalwarmingto1.5 Carefading.
Energysecurityandenvironmentalsecurity,integraldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentinthe 21stcentury,arebecomingincreasinglyinterwovenareasgiventheircommonalitiesintermsof dimensions,challenges,implications,andpotentialsolutions.Theenergy-andenvironmentalsecurity challengesnotonlyaffectthesocio-economicwell-beingofmassesbutalsohaveimplicationsfor societiesatlargeincludingtheireconomicandpoliticalsystems.Theprofoundchallengetheworld facesisthereforetomeettherapidlygrowingenergyrequirementswithoutinflictingdamagetothe environmentasismanifestedbytheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).The COVID-19pandemichasreinforcedtheimportanceofenergyandenvironmentalsecurity.Theworld needstoadoptthebuildbackbetterstrategytosustainablyrecoverfromtheimpactsofthepandemic.
The HandbookofEnergyandEnvironmentalSecurity presentsaholisticaccountoftheglobal energy-andenvironmentalsecurityscenarios.Itdiscussesthetopicsof EnergySecurity and EnvironmentalSecurity separatelyaswellasintegratedlyfromawiderangeofperspectives, i.e.,fundamentalconcepts,facedchallengesandtheirsolutions,technological,economic,andpolicy dynamics,andcasestudies.Intermsofstructure,apartfromtheintroductorychapter,thehandbook isdividedintothreesections.Thefirstsection EnergySecurity consistsofeightchapters.The secondsection EnvironmentalSecurity containsninechapters.Thethirdsection Energyand Environmentalsecurity:AnIntegratedApproach consistsofeightchapters.
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