For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005), an accomplished artist who lived through most of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first
BRIEF CONTENTS FOR THE AP ® EDITION
INTRODUCTION TO THE AP ® EDITION • xxxix
USING GIVE ME LIBERTY! TO DEVELOP WRITING, THINKING, AND DOCUMENT SKILLS IN AN AP ® COURSE ... xxxix
Essay Writing and Critical Thinking ... xxxix H Understanding Historical Documents ... xxxix H Understanding Visual Materials ... xl H
Working with Maps ... xl
AP ® -SPECIFIC RESOURCES FOR GIVE ME LIBERTY! ... xl
AP® U.S. History Text Book ... xli H The AP® Skills Handbooks ... xli H Historical Thinking Skills Worksheets ... xlii H Curriculum Planning and Pacing Guide ... xlii
GIVE ME LIBERTY! DIGITAL RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS ... xlii
Norton InQuizative for History ... xlii H History Skills Tutorials ... xliii H Student Site ... xliii H Ebook ... xliii H Norton Coursepacks ... xliii H Norton American History Digital Archive ... xliii H Lecture and Art PowerPoint Slides ... xliv
CORRELATION WITH THE CURRENT AP ® U.S. HISTORY COURSE FRAMEWORK ... xliv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... lxv
AP ® SKILLS HANDBOOKS • B-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL SKILLS HANDBOOKS ... B-1
PRIMARY DOCUMENT SKILLS HANDBOOK ... B-2
Deciphering Textual Documents with the 5 Ws Strategy ... B-2 H How to Use the 5 Ws ... B-4
VISUAL DOCUMENT SKILLS HANDBOOK ... B-7
Analyzing and Extracting Information from Photographs and Illustrations ... B-7
H How to Use SCOPE ... B-8
MAP SKILLS HANDBOOK ... B-11
Understanding the Full Value of Maps ... B-11 H How to Use TARGET ... B-12
CARTOON SKILLS HANDBOOK ... B-15
Contextualizing and Finding Meaning in Cartoons with the TACKLE Strategy ... B-15 H How to Use TACKLE ... B-16
PRACTICING DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS
(DBQ s ) ... B-18
LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES ... xxxv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR ... lxvii
PREFACE ... lxix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... lxxvii
PART 1: AMERICAN COLONIES TO 1763
1. A NEW WORLD ... 4
THE FIRST AMERICANS 6
The Settling of the Americas ... 6 H Indian Societies of the Americas ... 8
H Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley ... 9 H Western Indians ... 10 H Indians of Eastern North America ... 10 H Native American Religion ... 12 H Land and Property ... 12 H Gender Relations ... 14 H European Views of the Indians ... 14
INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM ... 15
Indian Freedom ... 15 H Christian Liberty ... 16 H Freedom and Authority ... 17 H Liberty and Liberties ... 17
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE 18
Chinese and Portuguese Navigation ... 18 H Portugal and West Africa ... 19
H Freedom and Slavery in Africa ... 20 H The Voyages of Columbus ... 20
CONTACT 21
Columbus in the New World ... 21 H Exploration and Conquest ... 23 H The Demographic Disaster ... 24
THE SPANISH EMPIRE 24
Governing Spanish America ... 25 H Colonists in Spanish America ... 25
H Colonists and Indians ... 26 H Justifications for Conquest ... 27 H Spreading the Faith ... 28 H Las Casas’s Complaint ... 29 H Reforming the Empire ... 29 H Exploring North America ... 30 H Spanish Florida ... 32
H Spain in the Southwest ... 33 H The Pueblo Revolt ... 33
THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES 35
French Colonization ... 35
Voices of Freedom: From Bartolomé de las Casas, History of the Indies (1528), and From “Declaration of Josephe” (December 19, 1681) ... 36
New France and the Indians ... 38 H The Dutch Empire ... 39 H Dutch Freedom ... 41 H Freedom in New Netherland ... 41 H The Dutch and Religious Toleration ... 41 H Settling New Netherland ... 43 H New Netherland and the Indians ... 43 H Borderlands and Empire in Early America ... 44
REVIEW ... 47
2. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH AMERICA, 1607–1660 ... 48
ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD 50
Unifying the English Nation ... 50 H England and Ireland ... 50 H England and North America ... 51 H Spreading Protestantism ... 51 H The Social Crisis ... 52 H Masterless Men ... 53
THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH ... 54
English Emigrants ... 54 H Indentured Servants ... 54 H Land and Liberty ... 55 H Englishmen and Indians ... 55 H The Transformation of Indian Life ... 57 H Changes in the Land ... 57
SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE 58
The Jamestown Colony ... 58 H From Company to Society ... 58 H Powhatan and Pocahontas ... 59 H The Uprising of 1622 ... 60 H A Tobacco Colony ... 61 H Women and the Family ... 61 H The Maryland Experiment ... 63 H Religion in Maryland ... 63
THE NEW ENGLAND WAY 64
The Rise of Puritanism ... 64 H Moral Liberty ... 65 H The Pilgrims at Plymouth ... 66 H The Great Migration ... 67 H The Puritan Family ... 67 H Government and Society in Massachusetts ... 68 H Church and State in Puritan Massachusetts ... 69
NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED ... 70
Roger Williams ... 70 H Rhode Island and Connecticut ... 71 H
The Trials of Anne Hutchinson ... 71 H Puritans and Indians ... 73
Voices of Freedom: From “The Trial of Anne Hutchinson” (1637), and From John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court (July 3, 1645) ... 74
The Pequot War ... 76 H The New England Economy ... 76 H The Merchant Elite ... 77 H The Half-Way Covenant ... 78
RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM 79
The Rights of Englishmen ... 79 H The English Civil War ... 80 H England’s Debate over Freedom ... 80 H English Liberty ... 81 H The Civil War and English America ... 81 H The Crisis in Maryland ... 82 H Cromwell and the Empire ... 83
REVIEW ... 85
3. CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA, 1660–1750 ... 86
GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF ENGLAND’S EMPIRE ... 88
The Mercantilist System ... 88 H The Conquest of New Netherland ... 88 H New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen ... 90 H New York and the Indians ... 90 H The Charter of Liberties ... 91 H The Founding of Carolina ... 91 H The Holy Experiment ... 92 H Quaker Liberty ... 93 H Land in Pennsylvania ... 94
ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY 94
Englishmen and Africans ... 94 H Slavery in History ... 95 H Slavery in the West Indies ... 96 H Slavery and the Law ... 98 H The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery ... 99 H Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia ... 99 H The End of the Rebellion, and Its Consequences ... 100 H A Slave Society ... 100 H Notions of Freedom ... 101
COLONIES IN CRISIS ... 101
The Glorious Revolution ... 102 H The Glorious Revolution in America ... 103 H The Maryland Uprising ... 103 H Leisler’s Rebellion ... 104 H Changes in New England ... 104 H The Prosecution of Witches ... 105 H The Salem Witch Trials ... 105
THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA 106
A Diverse Population ... 107 H Attracting Settlers ... 107 H The German Migration ... 109 H Religious Diversity ... 109 H Indian Life in Transition ... 111
Voices of Freedom: From Letter by a Swiss-German Immigrant to Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769), and From Memorial against NonEnglish Immigration (December 1727) ... 112
Regional Diversity ... 114 H The Consumer Revolution ... 115 H Colonial Cities ... 115 H Colonial Artisans ... 116 H An Atlantic World ... 116
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES ... 117
The Colonial Elite ... 117 H Anglicization ... 118 H The South Carolina Aristocracy ... 119 H Poverty in the Colonies ... 120 H The Middle Ranks ... 121 H Women and the Household Economy ... 122 H North America at Mid-Century ... 123
REVIEW ... 125
4. SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE, TO 1763 ... 126
SLAVERY AND EMPIRE ... 128
Atlantic Trade ... 128 H Africa and the Slave Trade ... 130 H The Middle Passage ... 130 H Chesapeake Slavery ... 132 H Freedom and Slavery in
the Chesapeake ... 133 H Indian Slavery in Early Carolina ... 134 H The Rice Kingdom ... 134 H The Georgia Experiment ... 135 H Slavery in the North ... 135
SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE ... 136
Becoming African-American ... 136 H African Religion in Colonial America ... 137 H African-American Cultures ... 138 H Resistance to Slavery ... 138 H The Crisis of 1739–1741 ... 139
AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM ... 140
British Patriotism ... 140 H The British Constitution ... 140 H Republican Liberty ... 141 H Liberal Freedom ... 142
THE PUBLIC SPHERE 143
The Right to Vote ... 143 H Political Cultures ... 144 H Colonial Government ... 145 H The Rise of the Assemblies ... 145 H Politics in Public ... 146 H The Colonial Press ... 146 H Freedom of Expression and Its Limits ... 147 H The Trial of Zenger ... 148 H The American Enlightenment ... 148
THE GREAT AWAKENING ... 149
Religious Revivals ... 149 H The Preaching of Whitefield ... 150 H
The Awakening’s Impact ... 151
IMPERIAL RIVALRIES
... 151
Spanish North America ... 151 H The Spanish in California ... 154 H The French Empire ... 155
BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT ... 156
The Middle Ground ... 156 H The Seven Years’ War ... 157 H A World Transformed ... 158 H Pontiac’s Rebellion ... 159 H The Proclamation Line ... 159 H Pennsylvania and the Indians ... 161
Voices of Freedom: From Scarouyady, Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council (1756), and From Pontiac, Speeches (1762 and 1763) ... 162
Colonial Identities ... 164
REVIEW ... 166
PART 2: A NEW NATION, 1763–1840
5. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1763–1783 ... 170
THE CRISIS BEGINS 171
Consolidating the Empire ... 172 H Taxing the Colonies ... 173 H
The Stamp Act Crisis ... 173 H Taxation and Representation ... 174 H Liberty and Resistance ... 175 H Politics in the Streets ... 176 H The Regulators ... 177 H The Tenant Uprising ... 177
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION 178
The Townshend Crisis ... 178 H Homespun Virtue ... 178 H The Boston Massacre ... 179 H Wilkes and Liberty ... 180 H The Tea Act ... 181 H The Intolerable Acts ... 181
THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE
... 182
The Continental Congress ... 182 H The Continental Association ... 182 H The Sweets of Liberty ... 183 H The Outbreak of War ... 184 H Independence? ... 185 H Common Sense ... 186 H Paine’s Impact ... 187 H The Declaration of Independence ... 187
Voices of Freedom: From Samuel Seabury, An Alarm to the Legislature of the Province in New-York (1775), and From Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) ... 188
The Declaration and American Freedom ... 190 H An Asylum for Mankind ... 191 H The Global Declaration of Independence ... 191
SECURING INDEPENDENCE 193
The Balance of Power ... 193 H Blacks in the Revolution ... 194 H The First Years of the War ... 194 H The Battle of Saratoga ... 195 H The War in the South ... 197 H Victory at Last ... 199
REVIEW ... 203
6. THE REVOLUTION WITHIN ... 204
DEMOCRATIZING FREEDOM ... 206
The Dream of Equality ... 206 H Expanding the Political Nation ... 206 H The Revolution in Pennsylvania ... 207 H The New Constitutions ... 208 H The Right to Vote ... 209 H Democratizing Government ... 209
TOWARD RELIGIOUS TOLERATION 210
Catholic Americans ... 211 H The Founders and Religion ... 211 H Separating Church and State ... 212 H Jefferson and Religious Liberty ... 213 H The Revolution and the Churches ... 214 H Christian Republicanism ... 214
DEFINING ECONOMIC FREEDOM 215
Toward Free Labor ... 215 H The Soul of a Republic ... 216 H The Politics of Inflation ... 217 H The Debate over Free Trade ... 217
THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY
... 218
Colonial Loyalists ... 218 H The Loyalists’ Plight ... 219 H The Revolution as a Borderlands Conflict ... 219 H The Indians’ Revolution ... 221 H White Freedom, Indian Freedom ... 222
SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTION ... 223
The Language of Slavery and Freedom ... 224 H Obstacles to Abolition ... 224 H The Cause of General Liberty ... 225 H Petitions for Freedom ... 225 H British Emancipators ... 227 H Voluntary Emancipations ... 227 H Abolition in the North ... 228 H Free Black Communities ... 228
DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY 229
Revolutionary Women ... 229
Voices of Freedom: From Abigail Adams to John Adams, Braintree, Mass. (March 31, 1776), and From Petitions of Slaves to the Massachusetts Legislature (1773 and 1777) ... 230
Gender and Politics ... 232 H Republican Motherhood ... 233 H The Arduous Struggle for Liberty ... 234
REVIEW ... 237
7. FOUNDING A NATION, 1783–1791 ... 238
AMERICA UNDER THE CONFEDERATION ... 240
The Articles of Confederation ... 240 H Congress and the West ... 242 H Settlers and the West ... 242 H The Land Ordinances ... 243 H The Confederation’s Weaknesses ... 245 H Shays’s Rebellion ... 246 H Nationalists of the 1780s ... 247
A NEW CONSTITUTION 247
The Structure of Government ... 248 H The Limits of Democracy ... 249 H The Division and Separation of Powers ... 250 H The Debate over Slavery ... 251 H Slavery in the Constitution ... 251 H The Final Document ... 253
THE RATIFICATION DEBATE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS 254
The Federalist ... 254 H “Extend the Sphere” ... 255 H The Anti-Federalists ... 256 H The Bill of Rights ... 258
Voices of Freedom: From David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution (1789), and From James Winthrop, Anti-Federalist Essay Signed “Agrippa” (1787) ... 260
“WE THE PEOPLE” 263
National Identity ... 263 H Indians in the New Nation ... 263 H Blacks and the Republic ... 266 H Jefferson, Slavery, and Race ... 268 H Principles of Freedom ... 269
REVIEW ... 271
8. SECURING THE REPUBLIC, 1791–1815 ... 272
POLITICS IN AN AGE OF PASSION ... 273
Hamilton’s Program ... 274 H The Emergence of Opposition ... 274 H The Jefferson–Hamilton Bargain ... 275 H The Impact of the French Revolution ... 276 H Political Parties ... 277 H The Whiskey Rebellion ... 278 H The Republican Party ... 279 H An Expanding Public Sphere ... 279 H The Democratic-Republican Societies ... 280 H The Rights of Women ... 280 H Women and the Republic ... 281
Voices of Freedom: From Judith Sargent Murray, “On the Equality of the Sexes” (1790), and From Address of the Democratic-Republican Society of Pennsylvania (December 18, 1794) ... 282
THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY 284
The Election of 1796 ... 284 H The “Reign of Witches” ... 285 H The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions ... 286 H The “Revolution of 1800” ... 287 H Slavery and Politics ... 288 H The Haitian Revolution ... 288 H Gabriel’s Rebellion ... 289
JEFFERSON IN POWER 290
Judicial Review ... 291 H The Louisiana Purchase ... 291 H Lewis and Clark ... 293 H Incorporating Louisiana ... 294 H The Barbary Wars ... 294
H The Embargo ... 295 H Madison and Pressure for War ... 296
THE “SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE” ... 297
The Indian Response ... 297 H Tecumseh’s Vision ... 298 H The War of 1812 ... 298 H The War’s Aftermath ... 302 H The War of 1812 and the Canadian Borderland ... 302 H The End of the Federalist Party ... 303
REVIEW ... 305
9. THE MARKET REVOLUTION, 1800–1840 ... 306
A NEW ECONOMY 308
Roads and Steamboats ... 309 H The Erie Canal ... 309 H Railroads and the Telegraph ... 311 H The Rise of the West ... 312 H An Internal Borderland ... 315 H The Cotton Kingdom ... 316 H The Unfree Westward Movement ... 318
MARKET SOCIETY 318
Commercial Farmers ... 318 H The Growth of Cities ... 319 H The Factory System ... 321 H The Industrial Worker ... 323 H The “Mill Girls” ... 324 H The Growth of Immigration ... 324 H Irish and German Newcomers ... 325 H The Rise of Nativism ... 326 H The Transformation of Law ... 328
THE FREE INDIVIDUAL ... 329
The West and Freedom ... 329 H The Transcendentalists ... 330 H Individualism ... 330
Voices of Freedom: From Recollections of Harriet L. Noble (1824), and From “Factory Life as It Is, by an Operative” (1845) ... 332
The Second Great Awakening ... 334 H The Awakening’s Impact ... 335 H The Emergence of Mormonism ... 336
THE LIMITS OF PROSPERITY 337
Liberty and Prosperity ... 337 H Race and Opportunity ... 338 H The Cult of Domesticity ... 339 H Women and Work ... 340 H The Early Labor Movement ... 341 H The “Liberty of Living” ... 342
REVIEW ... 345
10. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, 1815–1840 ... 346
THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY 348
Property and Democracy ... 348 H The Dorr War ... 348 H Tocqueville on Democracy ... 349 H The Information Revolution ... 350 H The Limits of Democracy ... 351 H A Racial Democracy ... 352 H Race and Class ... 352
NATIONALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS ... 353
The American System ... 353 H Banks and Money ... 355 H The Panic of 1819 ... 355 H The Politics of the Panic ... 356 H The Missouri Controversy ... 356 H The Slavery Question ... 358
NATION, SECTION, AND PARTY ... 359
The United States and the Latin American Wars of Independence ... 359 H The Monroe Doctrine ... 360 H The Election of 1824 ... 361
Voices of Freedom: From The Memorial of the Non-Freeholders of the City of Richmond (1829), and From Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens Threatened with Disfranchisement (1838) ... 362
The Nationalism of John Quincy Adams ... 364 H “Liberty Is Power” ... 365 H Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party ... 365 H The Election of 1828 ... 366
THE AGE OF JACKSON 367
The Party System ... 367 H Democrats and Whigs ... 368 H Public and Private Freedom ... 369 H Politics and Morality ... 370 H South Carolina and Nullification ... 371 H Calhoun’s Political Theory ... 371 H The Nullification Crisis ... 373 H Indian Removal ... 374 H The Supreme Court and the Indians ... 374
THE BANK WAR AND AFTER ... 378
Biddle’s Bank ... 378 H The Pet Banks and the Economy ... 379 H The Panic of 1837 ... 380 H Van Buren in Office ... 381 H The Election of 1840 ... 381 H His Accidency ... 382 REVIEW ... 384
PART 3: SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE CRISIS OF THE UNION, 1840–1877
11. THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION ... 388
THE OLD SOUTH 390
Cotton Is King ... 390 H The Second Middle Passage ... 391 H Slavery and the Nation ... 391 H The Southern Economy ... 393 H Plain Folk of the Old South ... 394 H The Planter Class ... 395 H The Paternalist Ethos ... 396 H The Code of Honor ... 396 H The Proslavery Argument ... 397 H Abolition in the Americas ... 398 H Slavery and Liberty ... 399 H Slavery and Civilization ... 400
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY ... 400
Slaves and the Law ... 400 H Conditions of Slave Life ... 401 H Free Blacks in the Old South ... 402
Voices of Freedom: From Letter by Joseph Taper to Joseph Long (1840), and From “Slavery and the Bible” (1850) ... 404
The Upper and Lower South ... 406 H Slave Labor ... 407 H Gang Labor and Task Labor ... 407 H Slavery in the Cities ... 409 H Maintaining Order ... 409
SLAVE CULTURE ... 410
The Slave Family ... 411 H The Threat of Sale ... 411 H Gender Roles among Slaves ... 412 H Slave Religion ... 412 H The Gospel of Freedom ... 413 H The Desire for Liberty ... 413
RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY ... 415
Forms of Resistance ... 415 H Fugitive Slaves ... 415 H The Underground Railroad ... 417 H The Amistad ... 418 H Slave Revolts ... 418 H Nat Turner’s Rebellion ... 419
REVIEW ... 423
12. AN AGE OF REFORM, 1820–1840 ... 424
THE REFORM IMPULSE ... 425
Utopian Communities ... 426 H The Shakers ... 426 H Oneida ... 427 H Worldly Communities ... 428 H The Owenites ... 429 H Religion and Reform ... 430 H The Temperance Movement ... 431 H Critics of Reform ... 431 H Reformers and Freedom ... 432 H The Invention of the Asylum ... 433 H The Common School ... 433
THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY ... 435
Colonization ... 435 H Blacks and Colonization ... 435 H Militant Abolitionism ... 436 H The Emergence of Garrison ... 437 H Spreading the Abolitionist Message ... 437 H Slavery and Moral Suasion ... 439 H Abolitionists and the Idea of Freedom ... 439 H A New Vision of America ... 440
BLACK AND WHITE ABOLITIONISM ... 441
Black Abolitionists ... 441 H Abolitionism and Race ... 442 H Slavery and American Freedom ... 443 H Gentlemen of Property and Standing ... 444 H Slavery and Civil Liberties ... 445
THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM ... 446
The Rise of the Public Woman ... 446 H Women and Free Speech ... 447 H Women’s Rights ... 447 H Feminism and Freedom ... 449 H Women and Work ... 449
Voices of Freedom: From Angelina Grimké, Letter in The Liberator (August 2, 1837), and From Catharine Beecher, An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism (1837) ... 450
The Slavery of Sex ... 453 H “Social Freedom” ... 453 H The Abolitionist Schism ... 454
REVIEW ... 457
13. A HOUSE DIVIDED, 1840–1861 ... 458
FRUITS OF MANIFEST DESTINY ... 459
Continental Expansion ... 459 H The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California ... 460 H The Texas Revolt ... 461 H The Election of 1844 ... 463 H The Road to War ... 464 H The War and Its Critics ... 465 H Combat in Mexico ... 466 H The Texas Borderland ... 468 H Race and Manifest Destiny ... 469 H Gold-Rush California ... 469 H California and the Boundaries of Freedom ... 470 H Opening Japan ... 471
A DOSE OF ARSENIC ... 472
The Wilmot Proviso ... 473 H The Free Soil Appeal ... 473 H Crisis and Compromise ... 475 H The Great Debate ... 475 H The Fugitive Slave Issue ... 476 H Douglas and Popular Sovereignty ... 477 H The KansasNebraska Act ... 478
THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY ... 480
The Northern Economy ... 480 H The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings ... 480 H The Free Labor Ideology ... 483 H Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856 ... 484
THE EMERGENCE OF LINCOLN ... 485
The Dred Scott Decision ... 485 H The Decision’s Aftermath ... 486 H Lincoln and Slavery ... 486 H The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign ... 487 H John Brown at Harpers Ferry ... 489
Voices of Freedom: From The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) ... 490
The Rise of Southern Nationalism ... 492 H The Democratic Split ... 493 H The Nomination of Lincoln ... 494 H The Election of 1860 ... 494
THE IMPENDING CRISIS ... 495
The Secession Movement ... 495 H The Secession Crisis ... 496 H And the War Came ... 497
REVIEW ... 501
14. A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM: THE CIVIL WAR, 1861–1865 ... 502
THE FIRST MODERN WAR ... 503
The Two Combatants ... 504 H The Technology of War ... 504 H The Public and the War ... 506 H Mobilizing Resources ... 507 H Military
Strategies ... 508 H The War Begins ... 508 H The War in the East, 1862 ... 509 H The War in the West ... 510
THE COMING OF EMANCIPATION ... 511
Slavery and the War ... 511 H The Unraveling of Slavery ... 513 H
Steps toward Emancipation ... 513 H Lincoln’s Decision ... 514 H The Emancipation Proclamation ... 516 H Enlisting Black Troops ... 517 H The Black Soldier ... 518
THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION ... 519
Liberty and Union ... 519 H Lincoln’s Vision ... 520 H The War and American Religion ... 521 H Liberty in Wartime ... 522 H The North’s Transformation ... 523 H Government and the Economy ... 523 H The West and the War ... 524
Voices of Freedom: From Frederick Douglass, Men of Color, to Arms! (1863), and From Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore (April 18, 1864) ... 526
A New Financial System ... 529 H Women and the War ... 530 H The Divided North ... 531
THE CONFEDERATE NATION ... 532
Leadership and Government ... 532 H The Inner Civil War ... 534 H Economic Problems ... 534 H Southern Unionists ... 535 H Women and the Confederacy ... 536 H Black Soldiers for the Confederacy ... 538
TURNING POINTS ... 538
Gettysburg and Vicksburg ... 538 H 1864 ... 539
REHEARSALS FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND THE END OF THE WAR ... 541
The Sea Islands Experiment ... 541 H Wartime Reconstruction in the West ... 542 H The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction ... 542 H Victory at Last ... 543 H The War and the World ... 545 H The War in American History ... 546
REVIEW ... 549
15. “WHAT IS FREEDOM?”: RECONSTRUCTION, 1865–1877 ... 550
THE MEANING OF FREEDOM ... 552
Blacks and the Meaning of Freedom ... 552 H Families in Freedom ... 552 H Church and School ... 553 H Political Freedom ... 553 H Land, Labor, and Freedom ... 554 H Masters without Slaves ... 555 H The Free Labor Vision ... 556 H The Freedmen’s Bureau ... 557 H The Failure of Land Reform ... 558 H Toward a New South ... 559 H The White Farmer ... 560 H
The Urban South ... 561 H The Aftermath of Slavery ... 561
Voices of Freedom: From Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865), and From A Sharecropping Contract (1866) ... 562
THE MAKING OF RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION ... 564
Andrew Johnson ... 564 H The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction ... 565 H The Black Codes ... 565 H The Radical Republicans ... 566 H The Origins of Civil Rights ... 567 H The Fourteenth Amendment ... 568 H The Reconstruction Act ... 568 H Impeachment and the Election of Grant ... 569 H The Fifteenth Amendment ... 570 H The “Great Constitutional Revolution” ... 570 H Boundaries of Freedom ... 571 H The Rights of Women ... 572 H Feminists and Radicals ... 572
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH ... 574
“The Tocsin of Freedom” ... 574 H The Black Officeholder ... 575 H Carpetbaggers and Scalawags ... 576 H Southern Republicans in Power ... 577 H The Quest for Prosperity ... 578
THE OVERTHROW OF RECONSTRUCTION ... 579
Reconstruction’s Opponents ... 579 H “A Reign of Terror” ... 579 H The Liberal Republicans ... 581 H The North’s Retreat ... 582 H The Triumph of the Redeemers ... 584 H The Disputed Election and Bargain of 1877 ... 584 H The End of Reconstruction ... 585
REVIEW ... 587
PART 4: TOWARD A GLOBAL PRESENCE, 1870–1920
16. AMERICA’S GILDED AGE, 1870–1890 ... 590
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ... 591
The Industrial Economy ... 592 H Railroads and the National Market ... 593 H The Spirit of Innovation ... 594 H Competition and Consolidation ... 595 H The Rise of Andrew Carnegie ... 596 H The Triumph of John D. Rockefeller ... 599 H Workers’ Freedom in an Industrial Age ... 600 H Sunshine and Shadow: Increasing Wealth and Poverty ... 601
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST ... 602
A Diverse Region ... 602 H Farming on the Middle Border ... 604 H Bonanza Farms ... 605 H The Cowboy and the Corporate West ... 606 H The Chinese Presence ... 609 H Conflict on the Mormon Frontier ... 609 H
The Subjugation of the Plains Indians ... 610 H “Let Me Be a Free Man” ... 611
Voices of Freedom: From Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879), and From Letter by Saum Song Bo, American Missionary (October 1885) ... 612
Remaking Indian Life ... 614 H The Dawes Act ... 615 H Indian Citizenship ... 615 H The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee ... 616 H Settler Societies and Global Wests ... 618 H Myth, Reality, and the Wild West ... 619
POLITICS IN A GILDED AGE ... 619
The Corruption of Politics ... 620 H The Politics of Dead Center ... 621
H Government and the Economy ... 622 H Reform Legislation ... 622 H Political Conflict in the States ... 623
FREEDOM IN THE GILDED AGE ... 624
The Social Problem ... 624 H Freedom, Inequality, and Democracy ... 624
H Social Darwinism in America ... 625 H Liberty of Contract ... 626 H The Courts and Freedom ... 627
LABOR AND THE REPUBLIC ... 628
“The Overwhelming Labor Question” ... 628 H The Knights of Labor and the “Conditions Essential to Liberty” ... 629 H Middle-Class Reformers ... 630 H Progress and Poverty ... 630 H The Cooperative Commonwealth ... 631 H Bellamy’s Utopia ... 632 H Protestants and Moral Reform ... 632 H A Social Gospel ... 633 H The Haymarket Affair ... 633 H Labor and Politics ... 634
REVIEW ... 637
17. FREEDOM’S BOUNDARIES, AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1890–1900 ... 638
THE POPULIST CHALLENGE ... 640
The Farmers’ Revolt ... 640 H The People’s Party ... 641 H The Populist Platform ... 642 H The Populist Coalition ... 642 H The Government and Labor ... 644 H Populism and Labor ... 645 H Bryan and Free Silver ... 646 H The Campaign of 1896 ... 646
THE SEGREGATED SOUTH ... 648
The Redeemers in Power ... 648 H The Failure of the New South Dream ... 648 H Black Life in the South ... 649 H The Kansas Exodus ... 650 H The Decline of Black Politics ... 650 H The Elimination of Black Voting ... 651 H The Law of Segregation ... 652 H Segregation and White Domination ... 653 H The Rise of Lynching ... 654 H Politics, Religion, and Memory ... 655
REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES ... 656
The New Immigration and the New Nativism ... 656 H Chinese Exclusion and Chinese Rights ... 657 H The Emergence of Booker T. Washington ... 659 H The Rise of the AFL ... 659
Voices of Freedom: From Booker T. Washington, Address at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition (1895), and From W. E. B. Du Bois, “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others” (1903) ... 660
The Women’s Era ... 662
BECOMING A WORLD POWER ... 663
The New Imperialism ... 663 H American Expansionism ... 664 H The Lure of Empire ... 665 H The “Splendid Little War” ... 666 H Roosevelt at San Juan Hill ... 668 H An American Empire ... 668 H The Philippine War ... 669 H Citizens or Subjects? ... 672 H Drawing the Global Color Line ... 673 H “Republic or Empire?” ... 674
REVIEW ... 677
18. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 1900–1916 ... 678
AN URBAN AGE AND A CONSUMER SOCIETY ... 680
Farms and Cities ... 680 H The Muckrakers ... 682 H Immigration as a Global Process ... 682 H The Immigrant Quest for Freedom ... 684 H Consumer Freedom ... 685 H The Working Woman ... 686 H The Rise of Fordism ... 687 H The Promise of Abundance ... 688 H An American Standard of Living ... 689
VARIETIES OF PROGRESSIVISM ... 690
Industrial Freedom ... 690 H The Socialist Presence ... 691 H The Gospel of Debs ... 691 H AFL and IWW ... 693 H The New Immigrants on Strike ... 693
Voices of Freedom: From Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (1898), and From John Mitchell, “The Workingman’s Conception of Industrial Liberty” (1910) ... 694
Labor and Civil Liberties ... 697 H The New Feminism ... 697 H The Rise of Personal Freedom ... 698 H The Birth-Control Movement ... 699 H Native American Progressivism ... 699
THE POLITICS OF PROGRESSIVISM ... 700
Effective Freedom ... 700 H State and Local Reforms ... 701 H Progressivism in the West ... 701 H Progressive Democracy ... 703 H Government by Expert ... 703 H Jane Addams and Hull House ... 704 H “Spearheads for Reform” ... 704 H The Campaign for Woman Suffrage ... 705 H Maternalist Reform ... 707 H The Idea of Economic Citizenship ... 708
THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS ... 709
Theodore Roosevelt ... 709 H Roosevelt and Economic Regulation ... 710 H John Muir and the Spirituality of Nature ... 710 H The Conservation Movement ... 711 H Taft in Office ... 711 H The Election of 1912 ... 712 H
New Freedom and New Nationalism ... 713 H Wilson’s First Term ... 714 H The Expanding Role of Government ... 714
REVIEW ... 717
19. SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY: THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I, 1916–1920 ... 718
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION ... 720
“I Took the Canal Zone” ... 721 H The Roosevelt Corollary ... 722 H Moral Imperialism ... 723 H Wilson and Mexico ... 725
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR ... 725
Neutrality and Preparedness ... 726 H The Road to War ... 727 H The Fourteen Points ... 728
THE WAR AT HOME ... 730
The Progressives’ War ... 730 H The Wartime State ... 730 H The Propaganda War ... 731 H “The Great Cause of Freedom” ... 732 H The Coming of Woman Suffrage ... 732 H Prohibition ... 734 H Liberty in Wartime ... 735 H The Espionage and Sedition Acts ... 736 H Coercive Patriotism ... 736
WHO IS AN AMERICAN? ... 737
The “Race Problem” ... 738 H Americanization and Pluralism ... 738
Voices of Freedom: From Woodrow Wilson, War Message to Congress (1917), and From Eugene V. Debs, Speech to the Jury before Sentencing under the Espionage Act (1918) ... 740
The Anti-German Crusade ... 742 H Toward Immigration Restriction ... 742 H Groups Apart: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Asian-Americans ... 743 H The Color Line ... 744 H Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race ... 745 H W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protest ... 745 H Closing Ranks ... 746 H The Great Migration and the “Promised Land” ... 747 H Racial Violence, North and South ... 748 H The Rise of Garveyism ... 748
1919 ... 749
A Worldwide Upsurge ... 749 H Upheaval in America ... 750 H The Great Steel Strike ... 750 H The Red Scare ... 751 H Wilson at Versailles ... 752 H
The Wilsonian Moment ... 753 H The Seeds of Wars to Come ... 755 H The Treaty Debate ... 756
REVIEW ... 759
PART 5: DEPRESSION AND WARS, 1920–1953
20. FROM BUSINESS CULTURE TO GREAT DEPRESSION: THE TWENTIES, 1920–1932 ... 762
THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA ... 764
A Decade of Prosperity ... 764 H A New Society ... 765 H The Limits of Prosperity ... 766 H The Farmers’ Plight ... 767 H The Image of Business ... 768 H The Decline of Labor ... 769 H The Equal Rights Amendment ... 770 H Women’s Freedom ... 771
BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT ... 772
The Retreat from Progressivism ... 772 H The Republican Era ... 773 H Corruption in Government ... 774 H The Election of 1924 ... 774 H Economic Diplomacy ... 775
Voices of Freedom: From Lucian W. Parrish, Speech in Congress on Immigration (1921), and From Majority Opinion, Justice James C. McReynolds, in Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) ... 776
THE BIRTH OF CIVIL LIBERTIES ... 778
The “Free Mob” ... 779 H A “Clear and Present Danger” ... 779 H The Court and Civil Liberties ... 780
THE CULTURE WARS ... 782
The Fundamentalist Revolt ... 782 H The Scopes Trial ... 783 H The Second Klan ... 784 H Closing the Golden Door ... 785 H Race and the Law ... 787 H Pluralism and Liberty ... 788 H Promoting Tolerance ... 789 H The Emergence of Harlem ... 790 H The Harlem Renaissance ... 791
THE GREAT DEPRESSION ... 792
The Election of 1928 ... 792 H The Coming of the Depression ... 793 H Americans and the Depression ... 794 H Resignation and Protest ... 795 H Hoover’s Response ... 796 H The Worsening Economic Outlook ... 797 H Freedom in the Modern World ... 798
REVIEW ... 801
21: THE NEW DEAL, 1932–1940 ... 802
THE FIRST NEW DEAL ... 804
FDR and the Election of 1932 ... 804 H The Coming of the New Deal ... 806 H The Banking Crisis ... 807 H The NRA ... 808 H Government Jobs ... 810 H Public-Works Projects ... 810 H The New Deal and Agriculture ... 811 H The New Deal and Housing ... 813 H The Court and the New Deal ... 815
THE GRASSROOTS REVOLT ... 815
Labor’s Great Upheaval ... 815 H The Rise of the CIO ... 817 H Labor and Politics ... 818 H Voices of Protest ... 818 H Religion on the Radio ... 819
THE
SECOND NEW DEAL ... 820
The WPA and the Wagner Act ... 820 H The American Welfare State ... 822 H The Social Security System ... 822
A RECKONING WITH LIBERTY ... 823
FDR and the Idea of Freedom ... 823
Voices of Freedom: From Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat” (1934), and From John Steinbeck, The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath (1938) ... 824
The Election of 1936 ... 827 H The Court Fight ... 827 H The End of the Second New Deal ... 828
THE LIMITS OF CHANGE ... 829
The New Deal and American Women ... 829 H The Southern Veto ... 830 H The Stigma of Welfare ... 831 H The Indian New Deal ... 832 H The New Deal and Mexican-Americans ... 832 H Last Hired, First Fired ... 833 H A New Deal for Blacks ... 833 H Federal Discrimination ... 834
A NEW CONCEPTION OF AMERICA ... 835
The Heyday of American Communism ... 836 H Redefining the People ... 836 H Promoting Diversity ... 838 H Challenging the Color Line ... 838 H Labor and Civil Liberties ... 839 H The End of the New Deal ... 841 H The New Deal in American History ... 842
REVIEW ... 845
22. FIGHTING FOR THE FOUR FREEDOMS: WORLD WAR II, 1941–1945 ... 846
FIGHTING WORLD WAR II ... 848
Good Neighbors ... 848 H The Road to War ... 849 H Isolationism ... 850 H War in Europe ... 851 H Toward Intervention ... 851 H Pearl Harbor ... 852 The War in the Pacific ... 853 H The War in Europe ... 855
THE HOME FRONT ... 858
Mobilizing for War ... 858 H Business and the War ... 859 H Labor in Wartime ... 860 H Fighting for the Four Freedoms ... 861 H Freedom from Want ... 862 H The Office of War Information ... 863 H The Fifth Freedom ... 864 H Women at Work ... 865 H The Pull of Tradition ... 866
VISIONS OF POSTWAR FREEDOM ... 866
Toward an American Century ... 866 H “The Way of Life of Free Men” ... 867 H An Economic Bill of Rights ... 868 H The Road to Serfdom ... 869
THE AMERICAN DILEMMA ... 869
Patriotic Assimilation ... 870 H The Bracero Program ... 871
Voices of Freedom: From League of United Latin American Citizens, “World War II and Mexican Americans” (1945), and From Charles H. Wesley, “The Negro Has always Wanted the Four Freedoms,” in What the Negro Wants (1944) ... 872
Mexican-American Rights ... 874 H Indians during the War ... 874 H Asian-Americans in Wartime ... 874 H Japanese-American Internment ... 875 H Blacks and the War ... 877 H Blacks and Military Service ... 878 H Birth of the Civil Rights Movement ... 878 H The Double-V ... 879 H What the Negro Wants ... 879 H An American Dilemma ... 880 H Black Internationalism ... 881
THE END OF THE WAR ... 882
“The Most Terrible Weapon” ... 882 H The Dawn of the Atomic Age ... 883 H The Nature of the War ... 884 H Planning the Postwar World ... 884 H Yalta and Bretton Woods ... 885 H The United Nations ... 886 H Peace, but Not Harmony ... 886
REVIEW ... 889
23. THE UNITED STATES AND THE COLD WAR, 1945–1953 ... 890
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR ... 892
The Two Powers ... 892 H The Roots of Containment ... 893 H The Iron Curtain ... 893 H The Truman Doctrine ... 893 H The Marshall Plan ... 895 H The Reconstruction of Japan ... 896 H The Berlin Blockade and NATO ... 896 H The Growing Communist Challenge ... 897 H The Korean War ... 897 H Cold War Critics ... 901 H Imperialism and Decolonization ... 902
THE COLD WAR AND THE IDEA OF FREEDOM ... 902
The Cultural Cold War ... 903 H Freedom and Totalitarianism ... 904 H The Rise of Human Rights ... 905 H Ambiguities of Human Rights ... 905
THE TRUMAN PRESIDENCY ... 907
The Fair Deal ... 907 H The Postwar Strike Wave ... 907 H The Republican Resurgence ... 908 H Postwar Civil Rights ... 908 H To Secure These Rights ... 910 H The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts ... 910 H The 1948 Campaign ... 911
THE ANTICOMMUNIST CRUSADE ... 912
Loyalty and Disloyalty ... 913 H The Spy Trials ... 914 H McCarthy and McCarthyism ... 915 H An Atmosphere of Fear ... 916 H The Uses of Anticommunism ... 916 H Anticommunist Politics ... 917
Voices of Freedom: From Joseph R. McCarthy, Speech at Wheeling (1950), and From Margaret Chase Smith, Speech in the Senate (1950) ... 918
The Cold War and Organized Labor ... 920 H Cold War Civil Rights ... 920
REVIEW ... 923
PART 6: WHAT KIND OF NATION?
1953–2015
24. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY, 1953–1960 ... 928
THE GOLDEN AGE ... 930
A Changing Economy ... 930 H A Suburban Nation ... 932 H The Growth of the West ... 933 H A Consumer Culture ... 934 H The TV World ... 935 H A New Ford ... 935 H Women at Work and at Home ... 937 H A Segregated Landscape ... 938 H Public Housing and Urban Renewal ... 939 H The Divided Society ... 939 H Religion and Anticommunism ... 940 H Selling Free Enterprise ... 941 H People’s Capitalism ... 942 H The Libertarian Conservatives ... 943 H The New Conservatism ... 943
THE EISENHOWER ERA ... 944
Ike and Nixon ... 944 H The 1952 Campaign ... 945 H Modern Republicanism ... 946 H The Social Contract ... 947 H Massive Retaliation ... 947 H Ike and the Russians ... 948 H The Emergence of the Third World ... 949 H The Cold War in the Third World ... 950 H Origins of the Vietnam War ... 950 H Mass Society and Its Critics ... 951 H Rebels without a Cause ... 952 H The Beats ... 953
THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT ... 954
Origins of the Movement ... 955 H The Legal Assault on Segregation ... 955
Voices of Freedom: From Martin Luther King Jr., Speech at Montgomery, Alabama (December 5, 1955), and From The Southern Manifesto (1956) ... 956
The Brown Case ... 958 H The Montgomery Bus Boycott ... 960 H The Daybreak of Freedom ... 961 H The Leadership of King ... 961 H Massive Resistance ... 962 H Eisenhower and Civil Rights ... 963 H The World Views the United States ... 963
THE ELECTION OF 1960 ... 964
Kennedy and Nixon ... 964 H The End of the 1950s ... 966
REVIEW 969
25. THE SIXTIES, 1960–1968 ... 970
THE CIVIL RIGHTS REVOLUTION ... 972
The Rising Tide of Protest ... 972 H Birmingham ... 972 H The March on Washington ... 974
THE KENNEDY YEARS ... 975
Kennedy and the World ... 975 H The Missile Crisis ... 976 H Kennedy and Civil Rights ... 977
LYNDON JOHNSON’S PRESIDENCY ... 977
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ... 978 H Freedom Summer ... 978 H The 1964 Election ... 980 H The Conservative Sixties ... 980 H The Voting Rights Act ... 982 H Immigration Reform ... 982 H The Great Society ... 983 H The War on Poverty ... 983 H Freedom and Equality ... 984
THE CHANGING BLACK MOVEMENT ... 985
The Ghetto Uprisings ... 985 H Malcolm X ... 986 H The Rise of Black Power ... 987
VIETNAM AND THE NEW LEFT ... 988
Old and New Lefts ... 988 H The Fading Consensus ... 989 H The Rise of SDS ... 990 H America and Vietnam ... 991 H Lyndon Johnson’s War ... 992
Voices of Freedom: From Barry Goldwater, Speech at Republican National Convention (1964), and From Statement of Purpose, National Organization for Women (1966) ... 994
The Antiwar Movement ... 996 H The Counterculture ... 997 H Personal Liberation and the Free Individual ... 998 H Faith and the Counterculture ... 998
THE NEW MOVEMENTS AND THE RIGHTS
REVOLUTION ... 1000
The Feminine Mystique ... 1000 H Women’s Liberation ... 1001 H Personal Freedom ... 1002 H Gay Liberation ... 1002 H Latino Activism ... 1003 H Red Power ... 1004 H Silent Spring ... 1004 H The New Environmentalism ... 1005 H The Rights Revolution ... 1006 H Policing the States ... 1007 H The Right to Privacy ... 1007
1968 ... 1008
A Year of Turmoil ... 1008 H The Global 1968 ... 1009 H Nixon’s Comeback ... 1010 H The Legacy of the Sixties ... 1011
REVIEW ... 1013
26. THE TRIUMPH OF CONSERVATISM, 1969–1988 ... 1014
PRESIDENT NIXON ... 1015
Nixon’s Domestic Policies ... 1016 H Nixon and Welfare ... 1016 H Nixon and Race ... 1017 H The Burger Court ... 1018 H The Court and Affirmative Action ... 1019 H The Continuing Sexual Revolution ... 1019 H Nixon and Détente ... 1021
VIETNAM AND WATERGATE ... 1022
Nixon and Vietnam ... 1022 H The End of the Vietnam War ... 1023 H Watergate ... 1024 H Nixon’s Fall ... 1025
THE END OF THE GOLDEN AGE ... 1026
The Decline of Manufacturing ... 1026 H Stagflation ... 1026 H The Beleaguered Social Compact ... 1027 H Labor on the Defensive ... 1028 H Ford as President ... 1029 H The Carter Administration ... 1029 H Carter and the Economic Crisis ... 1030 H The Emergence of Human Rights Politics ... 1031 H The Iran Crisis and Afghanistan ... 1032
THE RISING TIDE OF CONSERVATISM ... 1034
The Religious Right ... 1034 H The Battle over the Equal Rights Amendment ... 1035 H The Abortion Controversy ... 1036 H The Tax Revolt ... 1037 H Conservatism in the West ... 1038 H The Election of 1980 ... 1038
THE REAGAN REVOLUTION ... 1039
Voices of Freedom: From Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle (1971), and From Richard E. Blakemore, Report on the Sagebrush Rebellion (1979) ... 1040
Reagan and American Freedom ... 1042 H Reagan’s Economic Policies ... 1042 H Reagan and Labor ... 1043 H The Problem of Inequality ... 1044 H The Second Gilded Age ... 1045 H Conservatives and Reagan ... 1045 H Reagan and the Cold War ... 1046 H The Iran-Contra Affair ... 1047 H Reagan and Gorbachev ... 1048 H Reagan’s Legacy ... 1049 H The Election of 1988 ... 1049
REVIEW ... 1051
27. FROM TRIUMPH TO TRAGEDY, 1989–2001 ... 1052
THE POST–COLD WAR WORLD ... 1054
A New World Order? ... 1054 H The Gulf War ... 1054 H Visions of America’s Role ... 1054 H The Election of Clinton ... 1055 H Clinton in Office ... 1056 H The “Freedom Revolution” ... 1057 H Clinton’s Political Strategy ... 1058 H Clinton and World Affairs ... 1058 H The Balkan Crisis ... 1059 H Human Rights ... 1060
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS ... 1060
The Computer Revolution ... 1062 H The Stock Market Boom and Bust ... 1064 H The Enron Syndrome ... 1064 H Fruits of Deregulation ... 1065 H Rising Inequality ... 1065
CULTURE WARS ... 1067
The Newest Immigrants ... 1067
Voices of Freedom: From Bill Clinton, Speech on Signing of NAFTA (1993), and From Global Exchange, Seattle, Declaration for Global Democracy (December 1999) ... 1068
The New Diversity ... 1072 H The Changing Face of Black America ... 1075 H The Spread of Imprisonment ... 1076 H The Burden of Imprisonment ... 1077 H The Continuing Rights Revolution ... 1078 H Native Americans in the New Century ... 1079 H Multiculturalism ... 1079 H
