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EmergingTechniques forTreatmentof ToxicMetalsfrom

Wastewater

EmergingTechniques forTreatmentof ToxicMetalsfrom Wastewater

Editedby

AkilAhmad

ChemistryDepartment,CollegeofScienceandHumanities,Prince SattamBinAbdulazizUniversity,Al-Kharj,SaudiArabia

RajeevKumar

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,KingAbdulazizUniversity, Jeddah,SaudiArabia

MohammadJawaid

LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,INTROP,UniversitiPutra Malaysia,Serdang,Malaysia

Elsevier

Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom50 HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates

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Notices

Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearch andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.

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Dedication

Dr.AkilishonoredtodedicatethisbooktothelateMr.SadiqAli (father-in-law)andthelateMrs.Ahadunnisa(mother-in-law) withheartandsoulandalwayskeeptheirinspirationalwords andunconditionalloveclosetomeandmyfamily.May AlmightyAllahSWTforgivetheirsmallandbigsinsand givethehighestplaceinparadise-JannatulFirdaus(Aameen).

Contributorsxvii

AbouttheEditorsxxi

Prefacexxv

1.Introductionofadsorptiontechniquesforheavymetals remediation1

MustaphaOmenesaIdris,AsimAliYaqoob,MohamadNasir MohamadIbrahim,AkilAhmadandMohammedB.Alshammari

1.1Introduction1

1.2Adsorption:Aviablephysicochemicalmethodforremoving toxicheavymetals2

1.3Microbesasadsorbents2

1.3.1Fungi3 1.3.2Bacteria4 1.3.3Algae5

1.4Lignocellulosicmaterialasadsorbent6

1.5Industrialwastesasadsorbents7

1.6Naturalwasteadsorbents8 1.6.1Clay8 1.6.2Zeolite8 1.6.3Chitosan8 1.6.4Peat9

1.6.5Siliceousmaterial9

1.7Derivedandhybridadsorbents9

1.8Nanomaterialabsorbents10

1.9Conclusion10 References11

2.Electricalandmechanicalpropertiesof electroconductivemembranes19 LauKiaKian,MohammadJawaid,AkilAhmadandNaheedSaba

2.1Introduction19

2.2Electricalproperty20 2.3Mechanicalproperty29 2.4Conclusion35 References35

3.AmberliteXADresinsforseparationand preconcentrationofmetalions39

AsmaKhatoon,AkilAhmadandSitiH.M.Setapar

3.1Introduction39

3.2Useofchelatingresinformetalionsextraction40

3.3Mechanismofchelation44

3.4Conclusion44 References44

4.Plantleaveswasteforremovalofmetalions47

ChiragBatukbhaiGodiyaandLuisA.M.Ruotolo

4.1Introduction47

4.2Plantleavesasadsorbents51

4.2.1Pureplantleavesasadsorbents51

4.2.2Functionalizedplantleavesbasedadsorbents52

4.2.3Othertreatmentmethodsfortheplantleavesadsorbents59

4.2.4Carbonaceousformsofplantleavesasadsorbents60

4.3Adsorptionmechanism64

4.4Adsorptionkineticsandisotherms67

4.5Recoveryandregeneration69

4.6Conclusiveremarksandfutureperspectives70 Acknowledgements71 References71

5.Fruitstonesasgreenmaterialsforwastewater remediation83

ManarE.Abdel-Raouf

5.1Introduction83

5.2Removalofheavymetalsfromwastewater85

5.3Removalofsomeheavymetalsbyfruitstonesandfruit seedsasbiosorbents86

5.3.1Lead(II)removalbyneatfruitstonesandseeds86

5.3.2Removaloflead(II)bymodiﬁedseedsandstones89

5.3.3Removalofmercuryfromaqueoussolutionbyfruitstones92

5.4Core-shellnanocompositesforheavymetalremediation93

5.5Futureperspectives94 References95

6.Carbon-basednanocompositesfortheremediation ofmetalfromwastewater101

FahmidaParvinandShaﬁM.Tareq

6.1Introduction101

6.2Healtheffectofthetoxicheavymetals102

6.3Synthesisandmetaladsorptionprocessofcarbon-based nanocomposites103

6.3.1Grapheneoxidenanocomposite104

6.3.2Carbonnanotube-basednanocomposites105

6.4Factorcontrolthemetalabsorptioncapacityofthe nanocomposites110

6.4.1EffectofpH110

6.5Desorptionandregenerationoftheadsorbent110

6.6Conclusions112 References112

7.Activatedcarbonaspotentialmaterialforheavymetals removalfromwastewater117

FahmidaParvin,NahinMostofaNiloy,Md.MorshedulHaqueand ShaﬁM.Tareq

7.1Introduction117

7.2Materialsforactivatedcarbonsynthesis118

7.2.1Conventionalwastesforactivatedcarbonsynthesis119

7.2.2Nonconventionalwastesforactivatedcarbonsynthesis119

7.3Preparationandactivationofactivatedcarbon119

7.3.1Physicalactivation120

7.3.2Chemicalactivation120

7.4DifferentformsofAC121

7.5HeavymetaladsorptionmechanismofAC122

7.6Futurechallengesandlimitation125

7.7Conclusions125 References127

8.Fruitpeelsaseffectivematerialsforheavymetal remediationfromtheaqueousenvironment131

AbdulraheimM.A.HasanandManarE.Abdel-Raouf

8.1Introduction131

8.1.1Neatfruitpeelsforwastewaterremediation134

8.1.2Neatvegetablepeelsforheavymetalremoval138

8.1.3Modiﬁedplantpeelsasbiosorbents143

8.2Activatedcarbonfromdifferentpeels147

8.3Futureperspectives150 References150

9.Applicationofagro-basedadsorbentforremoval ofheavymetals157

WaheedTariq,ChaudhryArslan,NafeesaTayyab,HaroonRashidand AbdulNasir

9.1Introduction157

9.2Textileindustryandwaterpollution159

9.3Heavymetalscontamination160

9.3.1Chromium(Cr)161

9.3.2Copper(Cu)162

9.3.3Zinc(Zn)162

9.3.4Nickel(Ni)163

9.3.5Lead(Pb)163

9.3.6Cadmium(Cd)163

9.3.7Mercury(Hg)164

9.4Conventionaltreatmenttechniquesforheavymetalsremoval164

9.5Adsorption165

9.5.1Factorseffectingadsorption167

9.6Adsorbentsandtheirapplicationforheavymetalremoval168

9.6.1Sugarcanebagasse168

9.6.2Potatopeels169

9.6.3Moringaoleiferaseeds170

9.6.4Sawdust171

9.6.5Ricehusk172

9.6.6Orangeandbananapeels173

9.6.7Activatedcarbon173

9.6.8Teawaste174

9.6.9Eggshells175

9.7Conclusion175 Recommendations176 References176

10.Applicationofmetal-basednanoparticlesformetal removalfortreatmentsofwastewater–areview183 TadeleAssefaAragawandAdaneAdugnaAyalew

10.1Introduction183

10.2Metals-basednanoparticles185

10.2.1Iron-basednanoparticles185

10.2.2Manganeseoxide-basednanoparticles191

10.2.3Aluminumoxidenanoparticles192

10.2.4Titaniumoxidenanoparticles193

10.2.5Zincoxides-basednanomaterials194

10.2.6Ceriumoxidesnanoparticles195 10.2.7Zirconiumoxidesnanoparticles196

10.2.8Silver(Ag)nanoparticles197

10.3Adsorptionmechanismofheavymetalsbynanometal/oxides200

10.3.1AdsorptionmechanismofFe3 O4 nanoadsorbent201

10.3.2MechanismsofremovalofheavymetalsbyTiO2 203

10.3.3RemovalmechanismofMnO2 205

10.3.4Adsorptionmechanisminceriumoxide206

10.3.5Adsorptionmechanismandphotoreductionof metalsonZr/ZrO2 nanoparticle209

10.3.6HeavymetalionsremovalmechanismsbyZnO particles211

10.3.7Mechanismandbehaviorofsilvernanoparticles inheavymetalsasadsorbent213

10.4Factorsinﬂuencingadsorptioncapacityofmetal-based nanometals215

10.5Conclusionandperspectives218

10.6Declarationofcompetinginterest219 Acknowledgments219 References219

11.Grapheneoxide-basednanoﬁltrationmembranesfor separationofheavymetals231

MuhammadAyubandMohdHaﬁzDzarfanOthman

11.1Introduction231

11.2HMsandtheirtoxicityinwaterbodies234

11.3Typesofﬁltrationmembranes235

11.3.1Nanomaterialsandnanoﬁltrationmembranes238

11.3.2GO-basedmixedmatrixpolymercompositeﬂatsheet membranes239

11.4Graphenefamilyandgrapheneoxide241

11.5GO-basednanoﬁltrationmembranes(GO-NFMs)245

11.5.1FabricationmethodsofGO-basedmembranes247

11.5.2LargeareaGO-NFMsforcommercialpurpose257

11.6CharacterizationofGOnanosheetsandGO-NFMs258

11.7GO-NFMsforremovalofHMsfromwater261

11.7.1SurfacemodiﬁedGO-NFMS261

11.7.2RejectionmechanismsofGO-NFMs263

11.7.3PerformanceCriteriaofGO-NFMs265

11.7.4OperatingparametersforefﬁcientremovalofHMs fromwastewater269

11.7.5AdvantagesanddrawbacksofGO-NFMs271

11.8ConclusionandRecommendation272 Futurechallenges274 Acknowledgment275 References275

12.TheuseofPVDFmembraneforwastewatertreatment289

HazirahS.Zakria,MohdHaﬁzDzarfanOthman,RozianaKamaludin, MukhlisA.Rahman,JuhanaJaafarandAhmadF.Ismail

12.1Introduction289

12.2Wastewatertreatment290

12.2.1Polymericmembraneaswastewatertreatment293

12.2.2Polyvinylideneﬂuoride(PVDF)modiﬁcation296

12.3PollutantremovalusingPVDFmembranes298

12.3.1Removalofheavymetal298 12.3.2Removalofdyes301 12.3.3RemovalofCECs306 12.3.4Removalofoil308

12.4Conclusionsandfutureprospects312 Acknowledgement313 References313

13.Polyethersulfone(PES)nanoﬁltrationmembranefor treatmentoftoxicmetalcontaminatedwater319

AnsaKanwal,AsimAliYaqoob,AfﬁaSiddique, MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahimandAkilAhmad

13.1Introduction319

13.2StrategiesforPESmembranesmodification321 13.2.1Surfacemodification321 13.2.2Additionalsurfacemodificationstrategies324 13.2.3Bulkmodification326

13.3CharacterizationofperformanceofmodiﬁedPESmembrane330 13.3.1Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity330 13.3.2Permeabilityandselectivity330 13.3.3Antifoulingproperties331 13.3.4Anticoagulationandadditionalbiologicalproperties331

13.4Nanoﬁltrationmembraneformetalremoval/rejection331 13.5Futureperspective334 13.6Conclusion335 Acknowledgements336 Conﬂictsofinterest336 References336

14.Potentialuseofultraﬁltration(UF)membranefor remediationofmetalcontaminants341 AfﬁaSiddique,AsimAliYaqoob,MuhammadA.Mirza, AnsaKanwal,MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahimandAkilAhmad

14.1Introduction341

14.2Principlesofmembranefouling344 14.2.1Basicmechanismsformembraneﬁltration344 14.2.2Foulingofmembrane345

14.3TheUFbenefitsandlimitationsinoil-basedwatertreatment346 14.4ModificationmethodsforUF347 14.5Removalofmetalions348 14.5.1Roleofcomplexingagentsinultrafiltration349

14.6UFmembraneproblemsassociatedwithwatertreatment353 14.6.1Permeabilityandselectivitytrade-off353 14.6.2Foulingoforganicmatter355

14.7Conclusion,challenges,andfutureperspectives355

Acknowledgements357 References357

15.Applicationandfabricationofnanoﬁltrationmembrane forseparationofmetalionsfromwastewater365

AsimAliYaqoob,AnsaKanwal,MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim, AleidG.MohammadSandAkilAhamd

15.1Introduction365

15.2Fundamentalsofnanoﬁltration369

15.2.1Separationmechanisms369

15.2.2Characterizationofnanoﬁltrationmembranes370

15.3Nanoﬁltrationmembranepreparationandmodiﬁcation371

15.3.1Interfacialpolymerization(IP)371

15.3.2Graftingpolymerization373

15.4Nanomaterialbasednanoﬁltrationmembranes377

15.4.1Metalandmetaloxidenanomaterialnanoﬁltration membranes377

15.4.2Carbon-basednanomaterialsnanoﬁltrationmembranes380

15.4.3Metal organicframeworks(MOFs)-based nanoﬁltrationmembranes385

15.5Applicationofnanoﬁltrationmembraneforseparationof metalionsfromwastewater386

15.6Conclusionsandfutureperspectives388 Acknowledgements390 Conﬂictsofinterest390 References390

16.Photocatalyticreductionofhighlytoxicleadand cadmiumfromaqueoussolution399

WaheedTariq,AbdulNasir,ChaudhryArslan,HaroonRashid, MuhammadSarmadandSyedH.Gillani

16.1Introduction399

16.2Heavymetalsinwastewater400

16.3Wastewatertreatmenttechnologies401

16.4Nanotechnologyforwastewatertreatment403

16.5Advancedoxidationprocesses403

16.5.1Ozonation404

16.5.2Ozoneplusoxidanttreatment405

16.5.3O3 plusUVtreatment(photolyticozonation)405

16.5.4O3 pluscatalysttreatment406

16.5.5H2 O2 plusUVtreatment406

16.5.6Combinationofall(O3 /H2 O2 /UV)406

16.6Photocatalysis407

16.6.1Homogenousphotocatalysis408

16.6.2Heterogeneousphotocatalysis408

16.6.3Mechanism408

16.7Photocatalystandtheirapplicationforheavymetalremoval409

16.7.1Tinoxide409 16.7.2Copperoxide411

16.7.3Nanocompositeoftinoxide/copperoxide412

16.8Leadtoxicityandremoval414

16.8.1Detectionmechanism414

16.8.2Removalofleadthroughphotocatalysis415

16.9Cadmiumtoxicityandremoval418

16.9.1Sourcesofcadmium418

16.9.2Photocatalyticremovalofcadmium418 16.10Conclusion420 References421

17.Polymers-basednanocompositesfordecontamination ofwatermatrices427

AdnanKhan,SumeetMalik,NisarAli,MohsinKhurshid, MuhammadZubair,XiaoyanGao,LingliNiandMuhammadBilal

17.1Wastewatercontaminants427

17.2Methodsavailabletoovercomewastewatercontaminants429

17.3Biopolymersasefﬁcientsorbents431

17.4Biopolymersbasednanobiosorbents431

17.5Nanobiosorbentsforcationsremovalfromwastewater432

17.6Nanosorbentsfordyesremovalfromwastewater437

17.7Nanosorbentsforothercontaminantsremovalfrom wastewater441

17.8Conclusionandfutureprospects441 Acknowledgment445 Conﬂictofinterest445 References445

18.Metal-organicframeworksforreductionofheavy metals457

AdnanKhan,SumeetMalik,NisarAli,YongYang,SureshGhotekar, ArpitaRoyandMuhammadBilal

18.1Introduction457

18.2Methodsfortheremovalofheavymetals458

18.3Sorptionusingvarioussorbents459

18.4StructuralfeaturesandpropertiesofMOFsandMOF-based adsorbents460

18.5MOFsasefﬁcientsorbents460

18.5.1SorptiononthesurfaceofpristineMOFs462

18.5.2Sorptionheavymetalsonthesurfaceofmodiﬁed MOFs462

18.5.3SorptionofheavymetalsMOFscomposites463

18.6ThemechanismforsorptionofHMs463 18.7Conclusionandfutureprospects466 Acknowledgment467 Conﬂictofinterests467 References467

19.UseofCarbonbasedphotocatalystformetalremoval475 MohsinR.Dustgeer,HazirahS.Zakria,AsimJilani, SajidR.Ahmad,MuhammadB.Shakoor, MohdHaﬁzDzarfanOthmanandShahidP.Ansari

19.1Introduction475

19.2Variousheavymetalinwateranditsilleffectsonhealth476 19.2.1Arsenic478

19.2.2Chromium478 19.2.3Cadmium478

19.2.4Copper479 19.2.5Lead479

19.2.6Nickel480

19.2.7Mercury480

19.3Variousmethodstoremovemetalsfromwastewater481

19.3.1Adsorptiononnewadsorbents481

19.3.2Electrodialysis481

19.3.3Membraneﬁltration482

19.3.4Ionexchange483

19.4Advantagesofphotocatalystoverothertechniques483

19.4.1Photocatalysisanditstype484

19.4.2Factoraffectingtheefﬁciencyofphotocatalytic process485

19.5Principleofphotocatalysis486

19.6Conclusionandfutureprospect488 References488

20.Photocatalytictreatmentofwastewaterusing nanoporousaerogels:Opportunitiesandchallenges495 MuzammilAnjum,Ph.D,WeiLiu,Ph.D,SamiaQadeer,Ph.Dand AzeemKhalid,Ph.D

20.1Introduction495

20.2Aerogels497

20.3Principlesofaerogelsynthesis498

20.3.1Sol-gelprocess500

20.3.2Redoxprocess501

20.3.3Hydrothermalprocess501

20.3.4Othermethods501

20.4Classiﬁcationofphotocatalyticaerogels502

20.4.1Carbon-basedaerogels502

20.4.2Polymericaerogels504

20.4.3Bio-basedaerogels505

20.4.4Metal-basedaerogels506

20.5Aerogel-photocatalyticcleaningofwastewater508

20.5.1Principleofphotocatalysis508

20.5.2Photocatalyticpollutantremoval508

20.6Challengesandfutureperspectives515

20.7Conclusionsandoutlooks515 References516

21.Nanoﬁltrationmembraneuseforseparationof heavymetalsfromwastewater523

JamalA.Siddique

21.1Whatispollution?523

21.1.1Historyofpollution523

21.1.2Typesofpollutions524

21.2Waterpollutionandwastewater524

21.2.1Wastewater526

21.3Heavymetalpollutantsandtreatments526

21.4Separationtechnologyandprocesses527

21.5Membranetechnologyandproductivemethods529

21.6Nanoﬁltrationtechniques530

21.7Rolenanoﬁltrationmembranewithheavymetalin wastewatertreatment533

21.8Synthesisanddevelopmentofnanoﬁltrationmembrane533

21.9Currentchallengesandfutureresearch540

21.10Commercialaspectsofnanoﬁltrationresearch541

21.11Conclusions542 References542 Index549

Contributors

ManarE.Abdel-Raouf,EgyptianPetroleumResearchInstitute,1AhmedEl-zomor street,Nasrcity,Cairo,Egypt

AkilAhmad,ChemistryDepartment,CollegeofScienceandHumanities,PrinceSattam BinAbdulazizUniversity,Al-Kharj,SaudiArabia

SajidR.Ahmad,CollegeofEarth&EnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofthePunjab, Lahore,Pakistan

NisarAli,KeyLaboratoryforPalygorskiteScienceandAppliedTechnologyofJiangsu Province,National&LocalJointEngineeringResearchCenterforDeepUtilization TechnologyofRock-saltResource,FacultyofChemicalEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteofTechnology,Huaian,China

MohammedB.Alshammari,ChemistryDepartment,CollegeofScienceandHumanities,PrinceSattamBinAbdulazizUniversity,Al-Kharj,SaudiArabia

MuzammilAnjum,Ph.D,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,PMASAridAgricultureUniversity,Rawalpindi,Pakistan;SchoolofMaterialScienceandEngineering, SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,China

ShahidP.Ansari,DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,AligarhMuslimUniversity,India

TadeleAssefaAragaw,FacultyofChemicalandFoodEngineering,BahirDarInstitute ofTechnology,BahirDarUniversity,BahirDar,Ethiopia

ChaudhryArslan,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,University ofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

AdaneAdugnaAyalew,FacultyofChemicalandFoodEngineering,BahirDarInstitute ofTechnology,BahirDarUniversity,BahirDar,Ethiopia

MuhammadAyub,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC), SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

MuhammadBilal,SchoolofLifeSciencesandFoodEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteof Technology,Huaian,China

MohsinR.Dustgeer,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciencesandEngineering,GovernmentCollegeUniversityFaisalabad,Faisalabad,Pakistan

XiaoyanGao,KeyLaboratoryforPalygorskiteScienceandAppliedTechnologyof JiangsuProvince,National&LocalJointEngineeringResearchCenterforDeep UtilizationTechnologyofRock-saltResource,FacultyofChemicalEngineering, HuaiyinInstituteofTechnology,Huaian,China

Contributors

SyedH.Gillani,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,University ofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

SureshGhotekar,DepartmentofChemistry,Smt.DevkibaMohansinhjiChauhanCollegeofCommerceandScience,Silvassa,UniversityofMumbai,DadraandNagar Haveli(UT),India

ChiragBatukbhaiGodiya,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FederalUniversityof SãoCarlos,SãoCarlos,SP,Brazil

Md.MorshedulHaque,HydrobiogeochemistryandPollutionControlLaboratory,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,JahangirnagarUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh

AbdulraheimM.A.Hasan,EgyptianPetroleumResearchInstitute,1AhmedEl-zomor street,Nasrcity,Cairo,Egypt

MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim,SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSains Malaysia,Pinang,Malaysia

MustaphaOmenesaIdris,SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia, PulauPinang,Malaysia;DepartmentofPureandIndusatrialChemistry,KogiState University,Anyigba,KogiState,Nigeria

AhmadF.Ismail,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),School ofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

JuhanaJaafar,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),School ofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

MohammadJawaid,LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,INTROP,UniversitiPutra Malaysia,Serdang,Malaysia

AsimJilani,CenterofNanotechnology,KingAbdul-AzizUniversity,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

RozianaKamaludin,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC), SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

AnsaKanwal,DepartmentofChemistry,MirpurUniversityofScienceandTechnology, MirpurAJK,Pakistan;DepartmentofChemistryandMolecularBiology,University ofGothenburg,Box462,SE-40530GothenburgSweden

AzeemKhalid,Ph.D,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,PMASAridAgriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan

AdnanKhan,InstituteofChemicalSciences,UniversityofPeshawar,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan

AsmaKhatoon,CentreofLipidsEngineeringandAppliedResaerch,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Malaysia

MohsinKhurshid,DepartmentofMicrobiology,GovernmentCollegeUniversity,Faisalabad,Pakistan

LauKiaKian,LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,InstituteofTropicalForestry andForestProducts(INTROP),UniversitiPutraMalaysia,UPMSerdang,Selangor, Malaysia

WeiLiu,Ph.D,SchoolofMaterialScienceandEngineering,SunYat-senUniversity, Guangzhou,China

SumeetMalik,InstituteofChemicalSciences,UniversityofPeshawar,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan

MuhammadA.Mirza,DepartmentofChemistry,MirpurUniversityofScienceand Technology,Mirpur,AJK,Pakistan

AleidG.MohammadS,SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia, Penang,Malaysia;DepartmentofChemistry(PreparatoryYear),FacultyofScience, UniversityofHail,Hail,SaudiArabia

AbdulNasir,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof Agriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

LingliNi,KeyLaboratoryforPalygorskiteScienceandAppliedTechnologyofJiangsu Province,National&LocalJointEngineeringResearchCenterforDeepUtilization TechnologyofRock-saltResource,FacultyofChemicalEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteofTechnology,Huaian,China

NahinMostofaNiloy,HydrobiogeochemistryandPollutionControlLaboratory,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,JahangirnagarUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh

MohdHafizDzarfanOthman,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre (AMTEC),SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering, UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

FahmidaParvin,HydrobiogeochemistryandPollutionControlLaboratory,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,JahangirnagarUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh; DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,JahangirnagarUniversity,Savar,Dhaka, Bangladesh

SamiaQadeer,Ph.D,DepartmentofBiologyandEnvironmentalSciences,AllamaIqbal OpenUniversity,Islamabad,Pakistan

MukhlisA.Rahman,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC), SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

HaroonRashid,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,University ofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

ArpitaRoy,DepartmentofBiotechnology,SchoolofEngineering&Technology,Sharda University,GreaterNoida,India

LuisA.M.Ruotolo,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FederalUniversityofSão Carlos,SãoCarlos,SP,Brazil

NaheedSaba,LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,InstituteofTropicalForestry andForestProducts(INTROP),UniversitiPutraMalaysia,UPMSerdang,Selangor, Malaysia

MuhammadSarmad,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofAgriculture,Faisalabad, Pakistan

SitiH.M.Setapar,CentreofLipidsEngineeringandAppliedResaerch,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Malaysia

MuhammadB.Shakoor,CollegeofEarth&EnvironmentalSciences,Universityofthe Punjab,Lahore,Pakistan

AffiaSiddique,DepartmentofChemistry,MirpurUniversityofScienceandTechnology,MirpurAJK,Pakistan;SchoolofChemistryandBiosciences,FacultyofLife Sciences.UniversityofBradford,Bradford,WestYorkshire,UK

JamalA.Siddique,DepartmentofChemistry,AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India

ShafiM.Tareq,HydrobiogeochemistryandPollutionControlLaboratory,Department ofEnvironmentalSciences,JahangirnagarUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh

WaheedTariq,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof Agriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

NafeesaTayyab,DepartmentofStructuresandEnvironmentalEngineering,University ofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Pakistan

YongYang,KeyLaboratoryforPalygorskiteScienceandAppliedTechnologyofJiangsu Province,National&LocalJointEngineeringResearchCentreforDeepUtilization TechnologyofRock-saltResource,FacultyofChemicalEngineering,HuaiyinInstituteofTechnology,Huai’an,China

AsimAliYaqoob,SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia

HazirahS.Zakria,AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC), SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia

MuhammadZubair,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofGujrat,Gujrat,Pakistan

AbouttheEditors

AkilAhmad currentlyworksatPrinceSattambinAbdulazizUniversityin SaudiArabiaasanAssistantProfessor,with7yearsofpriorexperienceasa teachingfellow(UniversitiSainsMalaysia),postdoc(UniversityofKwaZuluNatal,SouthAfrica),andVisitingResearcherandResearchFellowfromchemicalengineering,CentreofLipidEngineeringandAppliedResearch,University TechnologyMalaysia(UTM),Malaysia.Healsohasteachingexperienceatthe collegelevel(GaganCollegeofManagementandTechnology)andlectured graduateandundergraduatestudents.HecompletedhisPhDinanalyticalchemistry(2011)onthetopic“Modificationofresinfortheiruseintheseparation,preconcentrationanddeterminationofmetalions”fromAligarhMuslimUniversity (AMU),India.Hisresearchinterestsareintheareasofenvironmentalpollutants andtheirsaferemoval,synthesisofnanoparticlesandnanosorbents(GO,CNT), photo-degradationandantimicrobialeffects,preparationofvariouschelating sorbents/adsorbentstopreventtheenvironment,waterandwastewatertreatment, adsorptionandion-exchange,instrumentalmethodsofanalysis,thermodynamic andkineticstudies,andpreconcentrationandmethodvalidationwithstandard referencematerials.Hehaspublishedmorethan100researcharticles,books, andchaptersinjournalsandpublishersofinternationalreputesuchas Scientific Reports, Talanta, ChemicalEngineeringJournal, RSCAdvances, Journalof EnvironmentalSciences,AnalyticalMethods, JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry, JournalofMolecularLiquids,etc.HehasaScopusH-index of22and1739citations,andinGoogleScholar,anH-indexof25and2271 citations.HeisaGuestEditorforvariousjournals,namely PolymersMDPI, JournalofChemistry, FrontiersofEnvironmentalChemistry,andmore.Hehas alsoeditedmanybooksfromElsevierandSpringer.

RajeevKumar receivedtheMScdegreeinanalyticalchemistry(2006),MPhil (2008)andPhDdegreesinappliedchemistry(2011)fromAligarhMuslimUniversity,India.HecurrentlyworksasanAssociateprofessorintheEnvironmental ScienceDepartment,KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia.His researchactivitiesareintheareasofwastewatertreatmentandmaterialsscience. Rajeevstudiestheadsorptionandphotocatalyticpropertiesofthenanomaterials fortheremovalofcontaminantsfromwastewater.Hehaspublishedmorethan 50researcharticlesandchaptersinjournalsandpublishersofinternational

repute,suchas ChemicalEngineeringJournal, JournalofColloidandInterfaceScience, RSCAdvances, JournalofEnvironmentalSciences, Journalof environmentalmanagement, JournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry, Desalination,andmore.HehasaScopusH-indexof22and2839citationsand inGooglescholar,anH-indexof31and4966citations.

MohammadJawaid currentlyworksasaSeniorFellow(Professor)atthe BiocompositeTechnologyLaboratory,InstituteofTropicalForestryandForestProducts(INTROP),UniversitiPutraMalaysia(UPM),Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia,andalsohasbeenaVisitingProfessorintheDepartmentof ChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh, SaudiArabiasinceJune2013.Hehasmorethan20yearsofexperiencein teaching,research,andindustry.Hisresearchinterestsincludehybridcomposites,lignocellulosicreinforced/filledpolymercomposites,advancematerials (graphene/nanoclay/fireretardant),modificationandtreatmentoflignocellulosic fibersandsolidwood,biopolymersandbiopolymersforpackagingapplications,nanocompositesandnanocellulosefibers,andpolymerblends.Sofar, hehaspublished55books,75bookchapters,morethan400peer-reviewed internationaljournalpapers,andseveralpublishedreviewpapersundertop highlycitedarticlesinScienceDirect.Hehasalsoobtainedthreepatentsand sixcopyrights.H-indexandcitationinScopusare62and17873andinGoogle scholar,H-indexandcitationare72and24760.HerecentlybecameChief ExecutiveEditorof PertanikaUPMJournals.Heisthefoundingserieseditor oftwoSpringerbooks, CompositeScienceandTechnology and Sustainable MaterialsandTechnology,andistheserieseditorofSpringerProceedingsin Materials,Springer-Nature,andisalsoanInternationalAdvisoryboardmember oftheSpringerSeriesonPolymerandCompositeMaterials.Heworkedasa GuestEditorofspecialissuesof SNAppliedScience, FrontiersinSustainable FoodSystems, CurrentOrganicSynthesisandCurrentAnalyticalChemistry, InternationalJournalofPolymerScience,andIOPConferenceProceedings. HeisalsoanEditorialBoardMemberofthe JournalofPolymersandThe Environment, JournalofNaturalFibres, JournalofPlasticsTechnology, Applied ScienceandEngineeringProgressJournal, JournalofAsianScience,TechnologyandInnovation,andthe RecentInnovationsinChemicalEngineering. Additionally,heisalsoaReviewerforseveralhigh-impactinternationalpeerreviewedjournalsfromElsevier,Springer,Wiley,Saga,ACS,RSC,Frontiers, etc.Presently,hesupervises12PhDstudents(fivePhDsasChairmanandseven PhDsasMember)and6master’sstudents(1masterasChairmanand5masters asMember)inthefieldsofhybridcomposites,greencomposites,nanocomposites,naturalfiber-reinforcedcomposites,nanocellulose,etc.Twenty-sixPhD studentsand13master’sstudentshavegraduatedunderhissupervisionin 2014–2021.Hehasseveralresearchgrantsatuniversity,national,andinternationallevelsonpolymercompositesofaround3millionMalaysianringgits (USD700,000).Healsodeliveredplenaryandinvitedtalksatinternational

conferencesrelatedtocompositesinIndia,Turkey,Malaysia,Thailand,the UnitedKingdom,France,SaudiArabia,Egypt,andChina.Additionally,heis alsoamemberofthetechnicalcommitteesofseveralnationalandinternational conferencesoncompositesandmaterialscience.Recently,Dr.Mohammad JawaidreceivedtheExcellentAcademicAwardinthecategoryofInternational Grant-UniversitiPutraMalaysia-2018aswellastheExcellentAcademicStaff AwardinindustryHighImpactNetwork(ICAN2019)AwardandtheGold Medal-CommunityandIndustryNetwork(JINMShowcase)atUniversitiPutra Malaysia.HealsoreceivedPublonsPeerReviewAwards2017,and2018(MaterialsScience),CertifiedSentinelofScienceAwardReceipient-2016(Materials Science)and2019(MaterialsScienceandCrossfield).Heisalsothewinner oftheNewton-UngkuOmarCoordinationFund:UK-MalaysiaResearchand InnovationBridgesCompetition2015.Recently,hewasrecognizedwiththe FellowandChartedScientistAwardfromtheInstituteofMaterials,Minerals, andMining(IOM),UK.HeisalsoalifememberofAsianPolymerAssociation, andMalaysianSocietyforEngineeringandTechnology.Hehasprofessional membershipoftheAmericanChemicalSociety(ACS),andSocietyforPolymers Engineers(SPE),USA.

Preface

Waterisaveryimportantandpreciousnaturalresourceforthesurvivalof livingorganismsonearth.However,nowadays,therapiddevelopmentofvarious industriesandurbanizationhasledtothedegradingofwaterquality.Thisisdue tothereleaseoftoxicmetalsintowaterbodieswhichcausesdetrimentaleffects tolivingorganismsaswelltohumans.Hence,theremovalofthesetoxicmetal ionsisanimportantconcerntopreventitsharmfuleffectstolivingorganisms.

Toremovethetoxicmetals,variousphysicalandchemicalmethodscan beusedsuchasadsorption,solventextraction,ionexchange,precipitation, filtration,andphotocatalyticdegradation.Giventheincreasingnumberofscientificpublicationsdealingwithvarioustechniquesandmajorprogressin processingpossibilitiestoproduceefficientandeffectivematerialsbasedon noveltechniques,abookaddressingandapprisingalloftheseinnovationsisof greatinterestforacademicians,researchers,industrialistsandstudentswhoare concernedwiththeproductionanduseofthesetechniquesasinnovativeprocess forremediationoftoxicmetalsfromwaterandwastewater.

Themainaimandmostimportantfeatureofthisbookistoexplorethevarious applicationsofremediationtechniquesformetalions.Thisbookprovidesa broad,updatedsurveyandinformationaboutthemajorinnovationsfordifferent techniquesforremovaloftoxicmetalionsinthefield.Thisbookprovidesa referenceontechniquesforfutureresearchinwastewatertreatment,whichis highlyindemandduetosustainable,recyclable,andeco-friendlyprocessesfor highlyinnovativeandappliedtechniques.

Wearegreatlythankfultoalltheexperiencedresearchers,scholars,and leadingexpertswhohavecontributedtheirvaluablework.Thisbookcovers broadaspectsofvarioustechniquesandapplicationsofthesetechniquesfor successfulremovalofmetalionsfromvarioussourcesofwastewater.Thechaptersprovidecutting-edge,up-to-dateresearchfindingsontheuseofdifferent techniquesandenvironmentalapplicationstoachievematerial’scharacteristics andsignificantenhancementsinphysical,chemical,mechanical,andthermal properties.Wehavecollectedalltheinformationgivenbydistinguishedauthors onmetalremovalfromdifferentemergingtechniquesandrelatedresearchfrom Brazil,India,Malaysia,SaudiArabia,China,Pakistan,Ethiopia,Egypt,and Bangladesh,finallycompiledthisprojectinafruitfulway.