FundamentalsandPropertiesof MultifunctionalNanomaterials
Editedby
SabuThomas
NandakumarKalarikkal
AnnRoseAbraham
Elsevier
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Contributors...................................................................................................xvii
Editors’biographies.........................................................................................xxi
Contributors’biographies.................................................................................xxiii Foreword.........................................................................................................lxi
Chapter1:Aglimpseintothefundamentalsandpropertiesofmultifunctional nanomaterials...................................................................................1
AnnRoseAbraham,NandakumarKalarikkal,andSabuThomas
1.Fundamentalsandpropertiesofmultifunctionalnanomaterials:anoverview.............1
PART1:Nanoscopicsolidsandtransportproperties
Chapter2:Transportpropertiesofnanoscopicsolidsasprobedby spectroscopictechniques.....................................................................9
DejanM.Djokic,NovicaPaunovic,BojanStojadinovic,DimitrijeStepanenko,SasaLazovic, andZoranaDohcevic-Mitrovic
2.1ShortintroductiontoRamanscatteringtechnique...............................................10 2.2MultiferroicBiFeO3
3.1Shortintroductiontoinfraredreflectiontechnique..............................................21 3.2DopednanocrystallineCeO2
PART2:Propertiesofliquidcrystallinenanomaterials
Chapter3:Propertiesofmultifunctionalbionanomaterialsoflipid A-phosphateinliquidphasesandquasi-crystallinestructures...............41
HenrichH.Paradies,ChesterA.Faunce,HendrikReichelt,andKurtZimmermann
1.Introduction...................................................................................................................41
2.Experimental.................................................................................................................
2.1Materialsandpreparationofthelipid-A-diphosphatesamples...........................47
3.Resultsanddiscussion..................................................................................................50
3.1Small-areaelectrondiffractionprofilesofvariouslipidA-diphosphate phasesinaqueoussolutions...................................................................................50
3.2Transmissionelectronmicroscopyimagesofthevariouslipid A-diphosphatederivatives......................................................................................53
4.Conclusions...................................................................................................................61
1.Introduction...................................................................................................................66
2.Experimentalidentificationofliquidcrystals..............................................................73 2.1High-resolutioncalorimetry...................................................................................73
2.2Dielectricspectroscopy..........................................................................................74
2.3Polarizingopticalmicroscope...............................................................................76
2.4X-raydiffraction....................................................................................................77
2.5Localizedsurfaceplasmonresonance...................................................................78
3.Nanoparticlessynthesisandtheirdispersionsinthehostliquidcrystals...................78
3.1Lyotropicliquidcrystals........................................................................................80
3.2Thermotropicliquidcrystals..................................................................................82
3.3Liquidcrystal decoratednanoparticles................................................................84
4.Physicalpropertiesofliquidcrystallinenanoparticlesandtheirapplications...........84
4.1Displayapplications...............................................................................................84
4.2Otherapplications..................................................................................................86
5.Conclusion.....................................................................................................................87
PART3:Propertiesofcarbon-basednanomaterials
Chapter5:Characteristicsofcarbonnanotubesandtheirnanocomposites.............99 PiyushKumarSonkar,Narvdeshwar,andPawanKumarGupta
1.Introduction...................................................................................................................99
1.1Historyofcarbonnanotubes................................................................................101
1.2Typesofcarbonnanotubes..................................................................................101
1.3Physicalpropertiesofcarbonnanotubes.............................................................102
2.Functionalizationofcarbonnanotubes......................................................................105
3.Characterizationtoolforcarbonnanotubesandtheirnanocomposites....................107
3.1Microscopicanalysis............................................................................................107
3.2Ramanspectroscopy............................................................................................111
4.Applicationsofcarbonnanotubesandtheircomposites...........................................113
5.Summary.....................................................................................................................114
Chapter6:Morphology-correlatedmechanicalpropertiesofionicliquid-modified multiwalledcarbonnanotubes/poly(vinylchloride) nanocomposites.............................................................................119
ElizabethFrancisandSabuThomas
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
3.Characterization..........................................................................................................123
3.1Ramanspectroscopy............................................................................................123
3.2FourierTransformInfraredspectroscopyanalysis.............................................123
3.3Thermalanalysis..................................................................................................123
3.4Morphologyandmicrostructure..........................................................................123
3.5Mechanicalproperties..........................................................................................124
4.Resultsanddiscussion................................................................................................124
4.1FourierTransformInfraredspectraofnanocomposites.....................................124
4.2Ramanspectraofnanocomposites......................................................................126
4.3Morphology..........................................................................................................127
4.4ThermalpropertiesofCNx,CNx(12),CNx(16)nanocomposites...................131
4.5MechanicalpropertiesofMWCNT/PVCnanocomposites.................................132
4.6Conclusion............................................................................................................139
Chapter7:Fundamentalsandpropertiesofmultifunctionalgraphene andgraphene-basednanomaterials..................................................143
SrinivasaraoYaragallaandK.B.Bhavitha
2.Historyandpropertiesofgraphene............................................................................145
3.Preparationmethodsofgraphene...............................................................................146
3.1Top-downapproach..............................................................................................146
4.Bottom-upapproach....................................................................................................149
5.Multifunctionalapplicationsofgrapheneandgraphene-basedmaterials.................149
5.1Fieldeffecttransistors..........................................................................................149
5.2Effectivereinforcementinpolymernanocomposites.........................................150
5.3Roleofgrapheneinenergystoragedevices.......................................................151
6.Grapheneapplicationsinsensors...............................................................................153
7.Conclusionsandfutureoutlook..................................................................................154
Chapter8:Fundamentalphotophysicalpropertiesoffluorescentcarbon dotsandtheirapplicationsinmetalionsensingandbioimaging.........159 SoumitaMukhopadhyay,TapanKumarSi,andNibeditaPradhan
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Synthesisapproachesforfluorescentcarbondotspreparation..................................161
3.Fundamentalphotophysicalpropertiesofcarbondots..............................................170
4.Applications.................................................................................................................
4.3RNAimaging.......................................................................................................185
4.4Glutathioneimaging.............................................................................................186
4.5IntracellularpHsensing.......................................................................................187
4.6Intracellularreactiveoxygenspeciesimaging....................................................188
4.7Cancerimaging....................................................................................................188
4.8Multimodalin-vivoimaging................................................................................189
4.9Fluorescentcarbondotassuperresolutionimagingprobe................................192
5.Conclusionandfuturescope......................................................................................196 Glossary...........................................................................................................................197
PART4:Characteristicsofmagneticnanomaterials
Chapter9:Magneticpropertiesofdopedgermaniumnanostructures...................213 AmarS.Katkar
1.Introductionaboutdilutemagneticsemiconductorsmaterialsin groupIVelements.......................................................................................................213
2.Dopedgermaniumnanostructures(synthesisandcharacterizations)........................215
2.1Cr,Fe-dopedGesinglecrystals..........................................................................215
2.2Transitionmetal-dopedgroup-IVsemiconductors:RxY1 x.R ¼ Cr,Mn, Fe;Y ¼ Si,Ge.....................................................................................................215
2.3Ge1 xMnx nanocoulmns......................................................................................215
2.4Ge1 xMx (Mx-Mn,Fe,andCo)nanowires.........................................................218
2.5Ge0.95Mn0.05 quantumdots..................................................................................223
2.6Cr-dopedGenanotowers.....................................................................................225
2.7Cr-dopedGe/GeOX core-shellnanowires...........................................................228
3.Conclusions.................................................................................................................232
Chapter10:Magneticandelectrochemicalcharacteristicsof carbon-modifiedmagneticnanoparticles.........................................235
ArunThirumurugan,R.Udayabhaskar,T.Prabhakaran,MauricioJ.Morel,AliAkbari-Fakhrabadi, K.Ravichandran,K.Prabakaran,andR.V.Mangalaraja
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Carbon-modifiedmagneticnanoparticles...................................................................236
3.Magneticcharacteristicsofcarbon-modifiedmagneticnanoparticles......................239
4.Electrochemicalcharacteristicsofcarbon-modifiedmagneticnanoparticles...........240
5.Magneticfield assistedelectrochemicalcharacteristics...........................................242
6.Conclusion...................................................................................................................
Chapter11:Effectofparticlesizeonstructuralphasetransitionsof lithium-modifiedsodiumniobates(LiXNa1 XNbO3 x ¼ 0,0.06 and0.12)..................................................................................255
S.K.Mishra,P.S.R.Krishna,andA.B.Shinde
2.Experimental...............................................................................................................258
3.Structuralbehavioroflithium-modifiedsodiumniobate..........................................260
3.1Phasestabilityofpuresodiumniobateatroomtemperature............................260
3.2Phasestabilityofcompositionallymodifiedsodiumniobateatroom temperaturefordifferentlengthscales(particlesizes)......................................261
3.3LowtemperatureneutrondiffractionstudyofsinteredLNN06........................264
3.4Effectofparticlesizeonstructuralphasetransitionfromorthorhombic torhombohedralphasebelow300K..................................................................266
4.Dynamicalbehavioroflithium-modifiedsodiumniobateatelevated temperature..................................................................................................................268
4.1FactorgroupanalysisoftheRamanactivemodes.............................................268
4.2Temperature-dependentRamanspectra..............................................................269
Chapter12:BiFeO3-basedmultiferroicmaterialsandtheirproperties................275
AshalataPuhan,BhavyaBhushan,ArpanKumarNayak,andDibyaranjanRout
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
3.Typesofmultiferroics.................................................................................................277 3.1Type-Imultiferroics.............................................................................................278
5.Singlephasemultiferroicmaterialsandtheirapplications.......................................282
6.BiFeO3
6.1CrystalstructureofBiFeO3
6.2FerroelectricpropertyofBiFeO3
6.3DielectricpropertyofBiFeO3
1.Introduction...............................................................................................................297
2.Plasmonicnanoparticles:theory,synthesis,andproperties.....................................298
3.Hybridplasmonicnanomaterials..............................................................................305
4.Plasmonic-semiconductorcore-shellnanoparticles.................................................306
5.Magnetic-plasmonicnanoparticles...........................................................................307
6.Applicationsofmagneticcore-plasmonicshellnanoparticles................................312
7.Fluorescent-plasmonicnanoparticles........................................................................314
8.Fluorescent-magnetic-plasmonicnanoparticles........................................................319
9.Graphene-plasmonicnanocomposites......................................................................319
10.Futureprospectsofmultifunctionalplasmonicnanomaterials................................321
Chapter14:Multifunctionalgoldnanoparticlesforbiosensing:effectsof surfaceplasmonresonance,localizedsurfaceplasmon resonance,fluorescence,andaggregation.......................................331
ShirsenduMitra,MitaliBasak,andDipankarBandyopadhyay
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Synthesisofgoldnanoparticles..................................................................................335
2.1TrisodiumcitrateorTurkevichmethod..............................................................335
2.2SodiumBorohydridereduction...........................................................................337
2.3Mixedreducingagents.........................................................................................338
2.4Brust Schiffrinmethod.......................................................................................339
2.5Ascorbicacidreduction.......................................................................................340 2.6Greenmethods.....................................................................................................342
3.Sizecontrolparameters..............................................................................................342
3.1Molarratioofreducingagents............................................................................343
3.2Temperature..........................................................................................................343
3.3Rateofstirring.....................................................................................................344
3.4pH.........................................................................................................................344
4.Characterizationofgoldnanoparticles.......................................................................345 4.1UV-Visiblespectroscopy......................................................................................345
5.Colorsofgoldnanoparticles.......................................................................................347
6.Biosensing...................................................................................................................
PART7:Engineerednanomaterialsforindustrialapplications
Chapter15:Thekeyroleofmetalnanoparticleinmetalorganic frameworksofUiOfamily(MOFs)fortheapplicationofCO2 captureandheterogeneouscatalysis..............................................369 ThirunarayananAyyavu,HemamaliniArasappan,FranciscoGracia,andMonicaSoler
1.Introductionofmetalorganicframeworks.................................................................370
2.Interestingcharacteristicfeaturesandadvantagesofzirconium-based metalorganicframeworksinporousmaterials..........................................................370
3.Designingstrategiesofzirconium-basedmetalorganicframeworks(Zr-MOF)......376
3.1ModulatedsynthesisinZr-MOFs........................................................................376
3.2Isoreticularexpansionofzirconiummetalorganicframeworks........................377
3.3Geometricalandspatialrelationshippropertiesofzirconiummetal organicframeworks..............................................................................................378
3.4Postsyntheticfunctionalizationofzirconiummetalorganicframeworks.........379
4.Synthesisofzirconiummetalorganicframeworks...................................................380
4.1UiO-MOFssynthesisbyconventionalsyntheticroute.......................................381
4.2Solvothermal/hydrothermalmethodforsynthesisofUiO-MOFs......................381
4.3Microwave-assistedsynthesisofzirconium-basedMOFs..................................382
4.4Synthesisofzirconium-basedmetalorganicframeworksby electrochemicalprocess.......................................................................................382
4.5Synthesisofzirconium-basedMOFsbysonochemicalmethod........................384
4.6MechanochemicaltechniqueforsynthesisofUiO-MOFs.................................384
4.7Purification/activation..........................................................................................384
5.Characterizationmethods............................................................................................386
5.1PowderX-raydiffractiontechniquetoconfirmthecrystalnatureof theUiO-MOFs.....................................................................................................386
5.2InfraredspectroscopicmethodforconfirmationofUiO-MOFs........................387
5.3Nitrogenadsorption-desorptionisothermat77Ktocalculatethe texturalpropertiesofzirconiumMOFs...............................................................387
5.4AnalysisofstructuralmorphologyofUiO-MOFsbyscanningandfield emissionscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEMandFESEM)aswellas transmissionelectronmicroscopy.......................................................................388
5.5ThermogravimetricanalysistodeterminethestructureofUiO-MOFs.............389
5.6Inductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemissionspectroscopyfor identificationofatomicmoleculesofUiO-MOFs..............................................390
6.Carbondioxidecapture,adsorption,andactivationonthestructureof UiOmetalorganicframeworks..................................................................................390
7.SynthesisofnanomaterialsbasedontheUiO-MOFsandtheirapplication forhydrogenationofCO2 andorganicsynthesisbyheterogeneouscatalysis.........392
8.Conclusion...................................................................................................................
Chapter16:Embracingnanotechnologyconceptsintheelectronicsindustry.........405 MathewChethipuzha,AnnRoseAbraham,NandakumarKalarikkal,SabuThomas,andS.Sreeja
1.Introduction................................................................................................................. 405
2.Thetop-downandbottom-downapproachestowardnanoelectronics......................407
3.Applicationsofnanomaterialsinelectronicsindustry..............................................407
3.1NanomaterialsinhighlysensitiveInternetofThingsdevices...........................408
3.2Nanomaterialsintransistors................................................................................409
3.3Nanotechnologyinprintedelectronicsapplications...........................................417
3.4Nanomaterialsinstretchablebioelectronicsdevices..........................................417
3.5Nanomaterialsinmemorydevices......................................................................418
4.Conclusion................................................................................................................... 418 References........................................................................................................................419
Chapter17:Conductingpolyaniline-basednanocompositesaselectromagnetic interferenceshieldingmaterials.....................................................423 MuhammadFaisal
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Diversityinpolyaniline..............................................................................................426
3.Conceptofdopingandchargecarriers......................................................................428
3.1Redoxdoping.......................................................................................................430
3.2Nonredoxdoping..................................................................................................431
4.Chargecarriersinconductingpolymers....................................................................431
5.Importanceofcomposites...........................................................................................437
6.Electromagneticinterferenceshielding......................................................................439
6.1Importanceofelectromagneticinterferenceshieldingandshielding mechanisms..........................................................................................................439
6.2Electromagneticinterferenceshieldingmeasurements.......................................440
6.3Scattering(S)parametersandshieldingeffectiveness.......................................441
7.Preparationofpolyanilinecompositesamples..........................................................443
8.Structuralandmorphologicalcharacterization..........................................................444
8.1StructurecharacterizationbyX-raydiffractionanalysis....................................444
8.2Morphologybyelectronmicroscopy..................................................................447
8.3Electromagneticinterferenceshieldingstudies...................................................453
9.Conclusion...................................................................................................................
PART8:Fundamentalsof2Dnanomaterials
Chapter18:Two-dimensionallayerednanosheets:structureandunique properties...................................................................................465
AbimannanSethurajaperumal,VanmathiRavichandran,ArghyaBanerjee,AnaghaManohar, andEswaraiahVarrla
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Graphene.....................................................................................................................
2.1Stackingsequenceandbandstructureofgraphene............................................466
2.2Twistedbilayergraphene.....................................................................................468
3.Molybdenumdisulphide(MoS2)................................................................................472
3.1MoS2 structureanditsproperties........................................................................472
3.2MoS2 layer dependentphysicalproperties........................................................473
3.3Molybdenumdisulphide(MoS2)polymorphs.....................................................473
4.Blackphosphorusandphysicalproperties.................................................................476
5.MXenes.......................................................................................................................
5.1MXenenanosheets...............................................................................................480
5.2CrystalstructureofMXenes................................................................................481
6.Boronnitridestructureandproperties.......................................................................482
7.Layereddoublehydroxide..........................................................................................487
8.Phyllosilicatesstructureandproperties......................................................................490
9.Concludingremarks....................................................................................................494
Chapter19:MoS2,anewperspectivebeyondgraphene....................................499 LevnaChacko,AswiniPoyyakkara,V.B.SameerKumar,andP.M.Aneesh
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Beyondgraphene molybdenumdisulphide(MoS2)................................................501
3.StructuralpropertiesofMoS2 .....................................................................................503
4.OpticalpropertiesofMoS2 .........................................................................................509
5.MagneticpropertiesofMoS2 .....................................................................................514
6.ApplicationsofMoS2 nanoflakes...............................................................................519
6.1MoS2 forelectrocatalyticapplications................................................................519
6.2MoS2 foranti-angiogenicandanti-cancertheranostics......................................525
7.Conclusion...................................................................................................................
Chapter20:Effectofdefectsandfunctionalizationonmechanicaland fracturepropertiesoftwo-dimensionalnanomaterials......................543 BharatBhushanSharmaandAvinashParashar
1.Introduction.................................................................................................................
2.Classicalmechanics-basedmoleculardynamics........................................................547 3.Defectengineering......................................................................................................550
3.1Effectofpointdefects.........................................................................................550 3.2Effectoflinedefectsorgrainboundaries..........................................................555
4.Chemicalfunctionalization.........................................................................................558
5.Conclusion...................................................................................................................
PART9:Theimpactofnanomaterialsonhealthandsafety
Chapter21:Occupationalhealthandsafetymeasuresofmultifunctional nanoparticlesinbiomedicalresearchandbeyond............................571 MayaNair,AnjaliChandra,RiyazBasha,V.Gayathri,MatthewMoncus,HelenOrimoloye, NandakumarKalarikkal,ZaraSoomro,andJamboorK.Vishwanatha
1.Multifunctionalnanoparticlesinbiomedicalresearchandapplication....................572 1.1Liposomes............................................................................................................573 1.2Proteoliposomes...................................................................................................574 1.3Nanopolymers......................................................................................................575
1.4Lipoproteinnanoparticles....................................................................................575 1.5Inorganicnanoparticles........................................................................................575
2.Toxicityofnanoparticles............................................................................................576
2.1Adversehealtheffectsfromexposuretonanoparticles......................................577
2.2Nanomaterials primaryhealthandsafetyconcerns.........................................580
3.Exposuretonanomaterials..........................................................................................581
3.1Occupationalexposuretonanomaterials.............................................................581
3.2Nanomaterialsexposurethroughconsumerproducts.........................................581
4.Occupationalsafetyandhealthmanagementsystemsformultifunctional nanoparticles................................................................................................................581
4.1Challengesforregulatingmultifunctionalnanoparticle.....................................582
4.2Riskassessmentandriskmanagement...............................................................583
4.3Preliminaryhazardassessment............................................................................583
4.4NanotechnologyResearchCenterriskassessmentandriskmanagement.........583
5.Minimizeexposuretonanomaterials.........................................................................585
5.1Changingtheformofthenanomaterial..............................................................585
5.2Changingtheworkactivity.................................................................................585
5.3Engineeringcontrol..............................................................................................586
5.4Administrativecontrol.........................................................................................586
5.5Personalprotectiveequipment.............................................................................586
5.6Challengeswithpersonalprotectiveequipment.................................................586
6.Regulatoryagenciesfornanomedicine......................................................................588
6.1USNanotechnologyCharacterizationLaboratory..............................................588
6.2EuropeanNanotechnologyCharacterizationLaboratory....................................588
7.Occupationalhealthresearchinnanomaterialsandnanotechnology.......................589
7.1EUnetHTA EuropeHealthTechnologyAssessment......................................589
7.2TheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth/Centers forDiseaseControlandPrevention..................................................................590
7.3NanotechnologyResearchCenter.....................................................................590
7.4NIOSHlogicmodel...........................................................................................591
7.5NIOSHpartnerships...........................................................................................592
7.6NanotechnologyResearchCenter standardsdevelopmentorganizations.....593
7.7NIOSHinternationalactivities..........................................................................593
7.8Organizationforeconomicco-operationanddevelopment.............................594
7.9ExtramuralnanotechnologyresearchactivitiesNIOSH...................................594
7.10RIVAM DutchNationalInstituteforpublichealthand theenvironment..................................................................................................595
7.11NanoCommons..................................................................................................595
7.12AsiaNanoForum...............................................................................................596
7.13CenterforResearchandDevelopmentStrategy,JapanScience andTechnologyAgency....................................................................................596
8.WorldHealthOrganizationguidelineson“protectingworkersfrom potentialrisksofmanufacturednanomaterials”........................................................597
Contributors
AnnRoseAbraham DepartmentofPhysics,SacredHeartCollege(Autonomous),Kochi,Kerala, India
AliAkbari-Fakhrabadi AdvancedMaterialsLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, UniversityofChile,Regio ´ nMetropolitana,Santiago,Chile
P.M.Aneesh DepartmentofPhysics,CentralUniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India
HemamaliniArasappan DepartmentofChemistry,GovernmentCollegeofEngineering,Srirangam,Trichy,Tamilnadu,India
ThirunarayananAyyavu DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringBiotechnologyandMaterials, FCFM,UniversityofChile,Av.Beauchef851,Santiago,Chile
DipankarBandyopadhyay DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology Guwahati,Guwahati,Assam,India;CentreforNanotechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnology Guwahati,Guwahati,Assam,India
ArghyaBanerjee DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteofScienceand Technology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
MitaliBasak CentreforNanotechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati, Assam,India
RiyazBasha TexasCollegeofOsteopathicMedicine,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScience Center,FortWorth,Texas,UnitedStates
K.B.Bhavitha InternationalandInterUniversityCentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology, MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India;DepartmentofPhysics,St.Teresa’sCollege, Ernakulam,Kerala,India
BhavyaBhushan SchoolofAppliedSciences(Physics),KIITDeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
LevnaChacko DepartmentofPhysics,CentralUniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India; DepartmentofPhysicsandElectronics,CHRIST(DeemedtobeUniversity),Bangalore,Karnataka, India
AnjaliChandra CollegeofPodiatricMedicineandSurgery,DesMoines,IA,UnitedStates SudhirCherukulappurath SchoolofPhysicalandAppliedSciences,GoaUniversityTaleigao Plateau,Goa,India
MathewChethipuzha CollegeofEngineering,Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India
DejanM.Djokic NanostructuredMatterLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,Universityof Belgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
ZoranaDohcevic-Mitrovic NanostructuredMatterLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
MuhammadFaisal ResearchCenter-Physics,DepartmentofScienceandHumanities,PESUniversity-ElectronicsCityCampus,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
ChesterA.Faunce TheUniversityofSalford,JoulePhysicsLaboratory,Manchester,United Kingdom
ElizabethFrancis SchoolofChemicalSciences,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala, India;InstituteforIntegratedProgrammesandResearchinBasicSciences(IIRBS),MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India
V.Gayathri BioEngineeringDepartment,SRMInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
FranciscoGracia DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringBiotechnologyandMaterials,FCFM, UniversityofChile,Av.Beauchef851,Santiago,Chile
ApparaoGudimalla JozefStefanInternationalPostgraduateSchool,Ljubljana,Slovenia;Jozef StefanInstitute,Ljubljana,Slovenia
PawanKumarGupta DepartmentofChemistry,MMV,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
NandakumarKalarikkal InternationalandInterUniversityCentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,andSchoolofPureandAppliedPhysics,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India
AmarS.Katkar Dr.B.N.PurandareArtsandSmt.S.G.GuptaCommerceandSmt.S.A. MithaiwalaScienceCollege,Lonavala,Maharashtra,India
SamoKralj JozefStefanInstitute,Ljubljana,Slovenia;FacultyofNaturalSciencesandMathematics,UniversityofMaribor,Maribor,Koroska,Slovenia
P.S.R.Krishna SolidStatePhysicsDivision,BhabhaAtomicResearchCentre,Trombay,Mumbai,India
V.B.SameerKumar DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,CentralUniversityof Kerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India
TapanKumarSi DepartmentofChemistry,BidhanChandraCollege,Asansol,WestBengal, India
SasaLazovic BiomimeticsLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
R.V.Mangalaraja TechnologicalDevelopmentUnit(UDT),UniversityofConcepcion,Coronel IndustrialPark,Coronel,Chile;DepartmentofPhysicalChemistry,FacultyofChemicalSciences, UniversityofConcepcion,Concepcion,Chile
AnaghaManohar DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteofScienceand Technology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
S.K.Mishra SolidStatePhysicsDivision,BhabhaAtomicResearchCentre,Trombay,Mumbai, India
ShirsenduMitra DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati, Guwahati,Assam,India
MatthewMoncus SafetyDepartment,WonderfulCitrus,Mission,TX,UnitedStates
MauricioJ.Morel InstitutodeInvestigacio ´ nesCientı´ficasyTecnolo ´ gicas(IDICTEC),UniversidaddeAtacama,Copiapo ´ ,Atacama,Chile
SoumitaMukhopadhyay SchoolofMaterialScience,IndianAssociationfortheCultivationof Science,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
MayaNair EnvironmentalHealthandSafetyDepartment,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScienceCenter,FortWorth,TX,UnitedStates;CenterforDiversityandInternationalProgram,GraduateSchoolofBiomedicalSciences,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScienceCenter,FortWorth, TX,UnitedStates
Narvdeshwar DepartmentofChemistry,MMV,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UttarPradesh, India
ArpanKumarNayak DepartmentofPhysics,SchoolofAdvancedSciences,VelloreInstituteof Technology,Vellore,TamilNadu,India
HelenOrimoloye SchoolofPublicHealth,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScienceCenter,Fort Worth,TX,UnitedStates
HenrichH.Paradies JacobsUniversityBremen,LifeSciencesandChemistryDepartment,Bremen,Germany;TheUniversityofSalford,JoulePhysicsLaboratory,Manchester,UnitedKingdom AvinashParashar DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,India
NovicaPaunovic NanostructuredMatterLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,Universityof Belgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
AswiniPoyyakkara DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,CentralUniversityof Kerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India
K.Prabakaran SchoolofPhysicsandEnergy,ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,China
T.Prabhakaran MaterialsandLow-TemperatureLaboratory,InstituteofPhysics‘GlebWataghin’,UniversityofCampinas(UNICAMP),Sa ˜ oPaulo,Brazil
NibeditaPradhan SchoolofBioscience,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur,WestBengal, India
AshalataPuhan SchoolofAppliedSciences(Physics),KIITDeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
VanmathiRavichandran DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteofScience andTechnology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
K.Ravichandran P.G&ResearchDepartmentofPhysics,AVVMSriPushpamCollege(Autonomous),Thanjavur,TamilNadu,India
HendrikReichelt TheUniversityofSalford,JoulePhysicsLaboratory,Manchester,United Kingdom
DibyaranjanRout SchoolofAppliedSciences(Physics),KIITDeemedtobeUniversity,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
BrigitaRozic JozefStefanInstitute,Ljubljana,Slovenia
AbimannanSethurajaperumal DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteof ScienceandTechnology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
BharatBhushanSharma DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,IndianInstitute ofTechnology,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,India
A.B.Shinde SolidStatePhysicsDivision,BhabhaAtomicResearchCentre,Trombay,Mumbai, India
MonicaSoler DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringBiotechnologyandMaterials,FCFM,UniversityofChile,Av.Beauchef851,Santiago,Chile
PiyushKumarSonkar DepartmentofChemistry,MMV,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
ZaraSoomro TexasCollegeofOsteopathicMedicine,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScience Center,FortWorth,Texas,UnitedStates
S.Sreeja CollegeofEngineering,Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India
DimitrijeStepanenko NanostructuredMatterLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
BojanStojadinovic NanostructuredMatterLaboratory,InstituteofPhysicsBelgrade,University ofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
ArunThirumurugan InstitutodeInvestigacio ´ nesCientı´ficasyTecnolo ´ gicas(IDICTEC),UniversidaddeAtacama,Copiapo ´ ,Atacama,Chile
SabuThomas SchoolofChemicalSciences,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala, India;InternationalandInterUniversityCentreforNanoscienceandNanotechnology,Mahatma GandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India;SchoolofEnergyMaterials,MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,Kerala,India
R.Udayabhaskar InstitutodeInvestigacio ´ nesCientı´ficasyTecnolo ´ gicas(IDICTEC),Universidad deAtacama,Copiapo ´ ,Atacama,Chile
EswaraiahVarrla DepartmentofPhysicsandNanotechnology,SRMInstituteofScienceand Technology,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India
JamboorK.Vishwanatha CenterforDiversityandInternationalProgram,GraduateSchoolof BiomedicalSciences,UniversityofNorthTexasHealthScienceCenter,FortWorth,TX,United States
SrinivasaraoYaragalla IstitutoItalianodiTecnologia,SmartMaterialsGroup,Genova,Italy
KurtZimmermann SymbioVaccinGmbH,Herborn,Germany
Editors’biographies
AnnRoseAbraham
AnnRoseAbraham,Ph.D.iscurrentlyanAssistant ProfessorattheDepartmentofPhysics,SacredHeart College(Autonomous),Thevara,Kochi,Kerala,India. Dr.AbrahamreceivedM.Sc.,M.Phil.andPh.D.degrees inPhysicsfromtheSchoolofPureandAppliedPhysics, MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kerala,India.HerPh.D. thesiswasonthe“DevelopmentofHybridMultiferroic MaterialsforTailoredApplications.”Sheisanexpertin thefieldsofcondensedmatterphysics,nanomagnetism, multiferroics,andpolymericnanocomposites.Shehas hadresearchexperienceatvariousreputednational institutessuchasBoseInstitute,Kolkata,India,SAHA InstituteofNuclearPhysics,Kolkata,India,andUGC-DAECSRCentre,Kolkata,Indiaand collaborationswithvariousinternationallaboratories.SheistherecipientofaYoung Researcherawardintheareaofphysics,andBestPaperAwards 2020and2021,aprestigiousforumtoshowcaseintellectualcapability.SheservedasassistantprofessorandexaminerattheDepartmentofBasicSciences,AmalJyothiCollegeofEngineering,underAPJ AbdulKalamTechnologicalUniversity,Kerala,India.Dr.Abrahamisafrequentspeakerat nationalandinternationalconferences.Shehasauthoredmanybookchaptersandedited sevenbookswithTaylorandFrancisandElsevier.Shehasagoodnumberofpublicationsto hercreditinmanypeer-reviewed,high-impactjournalsofinternationalrepute,suchas ACS JournalofPhysicalChemistry, RSCPhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics,and NewJournal ofChemistry.
NandakumarKalarikkal
Dr.NandakumarKalarikkalisanAssociateProfessorat theSchoolofPureandAppliedPhysicsandJointDirectoroftheInternationalandInterUniversityCentrefor NanoscienceandNanotechnologyofMahatmaGandhi University,Kottayam,Kerala,India.Hisresearchactivitiesinvolveapplicationsofnanostructuredmaterials, laserplasma,andphasetransitions.Heistherecipientof researchfellowshipsandassociateshipsfromprestigious governmentorganizationssuchastheDepartmentof ScienceandTechnologyandCouncilofScientificand IndustrialResearchoftheGovernmentofIndia.Hehas activecollaborationswithnationalandinternationalscientificinstitutionsinIndia,SouthAfrica,Slovenia,Canada, France,Germany,Malaysia,Australia,andtheUnited States.Hehasmorethan130publicationsinpeer-reviewedjournals.Healsoco-editednine booksofscientificinterestandco-authoredmanybookchapters.
SabuThomas
Prof.SabuThomas,anoutstandingAlumnusofIIT, Kharagpur,isoneofIndia’smostrenownedscientistsin theareaofPolymers.AftercompletinghisPh.D.from IITKharagpur(1984-1987),hejoinedMGUniversityasa Lecturerin1997andlaterbecameitsViceChancellor.Hehas takenupalargenumberofvisitingassignmentsabroad.Under hisleadership,theUniversityhasbeenranked713th by TIMES,30th inNIRFandthebestUniversityinKerala.He hassupervised120Ph.D.students,authored1,300publications,andedited150booksearninghimaH-indexof112and 60,000citations.HehasreceivedHonorisCausadegrees fromRussiaandFranceandobtainedgrantsamountingto Rs.30croresforresearchfundingfromIndiaandabroad.Hehasbeenranked114th inthelist oftheworld’sbestscientistsand2nd inIndiabytheStanfordUniversityRankinginPolymers. HewaselectedasaFellowoftheEuropeanAcademyofSciences.Consideringhisexcellentcontributionsinteaching,researchandadministration,Prof.Thomasisthebestcandidateforthe outstandingAlumnusawardofIITKGP.
Contributors’biographies
AliAkbari-Fakhrabadi
Dr.AliAkbari-FakhrabadijoinedtheUniversityofChileasa Lecturerin2014afterobtainingadoctoraldegreeandsubsequentlyworkedasaPostdoctoralResearcherattheUniversity ofConcepcion Chile.HeisnowanAssociateProfessorin theMechanicalEngineeringDepartment(DIMEC).Dr.Akbari’sdoctoralthesisandpostdoctoralresearchareinthefabricationandcharacterizationofsolidoxidefuelcell(SOFC) materials.Heiscurrentlyworkingonferro-elasticbehavior andtime-dependentdeformationofmixedionicandelectronicconductiveperovskites.
P.M.Aneesh
Dr.P.M.AneeshreceivedaPh.D.inPhysicsfromtheCochin UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Cochin,India.He joinedasanAssistantProfessorinPhysicsattheCentral UniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Indiain2014.Hiscurrent researchinterestsfocusonnanostructuredmaterialsanddevices,2Dmaterials,organicelectronics,andtransparent conductingoxides.
HemamaliniArasappan
Dr.HemamaliniArasappanworksasanAssistantProfessor attheDepartmentofChemistry,GovernmentCollegeof EngineeringSrirangam,Thiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India. ShepursuedaMaster’sdegreefromtheDepartmentof OrganicChemistry,UniversityofMadras,GuindyCampus, Chennai,India.ShewasaresearchofficerintheResearch andDevelopmentsectorinSriRamFibres,Manali,Chennai.ShereceivedaPh.D.fromtheDepartmentofOrganic Chemistry,UniversityofMadras,GuindyCampus,Chennai, IndiaundertheguidanceofProf.T.MohanDas.Hermain researchtopicissyntheticorganicchemistry,especially novelsynthesisoffunctionalizedcarbohydratemolecules. Shehaspublishedseveralpapersinhighlyreputedinternationaljournals.
AswiniPoyyakkara
AswiniPoyyakkaraisaPh.D.StudentattheDepartmentof BiochemistryandMolecularBiology,CentralUniversityof Kerala,Kasaragod,India.Herresearchinterestsincludecell signalingassociatedwithangiogenesisandthefunctional analysisofsmallnoncodingRNAsintumorangiogenesis. Herresearchstudiesfocusonidentificationandfunctional validationofmajormicroRNAsassociatedwithIntegrin mediatedsignalingduringangiogenesis.
ThirunarayananAyyavu
Dr.ThirunarayananAyyavuisanInvestigator-Postdoctoral fellowworkingwithProf.FranciscoGracia(FONDECYT ProjectNo.3180511byGovt.ofChile)attheDepartmentof ChemicalEngineeringBiotechnologyandMaterials,FCFM, UniversityofChile,Santiago,Chile,SouthAmerica.He receivedaPh.D.fromtheDepartmentofOrganicChemistry, UniversityofMadrasundertheguidanceofProf.P.Rajakumar.HewasanassistantprofessorattheDepartmentof Chemistry,GuruNanakCollege,Chennai,TamilNadu,India in2016 17andapostdoctoralfellowwithProf.Kimoon Kim,DirectoroftheCentreforSelf-Assemblyand Complexity(PohangUniversityofScienceandTechnology, Pohang,RepublicofKorea,in2015 16).Hisresearchfocusesonsyntheticorganicchemistry.Hehaspublished severalpapersinhighlyreputedinternationaljournalswitha goodimpactfactor.
DipankarBandyopadhyay
ProfessorDipankarBandyopadhyayhasaB.Sc.inChemistryandaB.Tech.inChemicalEngineeringfromCalcutta University,India.AftercompletinganM.Tech.degreefrom theDepartmentofChemicalEngineeringatIITKanpur,India,heservedatthemultinational,ANSYS-FluentIndiaPrivateLimitedformorethan3yearsasaCFDengineer beforecompletingaPh.D.fromIITKanpur,India.Heisa currentlyaProfessorintheDepartmentofChemical EngineeringandHead,CentreforNanotechnologyand Head,SchoolofHealthSciencesandTechnology,atIIT Guwahati.HehasalsoservedasvisitingfacultyatYeungnamUniversityatSouthKoreaundertheWCUProgram, andKTHSwedenundertheErasmusMundusProgram.His researchareasincludenanoscienceandnanotechnology, healthcare,point-of-caretestingdevices,Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems(MEMS)theranostics,complexfluids,and microrheology. Contributors’biographies
ArghyaBanerjee
ArghyaBanerjeeiscurrentlyaPostgraduateStudentinthe DepartmentofPhysics,BanarasHinduUniversityinVaranasi.HecompletedaB.Sc.fromtheSRMInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Chennai.Hestudiedtheeffectsofbulk graphiteprecursorsizeusedondefectsarisingingraphene nanosheetsproducedvialiquidphaseexfoliation.Healso assistedindevelopingandtestingvermiculite-epoxynanocompositesasafireretardantcoatingforwoodsurfaces.He wantstopursueresearchinthefieldofmaterialscienceand worktowarddevelopingmaterialswithawiderangeofapplicationsin,butnotlimitedto,thefieldofenergyconversionandstorage,protectivecoatings,andsoon.
MitaliBasak
Ms.MitaliBasakhasaB.Tech.degreeinElectronicsand CommunicationEngineeringfromMaulanaAbulKalamAzad UniversityofTechnology,India.AftercompletingtheB.Tech., sheservedinamultinationalorganization,TATAConsultancy Services,India,for2yearsasanassistantsoftwareengineer.
Ms.BasakiscurrentlypursuingaPh.D.attheCenterfor Nanotechnology,IITGuwahati,inadvancedandportable biosensordevelopmentexploitingplasmonicandbioelectronicsprinciples.
