https://ebookmass.com/product/green-energy-solar-energy-
Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...
Digital VLSI Design and Simulation with Verilog Suman Lata Tripathi
https://ebookmass.com/product/digital-vlsi-design-and-simulation-withverilog-suman-lata-tripathi/
ebookmass.com
Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing Suman Lata Tripathi
https://ebookmass.com/product/machine-learning-algorithms-for-signaland-image-processing-suman-lata-tripathi/
ebookmass.com
Green Energy to Sustainability Blaschek
https://ebookmass.com/product/green-energy-to-sustainability-blaschek/
ebookmass.com
Victimology: Theories and Applications 3rd Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/victimology-theories-andapplications-3rd-edition-ebook-pdf/
ebookmass.com
Territorial Self-Government as a Conflict Management Tool
1st ed. Edition Dawn Walsh
https://ebookmass.com/product/territorial-self-government-as-aconflict-management-tool-1st-ed-edition-dawn-walsh/
ebookmass.com
Politics in China: An Introduction 3rd Edition Joseph
https://ebookmass.com/product/politics-in-china-an-introduction-3rdedition-joseph/
ebookmass.com
Find Them Dead James
https://ebookmass.com/product/find-them-dead-james/
ebookmass.com
Ganong’s Physiology Examination and Board Review 1st Edition Kim E. Barrett
https://ebookmass.com/product/ganongs-physiology-examination-andboard-review-1st-edition-kim-e-barrett/
ebookmass.com
Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach, 11th Edition Bordens
https://ebookmass.com/product/research-design-and-methods-a-processapproach-11th-edition-bordens/
ebookmass.com
1st Edition Di■dem Sezen
https://ebookmass.com/product/female-agencies-and-subjectivities-infilm-and-television-1st-edition-digdem-sezen/
ebookmass.com
Green Energy
Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Smart Cities
Edited by
Suman Lata Tripathi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-76076-4
Cover image: Background - Suriya Siritam | Dreamstime.com, Graphic - Alberto Masnovo | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
USA
3.5
2.6.2
3.4.5
3.5.1
3.6.1
3.6.1.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.6
6.1
6.2.3
Saeed
7.1
6.3.3.1
6.3.3.2
7.2.1.1
7.2.1.5
7.2.1.6
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.3.1.1
7.3.1.2
7.3.1.3
7.3.1.4
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
Tohid Taghiloo, Kazem Varesi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Khurana and Sheela Tiwari
14 Theoretical Analysis
Mohamed G. Hussien and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
Dushyant Kumar Singh, Ashish Kumar Singh and Himani Jerath
16 Assessment of Economic and Environmental Impacts
Sunday O. Oyedepo, Emmanuel G. Anifowose, Elizabeth O. Obembe, Joseph O. Dirisu, Shoaib Khanmohamadi, Kilanko O., Babalola P.O., Ohunakin O.S., Leramo R.O. and Olawole O.C.
16.3.3
16.3.4
16.3.1.1
16.3.1.2
16.3.1.3
16.3.1.5
16.3.4.1
16.3.4.2
17 A Solar Energy–Based Multi-Level Inverter Structure
Fatemeh Esmaeili, Kazem Varesi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
18.6
18.9
18.11
18.12
18.13
19 A Developed Large Boosting Factor DC-DC
Saeid Deliri Khatoonabad, Kazem Varesi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban
20.1
20.3
Preface
Green energy technology has not only given a concept of clean energy but also reduces dependency on fossil fuel for electricity generation through smart power electronics integration. Also, endless resources have more potential to cope with the requirements of smart building and smart city concept. The power electronics in a smart and intelligent approach can lead to highly efficient energy systems supporting the increasing demand for eco-friendly energy systems. The objective of this edition is to provide a broad view of the fundamental concepts and development process of green energy technology in a concise way for fast and easy understanding. This book provides information regarding almost all aspects to make it highly beneficial for all students, researchers and teachers of this field. Fundamental principles of green energy systems with AI and machine learning techniques are discussed herein in a clear and detailed manner with an explanatory diagram wherever necessary. The technological trends and latest developments based on green energy systems and applications are the major focus of the book. All the chapters are illustrated in simple language which will facilitate readability of the chapters.
Chapter Organization
This book is organized into 20 chapters.
Chapter 1 discusses the crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si)–based technology that has been recognized as the environment-friendly viable solution to replace traditional energy sources for power generation. The chapter mainly elaborates the three basic c-Si solar cell configurations that are monofacial, bifacial and back-contacted solar cell configurations.
Chapter 2 is mainly focused on p-type mono-Si-PERC and n-type c-Si based TOPCon solar cell with enhanced efficiency. The use of HJ-TF cells, the Cu2O, InGaN, CuInS2, and InP fabrics are also explored for solar cell developments.
Chapter 3 summarizes the recent advancement made in the fabrication and manufacturing process for commercialization of PSC in the photovoltaic (PV) market and also various possible techniques used to improve their physical properties, and overcome hurdles and challenges while fabricating perovskite films.
Chapter 4 presents a short yet comprehensive survey on the metaheuristic approaches to the parameter assessment of solar photovoltaic systems modelled by different diode models.
Chapter 5 describes the review and challenge in solar PV cell design and implementation. Furthermore, it outlines the existing PV systems, the structure of different PV panels, MPPT, and the solid-state converter topologies.
Chapter 6 compares the developed method with its traditional counterpart, and the results of the experiment show that the new model performs better in terms of computational efficiency, compression gain, and SOH estimation accuracy.
Chapter 7 presents a detailed discussion on power quality (PQ) disturbances that cause rigorous issues in smart grids and industries. This mainly covers event-driven processing, analysis and machine learning for successful and efficient detection of PQ disturbances.
Chapter 8 is intended to provide information about the structural, optical, dielectric and conductivity with the help of compositional modification at Sr-site of Sr2SnO4 by homovalent (Ba2+) and hetrovalent (La3+).
Chapter 9 focuses on the detailed modelling of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. Here, a single-diode four-parameter model is also described that can be used for all panels in general.
Chapter 10 explores a stepped DC link converter for solar power that is focused for configurations of BCMLI, CDCLHBI and BCDCLHBI and synthesizing seven-level AC power output.
Chapter 11 derived a new modified double-diode model equation and on the basis of that formed a new objective function for MDDM. The HHO algorithm was used to estimate all the eight parameters of the system for different types of commercially available PV modules.
Chapter 12 describes a switched-inductor switched-capacitor-based large-gain DC-DC converter with low voltage stress on its switches/diodes.
Chapter 13 envisages presenting the stability concerns and issues associated with microgrids along with a state-of-the-art review of the techniques employed for improving stability of microgrids working in either islanded or grid-connected mode.
Chapter 14 deals with three-phase current ripples, and also the torque ripple of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor
Preface xxi
(SPMSM) was completely analysed and minimized based on the variable switching frequency PWM (VSFPWM) method.
Chapter 15 discuss the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) in the Smart Home, which plays a major role in making the things automatic and also saves a lot of energy.
Chapter 16 deals with the assessment of the economic and environmental impacts of energy conservation strategies in a university campus.
Chapter 17 suggests a novel double-source basic unit for cascaded MLIs that can produce seven output voltage steps with Trinary magnitude of DC supplies. The suggested structure can operate as symmetric or asymmetric MLI.
Chapter 18 presents the designing procedure of conventional and the vector control, Proportional Integral (PI) controller and analyzes the performance characteristics of DFIG connected to the Grid Systems.
Chapter 19 describes the combination of conventional SEPIC and quadratic boost converters with a boosting stage, which increases the boosting factor of converter. The continuous input-current as well as large boosting capability make the proposed topology applicable for Photovoltaic (PV) applications.
Chapter 20 proposes two novel basic configurations for switchedcapacitor-based 13- and 17-level inverters, with high step-up capability and self-voltage balancing of capacitors.
Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part I
S. Dwivedi
S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College, Jaipur, India
Abstract
Crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si) based technology has been recognized as the only environment-friendly viable solution to replace traditional energy sources for power generation. It is a cost-effective, renewable and long-term sustainable energy source. The Si-based technology has a market growth of almost 20-30% and is projected to attain an energy share of ~100 giga watt (GW) per year in the current fiscal year, 2020. There have been constant efforts in reducing manufacturing cost of solar panel technology, which is about three-four times higher in comparison to traditional carbon-based fuels. In the manufacturing domain, fabrication of three basic c-Si solar cell configurations can be utilized, which are differentiated in the manner of generation of electron-hole (E-H) pairs on exposure to sunlight. The generation of electricity by impinging light on a semiconductor material requires production of electrons and holes such that electrons in the valence band become free and jump to the conduction band by absorbing energy. Thus, jumping of highly energetic electrons to different material generates an electromotive force (EMF) converting light energy into electrical signals. This is known as the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
This chapter is an effort to outline fabrication processes and manufacturing methodologies for commercial production of large area PV modules as an alternative green source of energy.
Keywords: Solar cell, photovoltaics, p-n junction, photovoltaic panels, crystalline silicon solar cell, renewable energy, physics of solar cell, fabrication of solar cell
Email: sudhanshu.dwivedi@gmail.com
Suman Lata Tripathi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban (eds.) Green Energy: Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Smart Cities, (1–38) © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC
1.1 Introduction
There has always been a surge to discover newer sources of energy which can be effective alternatives for the orthodox sources of energy, such as, petrol, kerosene, wind energy, thermal power generators [1,2]. In this quest, the sun is a natural huge source of renewable green energy. It is noteworthy that the terrestrial soil is exposed to an enormous amount of solar energy as large as about ten thousand times of all the energy used around the globe. The terrestrial hemisphere facing the sun receives power in excess of 50,000 terawatt (TW) in each instance, which makes reception of an enormous amount of energy possible [3]. Photovoltaics (PV) technology is a technology that relies on this infinite source of sunlight and possesses inherent qualities of highly reduced service costs since the sun provides free energy, reliability, noiseless, minimum maintenance costs and readily installation features [4, 5].
As a matter of fact, thermonuclear fusion reactions happen non-stop at a temperature of millions of degrees to generate huge energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation of sunlight [5,6]. The outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere receives partial energy of the total energy from the sun with a solar constant or an average irradiance of approximately 1367 Wm-2 with a variation of ±3% [8]. This value of solar constant is dependent on the earthto-sun distance and on the solar activity. The solar constant is defined as the intensity of solar electromagnetic radiation impinging on a unit surface area and is expressed in units of kWm-2 and is equal to the integral of the power of the individual frequencies in the spectrum of solar radiation. The geometry of the sun-to-earth distance is displayed in Figure 1.1 given below.
Solar irradiation is the integral of solar irradiance over a particular period of time depicted by kWhm-2 and the radiation falling on the surface of the earth is actually diffuse radiation [8]. Diffuse radiation is that part of light radiation striking the surface from whole of the sky, while other radiations are the part reflected from the ground, and by surrounding atmosphere. Different types of radiation received by a solar panel [9] are displayed in Figure 1.2 as shown below.
1.1.1 Introduction to Si-Based Fabrication Technology
Photovoltaics technology is a green method of energy production which is based on fabrication and manufacturing of solar cells on platform of Si wafers [9]. In this regard, it is mandatory to know about the Si wafers. So the silicon and its geometry as an integral component of the solar cell technology will be discussed first.
