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Environmental Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Editor

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Contributors

Preface

Part 1. Introduction

1. Environmental problems and management aspects of waste electrical and electronic equipment and use of clean energy for sustainable development

1. Introduction

2. Sources of e-waste

3. Classiﬁcation of e-waste

4. Challenges of e-wastes

5. Continent-wise and country-wise generation of e-wastes 6. Management aspects of e-wastes 7. Basel convention 8. Suggestions 9. Use of clean energy for sustainable development 10. Conclusion

2. Waste electrical and electronic equipment and environment: context, implications, and trends

Introduction

Methodology

Results and discussion

Conclusions 3. E-waste: an emerging threat to “one health” 1. Introduction

E-waste generation 3. Impact on “One Health”

E-waste management and policy level initiatives in India 5. Conclusion Part 2. Treatment technologies for WEEE

4. Microbe-assisted management and recovery of heavy metals from electronic wastes 1. Introduction 2. Composition of WEEE 3. Environment concerns and health hazards

WEEE management strategies 6. Metallurgical processing of WEEE 7. Conclusion

4. Burgeoning burden of e-waste

5. Biohydrometallurgical methods and the processes involved in the bioleaching of WEEE

1. Biological management of e-waste

2. Biohydrometallurgy for e-waste treatment

3. Modes of biohydrometallurgy

4. Processes involved in biohydrometallurgy

5. Bioleaching methods

6. Sequential batch bioleaching

7. Conclusion

6. Hybrid bioleaching—an emerging technique for extraction of critical metals from WEEE

1. Introduction

2. Occurrence of critical metals in PCBs

3. Overview of hybrid bioleaching process

4. Applicability of hybrid bioleaching for extraction of critical metals from WEEE

5. SWOT analysis

6. Future perspectives

7. Conclusions

7. Current trends and future perspectives of biobased methods for recovery of metals from WEEE for a sustainable environment

1. Introduction

2. Modeling and simulation studies regarding chemical and physical methods

3. Alternative technology to recycle metals from e-waste

4. Current trends and future prospectus

8. Recycling of e-waste in concrete

1. An introduction to concrete 2. Environmental impacts of concrete

3. Importance of e-waste management

4. E-waste in concrete

5. Conclusions

9. Biological treatment, recovery, and recycling of metals from waste printed circuit boards

1. Introduction

2. Classiﬁcation, toxicity, and impact of WPCBs

3. Bio-based technologies for recovering metallic resources from waste PCBs

4. Eﬀect of process factors for the bioleaching of precious metals

5. Future perspective and challenges

6. Conclusions

10. Process engineering for bioleaching of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment

1. Introduction

2. Principles of metal bioleaching

3. Microbiology involved in metal bioleaching

4. Application of bioprocess engineering for metal bioleaching from WEEE

5. Modes of bioreactor operation for metal bioleaching from WEEE

6. Bioreactor design for bioleaching of metals from WEEE

7. Limitations of bioprocessing of WEEE

8. Conclusions and future perspectives

Part 3. Environmental management tools for WEEE

11. Financial stimulation policy as a part of socioeconomic intervention in the area of waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling

1. Introduction

2. Socioeconomic and legislative ambience in the area of WEEE recycling

3. Socioeconomic beneﬁts in waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling

4. Socioeconomic intervention in the area of waste electrical and electronic equipment in the Republic of Serbia

5. Conclusion

Part 4. Environmental management for WEEE & sustainability paradigm

12. Achievement of sustainability by tackling e-waste overpower 1. Introduction

Sources of e-waste

Impacts of WEEE

Impacts on atmosphere

Impacts on soil

Impacts on ecosystem

7. Impact on human beings

8. Legal framework for waste management

UN e-waste coalition

The e-waste management and handling rules, 2011

E-waste management rules, 2016

Amendment to the E-Waste Management Rules, 2018

WEEE management strategies

Case study Switzerland

Conclusion

Advances in global research on the sustainable management of waste electrical and electronic equipment

Introduction

Methodology

Results and discussion

Conclusions

Elsevier

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Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this ﬁeld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in

research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-822474-8

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Marisa LaFleur

Editorial Project Manager: Pat Gonzalez

Production Project Manager: Joy Christel Neumarin Honest Thangiah

Cover Designer: Christian Bilbow

Typeset by TNQ Technologies

Contributors

José of Economy and Business, Research Centre CAESCG and CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

of Petroleum Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India

of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

of Niš, Faculty of Economics, Trg kralja Aleksandra, Niš, Serbia

of Biotechnology, Brahmanand College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

Sai of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Consulting LLP, Mechanicsburg, PA, United States

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India

of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India

of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Venkata of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

of Niš, Faculty of Economics, Trg kralja Aleksandra, Niš, Serbia

of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HP Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India

of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India of Economy and Business, Research Centre CAESCG and CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Dilip of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, University College of Science, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Miguel of Economy and Business, Research Centre CAESCG and CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, University College of Science, Kolkata, West Bengal, India of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Chaudhery Mustansar of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of Computer Science and Engineering, GITAM Institute of Technology, GITAM (deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

of Economy and Business, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

S. Razim Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology

Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Vidya Shetty of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

S. Smitha of Chemistry, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India

of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India

Juan of Economy and Business, Research Centre CAESCG and CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Preface

Modern pieces of electrical and electronic equipment are more eﬃcient and consume less energy than their predecessors. Majority of the discarded pieces of electrical and electronic equipment are not completely physically obsolete, but due to rapid technological advancement these are generally replaced with new ones. In the period of digitalization and globalization, which is followed by increasing demand for all kinds of electrical and electronic equipment, produces a huge amount of this waste. As a result, waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the present era and demands sincere attention toward its environmental management. Moreover, occupational exposure to hazardous components of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and careless discharge of WEEE into the ecosystem can be a great loss of recoverable useful components. Overall, the lack of awareness is one of the major reasons to cause the environmental and health risk associated with WEEE generation and management. In this book, we have summarized recent progress in the management of the WEEE arena at both experimental and theoretical model scales. Considerable solutions to minimize the associated hazards on socioeconomic and technical platforms to educate readers about the possible sustainable alternatives are also addressed in this book.

In recent times, the management of WEEE has become one of the biggest challenges. Experts anticipate that the WEEE waste is one of the waste types that is growing at such a rate that it poses signiﬁcant social and environmental risks for our planet. The present consumption system has negative repercussions not only in terms of the environment but also at economic and social levels. Apart from being a massive challenge, the sustainable management of electrical and electronic waste can oﬀer various opportunities for useful resources. This book aims to provide an in-depth and step-by-step description of knowledge on various environmental management strategies for WEEE in reference to sustainability.

To capture an inclusive impression of the environmental management of WEEE and to provide the reader with a logical and expressive representation, the book is divided into four major parts, which then further consist of diﬀerent chapters. The intro chapters are on explaining the environmental problems and impacts of WEEE with their emerging health concerns. The second part describes the various treatment technologies for WEEE. Microbes assisted management, biohydrometallurgical methods, hybrid bioleaching, current trends, and future perspectives of biobased methods for recovery of metals from WEEE for a sustainable environment are discussed. Then, recycling of e-waste in concrete, biological treatment, recovery and recycling of metals from waste printed circuit boards and the role of process engineering for bioleaching of metals from WEEE are explored. Part 3 talks about ﬁnancial stimulation policy as a part of the socioeconomic intervention in the area of WEEE recycling. Then, Part 4 details the aspects of sustainability in the management of WEEE and recent advances in global research on various strategies and approaches to manage WEEE.

Overall, this book is designed to be a reference guidebook for experts, researchers, and scientists who are searching for new and modern development in WEEE. The editor and authors are famous researchers, scientists, and specialists from various universities and industry. On behalf of ELSEVIER, I am very delighted with all authors for their excellent and zealous hard work in the making of this book. Very special acknowledgments to Marisa LaFleur (acquisition editor) and Pat Gonzalez (ELS-SDG) (editorial project manager) at ELSEVIER, for their dedicated support and help during this project. In the end, I oﬀer my sincere appreciation to ELSEVIER for publishing the book.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Ph.D.

(Editor)

Part 1 Introduction Outline

1. Environmental problems and management aspects of waste electrical and electronic equipment and use of clean energy for sustainable development

2. Waste electrical and electronic equipment and environment: context, implications, and trends

3. E-waste: an emerging threat to “one health”