GlobalGroundwater Source,Scarcity,Sustainability,
Security,andSolutions
Editedby
AbhijitMukherjee
DepartmentofGeologyandGeophysics,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,Kharagpur,India AppliedPolicyAdvisoryforHydrosciences(APAH)group, SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur, Kharagpur,India
BridgetR.Scanlon
BureauofEconomicGeology,JacksonSchoolofGeosciences,UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX, UnitedStates
AliceAureli
GroundwaterSystemsandSettlementsSection,InternationalHydrologicalProgramme, UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),Paris,France
SimonLangan
InternationalWaterManagementInstitute(IWMI),Colombo,SriLanka
HuamingGuo
SchoolofWaterResourcesandEnvironment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Beijing,P.R.China
AndrewA.McKenzie
BritishGeologicalSurvey,Oxfordshire,UnitedKingdom
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ListofContributorsxix
AbouttheEditorsxxiii
Forewordsxxv
ClaudiaSadoff,JohnW.Hess,FranklinW.Schwartz, Jo ´ zsefToth,Anto ´ nioChambel
Prefacexxxi
Acknowledgmentxxxiii
Disclaimerxxxv
Introduction:WhyStudyGlobalGroundwater?xxxvii
TomGleeson,MarkCuthbert,GrantFerguson andDebraPerrone
Theme1 Globalgroundwater
1. Globalgroundwater:fromscarcityto securitythroughsustainabilityand solutions3
AbhijitMukherjee,BridgetR.Scanlon,AliceAureli, SimonLangan,HuamingGuoand AndrewMcKenzie
1.1 Introduction3
1.2 Groundwatersourceandavailability4
1.3 Groundwaterscarcity6
1.3.1 Quantity6
1.3.2 Groundwaterquality9
1.4 Groundwatersustainabilityand security11
1.4.1 Groundwater food energynexus12
1.4.2 Urbanization12
1.4.3 Groundwatertradeandhydroeconomics13
1.5 Solutions14
1.5.1 Enhancingirrigationandurban groundwaterefficiency15
1.5.2 Groundwaterrejuvenation15
1.5.3 Desalination15
1.6 Conclusion15 References16
Theme2 Groundwatersources
2. Groundwaterofcarbonateaquifers23
AlanE.Fryar
2.1 Introduction23
2.2 Carbonategeochemistryand hydrochemicalevolution23
2.3 Porosityandpermeability25
2.4 Rechargeandflow26
2.5 Watersupplyandenvironmentalissues30
2.6 Challengesinmonitoringandmodeling31
2.7 Conclusion32 References32
3. GroundwaterresourcesinAustralia— theiroccurrence,management,and futurechallenges35
SteveBarnett,CraigT.Simmonsand RebeccaNelson
3.1 Introduction35
3.2 GroundwaterresourcesinAustralia35
3.3 Historicaldevelopmentofgroundwater36
3.4 Evolutionofgroundwatermanagement38
3.5 Currentgroundwaterusage38
3.6 Groundwatermanagementissues40
3.6.1 Overuseandoverallocationof groundwater40
3.6.2 Groundwater-dependentecosystems40
3.6.3 Impactsofgroundwaterextractionon surface-watersystems40
3.6.4 Effectofclimatechangeon groundwaterresources41
3.6.5 Impactsofminingongroundwater resources41
3.6.6 Landandgroundwatersalinization42
3.6.7 Seawaterintrusion43
3.7 Futurechallenges43
3.7.1 Managedaquiferrecharge44
3.7.2 Decliningresourcesforunderstanding andmanaginggroundwater45
3.8 Conclusion45 References45 Furtherreading46
5. GroundwatervariationsintheNorth ChinaPlain:monitoringandmodeling underclimatechangeandhuman activitiestowardbettergroundwater sustainability65 WentingYang,LongDiandZhangliSun
5.1 Introduction65
5.2 Impactsofhumanactivitiesongroundwater intheNorthChinaPlain65
5.3 Climatechangeimpactongroundwaterin theNorthChinaPlain66
5.4 China’sSouth-to-NorthWaterDiversion66
5.5 Reviewongroundwaterstorageassessment intheNorthChinaPlain68 Acknowledgment70 References70
6. Emerginggroundwaterandsurface watertrendsinAlberta,Canada73
4. Groundwaterstoragedynamicsinthe Himalayanriverbasinsandimpactsof globalchangeintheAnthropocene47
M.Shamsudduha
4.1 Introduction47
4.2 HydrologyandclimateofHimalayanriver basins49
4.2.1 TheIndusriverbasin49
4.2.2 TheGanges Brahmaputra Meghna riverbasin50
4.2.3 TheIrrawaddyriverbasin52
4.3 Groundwaterfordrinkingandagricultural use53
4.4 GroundwaterstoragedynamicsinHimalayan riverbasins53
4.4.1 GravityRecoveryandClimate Experiment:Earthobservationsatellite monitoring53
4.4.2 DynamicsinGravityRecoveryand ClimateExperimentterrestrialwater storage55
4.4.3 Mappinggroundwaterstorageusing GravityRecoveryandClimate Experiment56
4.4.4 Reportedchangesofgroundwater storageandimpactsofglobalchange57
4.5 Concludingdiscussion59 Acknowledgments61 References61
SoumendraNathBhanjaandJunyeWang
6.1 Introduction73
6.2 Dataandmethods74
6.2.1 Studyregion74
6.2.2 Groundwaterlevelobservation75
6.2.3 Observationsofsurfacewater75
6.2.4 Rainfallandsnowmeltwater75
6.3 Resultsanddiscussions76
6.3.1 Rainfallandsnowmeltwater76
6.3.2 Surfacewaterlevelchanges77
6.3.3 Groundwaterlevelchanges78
6.4 Summary78 Acknowledgments78 References78
7. Groundwaterirrigationand implicationintheNileriverbasin81 AnjuliJainFigueroaandMikhailSmilovic
7.1 Introduction81
7.2 SurfacewaterintheNilebasin81
7.3 LanduseandirrigationintheNilebasin84
7.4 GroundwaterintheNilebasin86
7.5 AquifersinNileripariancountries88
7.5.1 GroundwaterinEgypt88
7.5.2 GroundwaterinSudanandSouth Sudan90
7.5.3 GroundwaterinEthiopia90
7.5.4 GroundwaterintheExtendedLake Victoriabasin91
7.6 Discussionandconclusion91 References93
8. Groundwateravailabilityandsecurity intheKingstonBasin,Jamaica97
ArpitaMandal,Debbie-AnnD.S.Gordon-Smith andPeta-GayHarris
8.1 Introduction97
8.2 TheKingstonHydrologicBasin99
8.2.1 Populationandwatersupply99
8.2.2 HydrogeologyoftheKHB102
8.2.3 ClimateoftheKHB103
8.3 Methodologyandanalyticalprocedures103
8.3.1 Fieldwork103
8.3.2 Waterqualityanalysis106
8.4 Resultsanddiscussion110
8.5 Conclusion111 Acknowledgments112 References112
9. Transboundaryaquifers:ashared subsurfaceasset,inurgentneedof soundgovernance113
ShaminderPuri
9.1 Introduction113
9.2 Definitionoftransboundaryaquifer: internationalandintranational113
9.3 Governance—collaboration,potential disputeresolution114
9.4 Wateravailabilityasadriverfor governance114
9.5 Currentglobalinventoryandclassification oftransboundaryaquifers114
9.6 Reviewofrecentdevelopments—theRed Queeneffect116
9.7 Theplaceoftransboundaryaquifersin nationalpriorities117
9.8 SDGsasadrivertowardsound governanceoftransboundary aquifers119
9.9 Theclimatechangemegatrendand relevancetotransboundaryaquifers120
9.10 Transboundaryaquifersunderhigh developmentalstress120
9.11 Estimatingtheurgencyofsound governanceasafunctionofwater abundance/waterscarcity122
9.12 Casehistory:theStamprietaquifer— Botswana,Namibia,andSouthAfrica124
9.13 Hurdlestoprogressinintercountry dialogue—the“invisibilitycape”?126
9.14 Thehiatusintheprogresstoadoption oftheDraftArticles126
9.15 Conclusion:lightattheendofthe tunnel127 Conflictofinterest127 Acknowledgment127 References127
10. Transboundarygroundwaterofthe Ganges Brahmaputra MeghnaRiver deltasystem129
MadhumitaChakraborty,AbhijitMukherjeeand KaziMatinAhmed
10.1 Introduction129
10.2 Geologicandgeomorphologicsetting130
10.3 Aquiferframework131
10.4 Groundwaterflowsystem131
10.5 Hydrogeochemistry133
10.6 Groundwaterarseniccontamination134
10.7 Policyinterventionsandmanagement optionsforarsenicmitigation135 References138 Furtherreading141
Theme3
Groundwaterscarcity:quantity andquality
11. Groundwaterdrought:environmental controlsandmonitoring145
BailingLiandMatthewRodell
11.1 Introduction145
11.2 Environmentalcontrolson groundwater146
11.2.1 Precipitation146
11.2.2 Subsurfacehydrogeological conditions148
11.2.3 Large-scaleclimatephenomena148
11.3 Groundwaterdroughtmonitoring151
11.3.1 GravityRecoveryandClimate Experimentdataassimilationfor groundwaterdroughtmonitoring151
11.3.2 Othergroundwaterdrought indicators153
11.4 Characteristicsofgroundwaterdrought attheglobaldomain153
11.5 Discussionsandfutureresearch156 References158
12. Groundwaterscarcityinthe MiddleEast163
AhmedA.Al-Taani,YousefNazzaland FaresM.Howari
12.1 Introduction163
12.2 Waterresources:currentuseandfuture trends163
12.3 Impactsofwaterscarcity164
12.3.1 Waterresourcesandclimate change164
12.3.2 Waterquality164
12.4 Waterresourcesmanagement165
12.4.1 Mitigationtowaterscarcity165
12.5 Casestudies166
12.5.1 JordanRiver166
12.5.2 Tigris EuphratesRiver168
12.5.3 NileRiver170 References173
13. Groundwaterscarcityand managementinthearidareasin EastAfrica177
SeifuKebedeandMeronTeferiTaye
13.1 Introduction177
13.2 Typicalcharacteristicsofthedryland areas179
13.3 Typologiesofhydrogeologydifficulties inaridareasintheEastAfrica179
13.3.1 Aridvolcanicmountains(old ruggedvolcanics)180
13.3.2 Riftvolcanicsandpyroclastics180
13.3.3 Nazarethseriesignimbrites180
13.3.4 Extensivelimestoneandsandstone plateaus,rockyhills,andplainsin aridenvironments180
13.3.5 Extensivelooseinland alluvio-lacustrine,inlanddeltaic, andcoastalplainaquifers181
13.4 Currentandpastdrinkingwater deliverypractices181
13.5 Securingwaterindifficult hydrogeologicalenvironments182
13.5.1 Identifyingandprotectingviable aquifers182
13.5.2 Adaptationofcustomarywater schemes183
13.5.3 Enhancingwateravailabilityby waterharvesting183
13.5.4 Waterqualitymanagement183
13.5.5 Longdistanceandinterbasin watertransfer184
13.5.6 Investinginsustainabilityof existingsystems184
13.6 Policyandpracticeimplication184 Acknowledgment185 References185 Furtherreading186
14. Globalgeogenicgroundwater pollution187
PoulomeeCoomarandAbhijitMukherjee
14.1 Introduction187
14.2 Globaldistributionofgeogenic groundwaterpollutants187
14.2.1 Arsenic187
14.2.2 Fluoride190
14.2.3 Selenium192
14.2.4 Uranium194
14.2.5 Salinity196
14.3 Conclusion198 References198
15. Outofsight,butnotoutofmind: Per-andpolyfluoroalkylsubstances ingroundwater215
RuthMarfil-Vega,BrianC.Crone,MarcA.Mills andSusanT.Glassmeyer
15.1 Introduction215
15.2 Analyticalmethodsfor monitoringper-andpolyfluoroalkyl substances216
15.3 Sourcesofper-andpolyfluoroalkyl substancestotheenvironment218
15.3.1 Aqueousfilm-formingfoam218
15.3.2 Landfillleachate219
15.3.3 Industrialsources219
15.3.4 Othersources220
15.4 Occurrencestudies220
15.5 Removalofper-andpolyfluoroalkyl substancesfromgroundwater221
15.5.1 Granularactivatedcarbon222
15.5.2 Ion-exchangeresins222
15.5.3 Nanofiltrationandreverse osmosis223
15.6 Conclusion224 References224
16. Geogenic-contaminated groundwaterinChina229
YongfengJia
16.1 Introduction229
16.2 Thedistributionandformationof geogenic-contaminatedgroundwater230
16.2.1 High-salinitygroundwater230
16.2.2 High-Feand-Mngroundwater230
16.2.3 High-Asgroundwater231
16.2.4 High-fluoridegroundwater231
16.2.5 High-/low-iodinegroundwater234
16.2.6 High-nitrogengroundwater234
16.2.7 Othertraceelements234
16.3 Cooccurrenceofdifferent geogenic-contaminatedgroundwater components235
16.3.1 Highsalinityandfluoride235
16.3.2 Arsenicandfluoride235
16.3.3 Iron,manganese,andammonia235
16.4 Geogenic-contaminatedgroundwater affectedbyanthropogenicactivities235
16.4.1 Furthersalinizationof groundwater235
16.4.2 Elevatedgroundwaterhardness237
16.4.3 Crosscontaminationofaquifers237
16.4.4 Traceelementrelease/sequester duetoredoxchange237
16.5 Conclusion237 References238
17. Screeningofemergingorganic pollutantsinthetypical hygrogeologicalunitsofChina243
XiaopengQin,TianZhou,ShengzhangZouand FeiLiu
17.1 Introduction243
17.2 Materialsandmethods243
17.2.1 Studyareaandsample collection243
17.2.2 Chemicals244
17.2.3 Analyticalmethod245
17.2.4 Riskcharacterization245
17.3 Resultsanddiscussion245
17.3.1 Presenceofantibioticsin groundwater245
17.3.2 Statisticalanalysis246
17.3.3 Environmentalriskassessment247
17.3.4 Screeningofantibioticsin groundwater247
17.4 Conclusionandfurtherresearch248 Acknowledgments248 References249
18. GroundwaterpollutionofPearl RiverDelta251
GuanxingHuang,LingxiaLiu,ChunyanLiu, WenzhongWangandDongyaHan
18.1 Introduction251
18.2 Studyarea251
18.2.1 Hydrogeologicalandgeological conditions251
18.2.2 Characteristicsofurbanization andindustrializationinthePearl RiverDelta252
18.3 Materialsandmethods253 18.4 Resultsanddiscussion253
18.4.1 Groundwaterchemistry253
18.4.2 Groundwaterqualityandmain impactchemicals255
18.4.3 Groundwatercontamination255
18.5 Conclusion259 Acknowledgments259 References259
19. Hydrochemicalcharacteristicsand qualityassessmentofwaterfrom differentsourcesinNorthern Morocco261
LahcenBenaabidate,AhmedZianand OthmanSadki
19.1 Introduction261
19.2 Materialandmethods262
19.3 Hydrochemistry262
19.3.1 Sourcewaterchemicalfacies262
19.3.2 Qualityofsourcewatersfor irrigation265
19.4 Controlofchemicalelement concentrations266
19.4.1 Binaryioncorrelations266
19.4.2 Cl SO4 HCO3 diagram268
19.4.3 Indexofbaseexchange268
19.4.4 Waterstandardsandpotability269
19.4.5 Sodiumandpotassium269
19.4.6 Calciumandmagnesium269
19.4.7 Chlorides269
19.4.8 Sulfatesandbicarbonates269
19.5 Principalcomponentanalysis270
19.5.1 Variablespace270
19.5.2 Individualspace270
19.6 Watermineralsequilibrium272
19.6.1 Carbonatesequilibrium272
19.6.2 Silicaequilibrium272
19.6.3 N2 Ar CH4 gasesdiagram273
19.7 Conclusion273 References274
20. Arsenicingroundwaterinthe UnitedStates:researchhighlights since2000,currentconcernsand nextsteps275
MadelineE.Schreiber
20.1 Introduction275
20.2 Researchonarsenicingroundwater: 2000 20276
20.2.1 SourcesofArsenicin groundwater276
20.2.2 Keybiogeochemicalprocesses thatinfluenceAscycling276
20.2.3 Toolsforstudyingarsenic277
20.2.4 Mechanismsofarsenicreleaseto groundwater279
20.3 Hydrogeochemicalsettingsforarsenic ingroundwaterintheUnitedStates279
20.3.1 Sandandgravelaquifers279
20.3.2 Basalticrockaquifers282
20.3.3 Glacialaquifers282
20.3.4 Sedimentaryrockaquifers282
20.3.5 Crystallineandmeta-sedimentary rockaquifers282
20.3.6 Coastalplain(semiconsolidated) aquifers282
20.3.7 Geothermalareas(western UnitedStates)282
20.4 Researchhighlightsfrom2000to2020283
20.4.1 Nationwidedatasetsshowstatistical andspatialpatternsofgroundwater As283
20.4.2 Statisticalmodelsyieldcanpredict driversofarsenicreleaseto groundwater284
20.4.3 Statisticalmodelscanproduce probabilitymapsofarsenicrisk284
20.4.4 Arsenicconcentrationsmay(but donotalways)changeovertime284
20.4.5 Humanactivitiescanpromote arsenicreleasetogroundwater285
20.4.6 Researchleadstoimproved technologyforarsenicdetection andtreatment286
20.5 Currentconcernsaboutarsenicin groundwaterintheUnitedStates287
20.5.1 Most,butnotall,publicwater suppliesaremeetingthedrinking waterstandard287
20.5.2 Homeownersareresponsiblefor testingofprivatewellwater287
20.6 Nextsteps288
20.6.1 Requiredtestingwouldimprove identificationofwellswith elevatedAs288
20.6.2 Moresupportisneededfor homeowners,especiallyinareas ofhighrisk288
20.6.3 Moredataareneededfor predictionofspatialandtemporal patterns289
20.6.4 Educationandeffective communicationcanimprove awarenessandaction289 References290
21. Hydrogeochemicalcharacterization ofgroundwaterqualityinthestates ofTexasandFlorida, UnitedStates301
ShamaE.Haque
21.1 GroundwaterqualityinTexas301
21.1.1 Edwards Trinityplateauaquifer301
21.1.2 Ogallalaaquifer302
21.1.3 Seymouraquifer302
21.1.4 PecosValleyAquifer303
21.1.5 Carrizoaquifer303
21.1.6 BarnettShaleaquifer303
21.2 AquifersinFlorida304
21.2.1 Floridanaquifersystem304
21.2.2 Sand-and-gravelaquifer305
21.2.3 Biscayneaquifer305 Acknowledgments306 References306
22. Groundwaterpollutionin Pakistan309
NoshinMasood,ShehlaBatooland AbidaFarooqi
22.1 Introduction309
22.2 Groundwaterquality310
22.2.1 Biologicalcontaminationof groundwater310
22.3 Chemicalcontamination312
22.3.1 Organicpollutionof groundwater312
22.4 Inorganicpollutionofgroundwater313
22.4.1 Traceandheavymetals313
22.4.2 Majoranions319 References320
23. GroundwaterofAfghanistan (potentialcapacity,scarcity,security issues,andsolutions)323
AbdulQayeumKarimandSayedHashmatSadat
23.1 Introduction323
23.2 Topographyandhydrogeologyof Afghanistan323
23.3 Scarcityofgroundwaterqualityand quantity324
23.3.1 Qualitychallengesofgroundwater inAfghanistan324
23.3.2 Quantitychallengesof groundwaterinAfghanistan325
23.4 Afghanistangroundwatersustainability326
23.5 Afghanistangroundwatersecurity327
23.6 Solutions327 References328
Theme4
Groundwatersustainabilityand security
24. Groundwaterresources sustainability331
JacvanderGun
24.1 Sustainabilityandsustainable development331
24.2 Sustainabilityofgroundwater services332
24.2.1 Groundwaterservices332
24.2.2 Potentialthreatstogroundwater services334
24.3 Approachestopursuing,restoring,or enhancinggroundwaterresources sustainability335
24.3.1 Theumbrella:groundwater governanceandmanagement335
24.3.2 Hydrogeologicalapproachesto definingsustainabilitylimitsof abstraction335
24.3.3 Enhancinggroundwater recharge336
24.3.4 Waterdemandmanagement337
24.3.5 Groundwaterquality management337
24.3.6 Adaptationtoclimatechange andsea-levelrise337
24.3.7 Environmentalmanagement338
24.4 Geographicvariationofgroundwater resourcessustainability338
24.4.1 Generalcomments338
24.4.2 Groundwaterresources sustainabilityendangeredor disruptedbyprogressivestorage depletion339
24.4.3 Groundwaterresources sustainabilityendangeredor disruptedbywaterquality degradation341
24.4.4 Groundwaterresources sustainabilityconstrainedby environmentalconsiderations341
24.5 Conclusion343 References344
25. Sustainabilityofgroundwaterusedin agriculturalproductionandtrade worldwide347
CaroleDalin
25.1 Introduction347
25.1.1 Wateruseforglobalfood productionandvirtualwaterflows viainternationalfoodtrade348
25.1.2 Sustainabilityofgroundwateruse overallandinparticularforglobal foodproduction350
25.1.3 Quantificationofgroundwater depletionforfoodtrade352
25.2 Conclusion355 Financialsupport356 References356
26. Groundwaterandsociety:enmeshed issues,interdisciplinary approaches359
FloreLafayedeMicheauxand MukherjeeJenia
26.1 Introduction359
26.2 Socio-hydrologyandsocio-geohydrology: modelingofthegroundwater society interactionsimprovedwithstakeholders’ perspectives360
26.2.1 Introductiontosocio-hydrology360
26.2.2 Socio-hydrologyand groundwater360
26.2.3 Incorporatingstakeholders’ perspectives:a“public”turnfor socio-hydrology361
26.3 Politicalecologyandthehydrosocial cycle:payingattentiontopowerrelations anddiscoursesembeddedinwater circulation361
26.3.1 Politicalecologyofwater361
26.3.2 Thehydrosocialcycle:acritical rethinkingof“water”362
26.4 Mobilizinghydrosocialanalysesto captureground(water)realities362
26.4.1 Dispossessionofirrigatingfarmers throughinstitutionsand infrastructures363
26.4.2 Stateand“scientific”versuslocal knowledgeofwater363
26.4.3 Groundwaterandpoliticsofscale363
26.4.4 Trajectoriesfrom“safeandgood” groundwaterto“bad”citizens364
26.5 Discussion:whatinterdisciplinarityfor enmeshedissues?364
26.6 Conclusion367 References367
27. Groundwatersustainabilityincold andaridregions371
RuiMaandYanxinWang
27.1 Importanceofgroundwaterin hydrologicalsystems371
27.1.1 Coldregions371
27.1.2 Aridandsemi-aridregions373
27.2 Thecharacteristicsofthehydrological cycle373
27.2.1 Theeffectofpermafrostdistribution, snowand/oriceongroundwater systemsincoldregions373
27.2.2 Hydrologicalprocessesanditseffect ongroundwaterqualityinaridand semi-aridregions375
27.3 Groundwatermodelingandchallenges376
27.3.1 Modeldevelopmentinthecold regions376
27.3.2 Modelapplicationandchallenges inthearidandsemi-aridregions377
27.4 Theeffectofclimatechange377
27.4.1 Coldregions378
27.4.2 Aridandsemi-aridregions378
27.5 Integratedwatermanagementfor groundwatersustainability379 Acknowledgements379 References379
28. GroundwaterinAustralia— understandingthechallengesofits sustainableuse383
BasantMaheshwari
28.1 Introduction383
28.2 AquifersinAustralia383
28.3 TheGreatArtesianBasin384
28.4 TheMurray DarlingBasin385
28.5 ThePerthBasin385
28.6 TheCanningBasin386
28.7 TheDalyBasin386
28.8 TheOtwayBasin386
28.9 Groundwateruses387
28.10 Groundwaterentitlementsand extractions387
28.11 Groundwatersalinity388
28.12 Australianecosystemsand groundwater389
28.13 Concludingremarks391 References392 Furtherreading392
29. Groundwaterrechargeand sustainabilityinBrazil393
PauloTarsoS.Oliveira,MuriloCesarLucas, RaqueldeFariaGodoiand EdsonWendland
29.1 Insightsfromgroundwateravailabilityin Brazil393
29.2 Overviewofglobalgroundwater rechargedynamics396
29.3 StudiesonrechargeinBrazil397
29.3.1 Rechargemethodsusedin Brazilianstudies400
29.4 Challengesandfuturedirections towardagroundwatersustainabilityin Brazil402 Acknowledgments403 References404
30. GroundwatermanagementinBrazil: currentstatusandchallengesfor sustainableutilization409
PrafullaKumarSahoo,PauloRo´genesMonteiro Pontes,GabrielNegreirosSaloma ˜ o,MikeA Powell,SunilMittal,PedroWalfirMartinseSouza FilhoandJose ´ TassoFelixGuimara ˜ es
30.1 Introduction409
30.2 GroundwaterresourcesofBrazil410
30.2.1 Physicalandclimatic characteristics410
30.2.2 Hydrogeologicalfeaturesof aquifers411
30.3 Groundwaterresourcemanagementin Brazil414
30.3.1 Backgroundofwaterresource management414
30.3.2 Nationallaws/legislation415
30.3.3 Integratedmanagementofsurface waterandgroundwater415
30.3.4 Managementoftransboundary groundwater415
30.3.5 Managementofmineralwater resources416
30.3.6 Groundwatermonitoringand assessment416
30.4 Alternativesforgroundwater managementandwatersourcing417
30.4.1 Adoptingrainwaterharvesting417
30.4.2 Artificialgroundwaterrecharge andreuseofwastewater418
30.4.3 Desalination418
30.5 Thehydroschizophreniaofgroundwater management418
30.6 Finalconsiderationsandcurrent challenges419 References420
31. Challengesofsustainable groundwaterdevelopmentand managementinBangladesh: vision2050425
K.M.Ahmed
31.1 Introduction425
31.2 Groundwateroccurrencesin Bangladesh425
31.3 Groundwaterqualityandconcerns426
31.3.1 Occurrencesanddistributionof arsenic428
31.3.2 Occurrencesanddistributionof salinity428
31.4 Groundwaterusesandimpactsof abstractions428
31.4.1 Domesticusesinruralandurban areas430
31.4.2 Irrigationuses431
31.4.3 Industrialuses431
31.5 Majorchallenges432
31.5.1 Meetingincreaseddemandsin 2050432
31.5.2 Impactsofclimatechange432
31.5.3 Arsenicandothercontamination issues433
31.5.4 Transboundaryissues433
31.6 Sustainablegroundwatermanagement: vision2050433
31.6.1 Surfacewaterharnessing433
31.6.2 Betterirrigationwater management434
31.6.3 Groundwatermonitoring, abstractioncontrols,and licensing434
31.6.4 Pollutionabatementand control434
31.6.5 Applicationsofmanagedaquifer recharge434
31.6.6 Wastewaterreuse435
31.6.7 Awarenessbuilding435
31.6.8 Judicialuseofdeep groundwater435
31.6.9 Groundwatergovernance435
31.6.10 Researchanddevelopment activities435
31.7 Groundwater:resourceoutofsight butnottobeoutofmind435 Acknowledgments436 References436
32. Integratinggroundwaterforwater securityinCapeTown,South Africa439
G.ThomasLaVanchy,JamesK.Adamsonand MichaelW.Kerwin
32.1 Introduction439
32.2 SituatingCapeTown440
32.2.1 TheDayZerodrought441
32.2.2 Waterprovisionandsecurity442
32.3 Groundwateropportunities442
32.3.1 TableMountainGroupaquifers443
32.3.2 SandveldGroupaquifers444
32.4 Groundwatermanagementchallenges445
32.4.1 Physicaldimensions445
32.4.2 Humandimensions446
32.5 Conclusion447 References448
33. Driversforprogressingroundwater managementinLaoPeople’s DemocraticRepublic451
Ce ´ cileA.Coulon,PaulPavelicandEvanChristen
33.1 Introduction451
33.2 GroundwaterresourcesinLaoPeople’s DemocraticRepublic452
33.2.1 Groundwatersystems452
33.2.2 Groundwateruse453
33.3 Majorgroundwaterchallenges454
33.3.1 Quantityandquality-related issues454
33.3.2 Stateofgroundwaterknowledge andinformationsystems454
33.3.3 Otherbarrierstogroundwater management455
33.4 Recenteffortstostrengthen groundwatergovernance455
33.4.1 Overviewofpolicy,institutional, andlegalchanges455
33.4.2 Enhancinggroundwaterknowledge anddatamanagement457
33.4.3 Mechanismsofstakeholder coordinationandinvolvement460
33.4.4 Developmentofhumanresources andgroundwater-management capacity461
33.5 Outlook:pathwaysforwardforLao People’sDemocraticRepublic463
33.5.1 Effectivepolicymakingand implementation463
33.5.2 Strengtheninginstitutionaland humanresourcecapacity464
33.5.3 Continuingeffortsinapplied research464
33.5.4 Participationofstakeholders465 Acknowledgments465 Acronyms465 References466
34. Groundwatersustainabilityand securityinSouthAsia469
SoumendraNathBhanjaandAbhijitMukherjee
34.1 Introduction469
34.2 Data469
34.2.1 Studyregion469
34.2.2 WaterGAP3model470
34.3 Resultsanddiscussions470
34.3.1 Evapotranspirationand groundwaterrecharge470
34.3.2 Contaminationissues471
34.3.3 Population472
34.4 Summaryandwayforward472 Acknowledgments475 References475
35. Roleofmeasuringtheaquifersfor sustainablymanaginggroundwater resourceinIndia477
DipankarSaha,SanjayMarwahaandS.N.Dwivedi
35.1 Introduction477
35.2 Regionalaquiferframework477
35.3 Spatiotemporalbehaviorofhydraulic headsandreplenishableresources478
35.4 Howmuchgroundwaterweare extracting479
35.5 Expandinggroundwatercontamination480
35.6 Measuringandunderstandingthe aquifers482
35.7 Thesustainablemanagementplan—an example483
35.8 Wayforward485 References485 Furtherreading486
36. Balancinglivelihoodsandenvironment: politicaleconomyofgroundwater irrigationinIndia487 TushaarShah,AbhishekRajanandGyanPRai
36.1 EvolutionofIndianirrigation487
36.2 Changingorganizationoftheirrigation economy488
36.3 Energy-irrigationnexus489
36.4 Socioeconomicsignificanceofthe groundwaterboom490
36.5 Thesustainabilitychallenge491
36.6 Sustainablegroundwatergovernance493
36.6.1 Directregulationthroughlegal frameworkandadministrative action493
36.6.2 Community-basedgroundwater management494
36.6.3 Indirectinstruments—energy pricingandrationing495
36.6.4 Theadventofsolarirrigation495
36.7 Conclusion:fromresourcedevelopment tomanagementmode496 References497
Theme5
Futureofgroundwaterandsolutions
37. Thefutureofgroundwaterscience andresearch503
DavidK.Kreamer,DavidM.Ball,VivianaRe, CraigT.Simmons,ThomasBothwell, HannekeJ.M.Verweij,AbhijitMukherjeeand MagaliF.Moreau
37.1 Introduction503
37.2 Howarefundamentalgroundwater perspectiveschanging?—“Darcyis dead”504
37.3 Fossilfuelenergy,geothermalenergy, andmineralresources—the groundwaterconnectionandthe future505
37.4 Groundwatercanbeadeepsubject506
37.5 Thesubterraneanbiologicalworld andgroundwater-dependent ecosystems507
37.6 Coasttocoast508
37.7 Undertheocean508
37.8 Extraterrestrialhydrology—thesky’s notthelimit508
37.9 Groundwaterqualityandemerging contaminants509
37.10 Thenewtools510
37.11 Laws,regulation,guidance,and governanceofgroundwater511
37.12 Socio-hydrogeologyinthefutureof groundwaterscience511
37.13 Educationandoutreach512
37.14 Theunexpectedchallenges512 Acknowledgments513 References513 Furtherreading517
38. Technologiestoenhance sustainablegroundwateruse519
RogerSathre
38.1 Technologyleverstoenhance groundwatersecurity519
38.2 Groundwatermappingand management519
38.3 Managingaquiferrecharge520
38.4 Managingsalinegroundwater intrusion521
38.5 Improvinggroundwater-useefficiency522
38.5.1 Improvingirrigationand agriculturalefficiency522
38.5.2 Improvinghouseholdwater distributionanduseefficiency523
38.5.3 Improvingindustrialwater-use efficiency523
38.6 Purifyingcontaminatedgroundwater524
38.6.1 Removingsaltfrombrackish groundwater524
38.6.2 Removingarsenicfrom groundwater526
38.6.3 Removingfluoridefrom groundwater526
38.6.4 Killingbiologicalpathogensin groundwater527
38.7 Improvinggroundwateraccess527
38.7.1 Welldigginganddrilling527
38.7.2 Groundwaterpumping528
38.8 Conclusion528 References528
39. ApplicationsofGravityRecovery andClimateExperiment(GRACE)in globalgroundwaterstudy531 JianliChenandMattRodell
39.1 Introduction531
39.2 GRACEandGFOmissionsanddata products532
39.3 Quantificationofgroundwaterchange usingGravityRecoveryandClimate Experiment533
39.4 Gravityrecoveryandclimateexperiment applicationsingroundwaterstorage change534
39.5 MajorerrorsourcesofGravityRecovery andClimateExperiment estimated groundwaterchange537
39.6 GravityRecoveryandClimate Experimentdataassimilation539
39.7 Summary539 References540
40. Useofmachinelearningand deeplearningmethodsin groundwater545
PragnadityaMalakar,SoumyajitSarkar, AbhijitMukherjee,SoumendraBhanjaand AlexanderY.Sun
40.1 Introduction545
40.1.1 Importanceofadvanceddata-driven methodsingroundwater resources545
40.2 Globalliteraturereview546
40.2.1 Groundwaterquantity546
40.2.2 Groundwaterquality546
40.3 Applicationofsomeofthewidely usedartificialintelligencemethodsin India550
40.3.1 Methodsdescription551
40.3.2 CasestudiesfromIndia551 References554
41. Desalinationofbrackishgroundwater toimprovewaterqualityandwater supply559
YvanaD.AhdabandJohnH.Lienhard
41.1 Introduction559
41.1.1 Brackishgroundwater composition559
41.1.2 Desalination560
41.2 Desalinationprocess560
41.2.1 Membranefoulingand pretreatment561
41.2.2 Reverseosmosis561
41.2.3 Electrodialysis563
41.2.4 Energyconsumptionusing conventionalenergysources564
41.2.5 Economicsofdesalination565
41.2.6 Brinemanagement567
41.2.7 Brinedisposal567
41.2.8 Brinetreatment567
41.2.9 Desalinationusingrenewable energysources568
41.2.10 Emergingdesalination technologies568
41.2.11 Nanofiltration569
41.2.12 Semibatchreverseosmosis569
41.3 Globalandnationaltrendsin desalination569
41.3.1 Globaltrends569
41.3.2 Nationaltrends572 Acknowledgments573 References573
42. Desalinationofdeepgroundwater forfreshwatersupplies577
VeeraGnaneswarGudeand AnandMaganti
42.1 Introduction577
42.2 Groundwaterdesalination—influencing factors577
42.2.1 Motivationforgroundwater desalination577
42.2.2 Considerationsforgroundwater desalination578
42.2.3 Environmentalimpactsof groundwaterdesalination579
42.3 Desalinationtechnology assessment579
42.4 Groundwaterdesalinationinthe UnitedStates580
42.5 Groundwaterdesalinationindeveloping countries581
42.6 Decision-makingformunicipal desalinationplants581
42.7 Conclusion582 References582
43. Quantifyingfuturewater environmentusingnumerical simulations:ascenario-based approachforsustainablegroundwater managementplaninMedan, Indonesia585
PankajKumar,BinayaKumarMishra,RamAvtar andShamikChakraborty
43.1 Introduction585
43.2 Studyarea586
43.3 Methodology586
43.3.1 Differentdrivers587
43.3.2 Urbanflood590
43.3.3 Waterquality591
43.4 Resultsanddiscussion592
43.4.1 Precipitationchange592
43.4.2 Landusechange593
43.4.3 Urbanflood594
43.4.4 Waterquality594
43.5 Conclusionandrecommendation595 References595
44. Managedaquiferrechargewith variouswatersourcesforirrigationand domesticuse:aperspectiveofthe Israeliexperience597
DanielKurtzmanandJosephGuttman
44.1 Introduction597
44.1.1 WhyIsraelhasasignificant managedaquiferrecharge experience?597
44.1.2 TheIsraeliCoastalAquifer598
44.2 Managedaquiferrechargeof ephemeralstreamfloodsinthecoastal aquiferthroughinfiltrationbasins, increasingfreshwatersupply (1959 present)598
44.3 Managedaquiferrechargeof groundwaterandespeciallylakewater throughwellsforfreshwatersupply (1965 90andreexamination 2012 20)600
44.3.1 Technicalconsiderations concerningmanagedaquifer rechargethroughwells601
44.3.2 Somehistoryandexperience fromthemanagedaquifer rechargethroughwellperiod 1965 90602
44.3.3 Newthoughtsandexperiments onmanagedaquiferrecharge throughwellsduetoavailabilityof waterofbetterqualitytoday (2012 20)602
44.4 Managedaquiferrechargeofsecondary effluentsininfiltrationbasins—theShafdan waterreclamationsystemforirrigation (1987 present)604
44.5 Managedaquiferrechargeofsurplus desalinatedseawaterthroughinfiltration basins(2014 present)605 References606
45. MARmodel:ablessingadaptationfor hard-to-reachlivelihoodinthirsty BarindTract,Bangladesh609
ChowdhurySarwarJahan,Md.FerozurRahaman, QuamrulHasanMazumderand Md.IquebalHossain
45.1 Introduction609
45.2 Challengesofgroundwaterresource managementplan612
45.3 Groundwaterresourcepotentiality613
45.4 Potentialzonesforgroundwaterrecharge andselectionofsitesforartificial rechargeofgroundwater616
45.5 Implementationofmanagedaquifer rechargemodel616
45.5.1 Pilotingofmanagedaquiferrecharge modelathouseholdlevel—pioneer attemptduring2013 16616
45.5.2 Managedaquiferrechargemodelas integratedwaterresourcemanagementstrategyinBarind Tractsince2015618
45.5.3 Impactassessmentofmanaged aquiferrechargemodelasintegrated waterresourcemanagement strategy621
45.6 Conclusion623 Acknowledgments624 References624
ListofContributors
JamesK.Adamson NorthwaterInternational,Chapel Hill,NC,UnitedStates
YvanaD.Ahdab RohsenowKendallHeatTransfer Laboratory,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology, Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
K.M.Ahmed DepartmentofGeology,FacultyofEarth andEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofDhaka, Dhaka,Bangladesh
KaziMatinAhmed DepartmentofGeology,University ofDhaka,CurzonHallCampus,Dhaka,Bangladesh
AhmedA.Al-Taani CollegeofNaturalandHealth Sciences,ZayedUniversity,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmental Sciences,FacultyofScience,YarmoukUniversity, Irbid,Jordan
AliceAureli GroundwaterSystemsandSettlements Section,InternationalHydrologicalProgramme, UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultural Organization(UNESCO),Paris,France
RamAvtar FacultyofEnvironmentalEarthScience, HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan
DavidM.Ball IndependentHydrogeologicalConsultant, Dublin,Ireland
SteveBarnett DepartmentofEnvironment,Waterand NaturalResources,Adelaide,SA,Australia
ShehlaBatool DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences, FacultyofBiologicalSciences,Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad,Pakistan
LahcenBenaabidate LaboratoryofFunctionalEcology andEnvironmentEngineering,UniversityofSidi MohammedBenAbdellah,Fez,Morocco
SoumendraBhanja InterdisciplinaryCentreforWater Research,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore, India
SoumendraNathBhanja InterdisciplineryCentrefor WaterResearch,IndianInstituteofScience, Bangalore,India
ThomasBothwell RosettaStoneConsulting,Perth,WA, Australia
MadhumitaChakraborty DepartmentofGeologyand Geophysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT) Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
ShamikChakraborty FacultyofSustainabilityStudies, HoseiUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
JianliChen CenterforSpaceResearch,Universityof TexasatAustin,Austin,TX,UnitedStates
EvanChristen PenevyServicesPtyLtd,Huskisson, NSW,Australia
PoulomeeCoomar DepartmentofGeologyand Geophysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT) Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
Ce ´ cileA.Coulon InternationalWaterManagement Institute,Vientiane,LaoPDR;DepartmentofGeology andGeologicalEngineering,Universite ´ Laval, Que ´ bec,Que ´ bec,Canada
BrianC.Crone UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,Center ofEnvironmentalSolutionsandEmergencyResponse, Cincinnati,OH,UnitedStates
MarkCuthbert SchoolofEarthandOceanSciences& WaterResearchInstitute,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff, UnitedKingdom;ConnectedWatersInitiative ResearchCentre,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia
CaroleDalin UniversityCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom
RaqueldeFariaGodoi FacultyofEngineering, ArchitectureandUrbanismandGeography,Federal UniversityofMatoGrossodoSul,CampoGrande, Brazil
LongDi StateKeyLaboratoryofHydroscienceand Engineering,DepartmentofHydraulicEngineering, TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
S.N.Dwivedi CentralGroundWaterBoard,Faridabad, India
AbidaFarooqi DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences, FacultyofBiologicalSciences,Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad,Pakistan
GrantFerguson DepartmentofCivil,Geological andEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof Saskatchewan,Saskatoon,SK,Canada
AnjuliJainFigueroa PostdoctoralScholar,Schoolof Earth,EnergyandEnvironmentalScience,Stanford University,Stanford,CA,UnitedStates
AlanE.Fryar DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmental Sciences,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY, UnitedStates
SusanT.Glassmeyer UnitedStatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency,OfficeofResearchand Development,CenterofEnvironmentalSolutionsand EmergencyResponse,Cincinnati,OH,UnitedStates
TomGleeson DepartmentofCivilEngineeringand SchoolofEarthandOceanSciences,Universityof Victoria,Victoria,BC,Canada
Debbie-AnnD.S.Gordon-Smith Departmentof Chemistry,TheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Mona, Jamaica,WestIndies
VeeraGnaneswarGude DepartmentofCiviland EnvironmentalEngineering,MississippiState University,MississippiState,MS,UnitedStates
Jose ´ TassoFelixGuimara ˜ es ValeInstituteof Technology(ITV),Bele ´ m,Brazil
HuamingGuo SchoolofWaterResourcesand Environment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences, Beijing,P.R.China
JosephGuttman Mekorot,IsraelNationalWater CompanyLtd.,TelAviv,Israel
DongyaHan InstituteofHydrogeologyand EnvironmentalGeology,ChineseAcademyof GeologicalSciences,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China;Hebei GEOUniversity,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China
ShamaE.Haque NorthSouthUniversity,Dhaka, Bangladesh
Peta-GayHarris DepartmentofGeographyand Geology,TheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Mona, Jamaica,WestIndies
Md.IquebalHossain BarindMulti-Purpose DevelopmentAuthority,Rajshahi,Bangladesh
FaresM.Howari CollegeofNaturalandHealth Sciences,ZayedUniversity,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates
GuanxingHuang InstituteofHydrogeologyand EnvironmentalGeology,ChineseAcademyof GeologicalSciences,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China
ChowdhurySarwarJahan DepartmentofGeology& Mining,UniversityofRajshahi,Rajshahi,Bangladesh
MukherjeeJenia IndianInstituteofTechnology, Kharagpur,India
YongfengJia StateKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmental CriteriaandRiskAssessment,ChineseResearch AcademyofEnvironmentalSciences,Beijing,P.R. China;StateEnvironmentalProtectionKey LaboratoryofSimulationandControlofGroundwater Pollution,ChineseResearchAcademyof EnvironmentalSciences,Beijing,P.R.China
AbdulQayeumKarim DepartmentofCivil Engineering,FacultyofEngineering,Kabul University,Kabul,Afghanistan
SeifuKebede SeifuKebedeGurmessa,Schoolof AgriculturalEarthandEnvironmentalSciences, CenterforWaterResourcesResearch,Universityof KwaZuluNatal,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica
MichaelW.Kerwin DepartmentofGeography&the Environment,UniversityofDenver,Denver,CO, UnitedStates
DavidK.Kreamer DepartmentofGeosciences, UniversityofNevada,LasVegas,NV,UnitedStates
PankajKumar NaturalResourcesandEcosystem Services,InstituteforGlobalEnvironmental Strategies,Hayama,Japan
DanielKurtzman InstituteofSoil,Waterand EnvironmentalSciences,AgriculturalResearch Organization,TheVolcaniCenter,RishonLeZion, Israel
FloreLafayedeMicheaux UniversityofLausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland;InternationalUnionfor ConservationofNature,Gland,Switzerland;French InstituteofPondicherry,Puducherry,India
SimonLangan InternationalWaterManagement Institute(IWMI),Colombo,SriLanka
G.ThomasLaVanchy DepartmentofGeography, OklahomaStateUniversity,Stillwater,OK,United States
BailingLi ESSIC,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark, MD,UnitedStates;HydrologicalSciencesLaboratory, NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD, UnitedStates
JohnH.Lienhard RohsenowKendallHeatTransfer Laboratory,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology, Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
ChunyanLiu InstituteofHydrogeologyand EnvironmentalGeology,ChineseAcademyof GeologicalSciences,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China
FeiLiu MOEKeyLaboratoryofGroundwater CirculationandEnvironmentalEvolution,BeijingKey LaboratoryofWaterResourcesandEnvironmental Engineering,SchoolofWaterResourcesand Environment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences (Beijing),Beijing,P.R.China
LingxiaLiu InstituteofHydrogeologyand EnvironmentalGeology,ChineseAcademyof GeologicalSciences,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China
MuriloCesarLucas DepartmentofCivilEngineering, FederalUniversityofTechnology-Parana ´ ,PatoBranco, Brazil
RuiMa SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies&StateKey LaboratoryofBiogeologyandEnvironmental Geology,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan, Hubei430074,China
AnandMaganti DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental Engineering,MississippiStateUniversity,Mississippi State,MS,UnitedStates
BasantMaheshwari WesternSydneyUniversity, HawkesburyCampus,Penrith,NSW,Australia
PragnadityaMalakar DepartmentofGeologyand Geophysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT) Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
ArpitaMandal DepartmentofGeographyandGeology, TheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Mona,Jamaica, WestIndies
RuthMarfil-Vega ShimadzuScientificInstruments, Columbia,MD,UnitedStates
PedroWalfirMartinseSouzaFilho ValeInstituteof Technology(ITV),Bele ´ m,Brazil
SanjayMarwaha CentralGroundWaterBoard,Faridabad, India
NoshinMasood DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences, FacultyofBiologicalSciences,Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad,Pakistan
QuamrulHasanMazumder DepartmentofGeology& Mining,UniversityofRajshahi,Rajshahi,Bangladesh
AndrewMcKenzie BritishGeologicalSurvey, Oxfordshire,UnitedKingdom
MarcA.Mills UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection Agency,OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,Center ofEnvironmentalSolutionsandEmergencyResponse, Cincinnati,OH,UnitedStates
BinayaKumarMishra SchoolofEngineering,Pokhara University,Lekhnath,Nepal
SunilMittal DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceand Technology,CentralUniversityofPunjab,Bathinda,India
PauloRo ´ genesMonteiroPontes ValeInstituteof Technology(ITV),Bele ´ m,Brazil
MagaliF.Moreau GNSScience,WairakeiResearch Center,Taupo,NewZealand
AbhijitMukherjee DepartmentofGeologyand Geophysics,IndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT) Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India;AppliedPolicyAdvisory forHydrosciences(APHA)group,Schoolof EnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,IndianInstitute ofTechnology(IIT)Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
YousefNazzal CollegeofNaturalandHealthSciences, ZayedUniversity,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
RebeccaNelson MelbourneLawSchool,Universityof Melbourne,Melbourne,VIC,Australia
PauloTarsoS.Oliveira FacultyofEngineering, ArchitectureandUrbanismandGeography,Federal UniversityofMatoGrossodoSul,CampoGrande,Brazil
PaulPavelic InternationalWaterManagementInstitute, Vientiane,LaoPDR
DebraPerrone EnvironmentalStudiesProgram, UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara,Santa Barbara,CA,UnitedStates
MikeAPowell DepartmentofRenewableResources, FacultyofAgriculture,LifeandEnvironmentalSciences (ALES),UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
ShaminderPuri SustainableSolutionsinPractical Hydrogeology,Oxford,UnitedKingdom;IAH CommissiononTransboundaryAquifers,Oxford, UnitedKingdom;InternationalAssociationof Hydrogeologists,Reading,UnitedKingdom
XiaopengQin DepartmentofTechnologyAssessment, TechnicalCentreforSoil,AgriculturalandRural EcologyandEnvironment,MinistryofEcologyand Environment,Beijing,P.R.China
Md.FerozurRahaman InstituteofEnvironmental Science,UniversityofRajshahi,Rajshahi,Bangladesh
GyanPRai InternationalWaterManagementInstitute (IWMI)-TataWaterPolicyProgram,Anand,India
AbhishekRajan InternationalWaterManagementInstitute (IWMI)-TataWaterPolicyProgram,Anand,India
VivianaRe DepartmentofEarthSciences,Universityof Pisa,Pisa,Italy
MattRodell NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter, Greenbelt,MD,UnitedStates
MatthewRodell HydrologicalSciencesLaboratory, NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD, UnitedStates
SayedHashmatSadat DepartmentofCivilEngineering, FacultyofEngineering,KabulUniversity,Kabul, Afghanistan
OthmanSadki DepartmentofGeochemistry,National OfficeofHydrocarbonsandMines,Rabat,Morocco
DipankarSaha FormerlyattheCentralGround WaterBoard,GovernmentofIndia,Faridabad,India
PrafullaKumarSahoo DepartmentofEnvironmental ScienceandTechnology,CentralUniversityof Punjab,Bathinda,India;ValeInstituteofTechnology (ITV),Bele ´ m,Brazil
GabrielNegreirosSalomao ValeInstituteof Technology(ITV),Bele ´ m,Brazil;Geologyand GeochemistryGraduateProgram(PPGG), GeosciencesInstitute(IG),FederalUniversityofPara ´ (UFPA),Bele ´ m,Brazil
SoumyajitSarkar AppliedPolicyAdvisoryfor Hydrosciences(APHA)group,SchoolofEnvironmental ScienceandEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology (IIT)Kharagpur,Kharagpur,India
RogerSathre InstituteforTransformativeTechnologies, Berkeley,CA,UnitedStates;LinnaeusUniversity, Va ¨ xjo ¨ ,Sweden
BridgetR.Scanlon BureauofEconomicGeology, JacksonSchoolofGeosciences,UniversityofTexas, Austin,TX,UnitedStates
MadelineE.Schreiber DepartmentofGeosciences, VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,VA,UnitedStates
TushaarShah InstituteofRuralManagementAnand, Anand,India
M.Shamsudduha DepartmentofGeography,University ofSussex,Brighton,UnitedKingdom;Institutefor RiskandDisasterReduction,UniversityCollege London,London,UnitedKingdom
CraigT.Simmons NationalCentreforGroundwater ResearchandTraining,CollegeofScienceand Engineering,FlindersUniversity,Adelaide,SA, Australia
MikhailSmilovic ResearchScholar,Waterprogram, IIASA InstituteofAppliedSystemsAnalysis, Laxenburg,Austria
AlexanderY.Sun BureauofEconomicGeology,The UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX,United States
ZhangliSun StateKeyLaboratoryofHydroscienceand Engineering,DepartmentofHydraulicEngineering, TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
MeronTeferiTaye IWMI,EastAfricaandNilebasin Office,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia
JacvanderGun VanderGunHydro-Consulting, Schalkhaar,TheNetherlands
HannekeJ.M.Verweij IndependentExpertPressureand FluidFlowSystems,Delft,TheNetherlands
JunyeWang AthabascaRiverBasinResearchInstitute (ARBRI),AthabascaUniversity,Athabasca,AB, Canada
WenzhongWang InstituteofHydrogeologyand EnvironmentalGeology,ChineseAcademyof GeologicalSciences,Shijiazhuang,P.R.China
YanxinWang SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies&State KeyLaboratoryofBiogeologyandEnvironmental Geology,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan, Hubei430074,China
EdsonWendland DepartmentofHydraulicsand SanitaryEngineering,UniversityofSaoPaulo,Sao Carlos,Brazil
WentingYang StateKeyLaboratoryofHydroscience andEngineering,DepartmentofHydraulic Engineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China
TianZhou MOEKeyLaboratoryofGroundwater CirculationandEnvironmentalEvolution,BeijingKey LaboratoryofWaterResourcesandEnvironmental Engineering,SchoolofWaterResourcesand Environment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences (Beijing),Beijing,P.R.China
AhmedZian NationalSchoolofAppliedSciencesofAl Hoceima,UniversityAbdelmalekEssaadi,Te ´ touan, Morocco
ShengzhangZou InstituteofKarstGeology,CAGS, KarstDynamicsLaboratory,MLR&GZAR,Guilin, P.R.China
