Dedication
IdedicatethisbooktomybelovedsonVusumuzi Vuso NkosilathiGwenzi andmybeloveddaughterIsabella Isa SibongileGwenzi.
Pleasetakenoteandfollowtheadvice:
(1) Everyidea,nomatterhowseeminglysmallortrivialitmayappearatfirst, shouldbeimmortalizedbywritingitdown.
(2) Don’tjustconsumeorreadbooks,butcreatecontentbywritingyour ownbooks.
Thisbookdoesjustthat,andisdedicatedtoyou!
Dad
WillisGwenzi
SectionA
Introductiontoemerging contaminants
1.Emergingcontaminants:Ahandful ofconceptualandorganizing frameworks
WillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 3
2.Nature,industrialapplications,and sourcesofemergingcontaminants 5
2.1Emergingcontaminants5
2.2Novelentities/technologies6
3.Conceptualandorganizing frameworks 7
3.1Theterrestrial-aquatic-atmosphere continuum7
3.2TheSPRI/CMframework8
3.3Eco-hierarchicalorecosystem cascadeframework8
3.4Thehumanfactoror dimension9
3.5Theconceptofenvironmentally relevantconditions10
3.6Emergingcontaminantsandtheir healthrisksintheCOVID-19era11
4.Conceptualframeworksastools forframingandorganizingthe book 12
5.Concludingremarks
2.Emergingcontaminantsinthe terrestrial-aquatic-atmosphere continuum:Aglobalperspective WillisGwenzi,ArtwellKanda,EdgarMuhoyi, andTamukaJ.Mukura
1.Introduction 17
2.Emergingcontaminants 18
2.1Natureandsources18
2.2Environmentaloccurrenceand circulation18
3.Emergingcontaminants:Aglobal perspective 19
3.1Globalindustrialproductionand trade19
3.2Alifecycleperspectiveonemerging contaminants20
3.3Regulatory,institutional,andpolicy frameworks20
3.4Emergingcontaminantsasaglobal healthconcern21
4.Futureperspectivesandoutlook 22
4.1Recommendations22
4.2Researchneeds22
5.Conclusions 22 References 23
SectionB Emergingcontaminantsin terrestrialsystems
3.High-technologyrareearth elementsinthesoil-plantsystem: Occurrence,behaviour,andfate NyaraiM.MupatsiandWillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 29 2.Industrialapplicationsand
2.1Industrialapplications30
2.2Naturalandanthropogenicsourcesof rareearthelementsinsoils31
2.3Anthropogenicsources31
3.OccurrenceofREEsinthesoil-plant system 32
3.1Soilmatrixandporewater32
3.2Soilorganisms37
3.3Plantsandcrops37
4.Biogeochemicalcontrolsandfate ofREEs 39
4.1Biogeochemicalcontrols40
4.2Soil-root-microbialinteractions41
5.Futuredirectionsandperspectives 41
5.1Increasingtheresearchfootprintof low-incomecountriesinREEs41
5.2InteractiveeffectsofREEsandother essentialplantelements42
5.3Broadeningthescopeofsoil organismsandREEs42
5.4Biotransformationinsoiltrophic system42
5.5REEsbehaviourandfateinvarious soils42
6.Conclusionsandoutlook 42 References 43
4.(Micro)plasticsinthesoilsystem: Occurrence,behaviour,fate,and futuredirections
WillisGwenzi,MunyaradziMtisi,and NhamoChaukura
1.Introduction 47
2.Natureandsourcesof(micro)plastics 49
3.Occurrenceof(micro)plasticsinthesoil system 50
3.1Soils50
3.2Soilorganisms54
3.3Microplasticsinplants54
4.Behaviourandfateprocesses 54
4.1Disseminationpathways54
4.2Behaviour56
4.3Fateprocesses57
5.Futureresearchdirectionsand
5.1Microplasticpollution:Aperspective onlow-incomeversusdeveloped countries57 5.2Futureresearchdirections58
SectionC
5.Occurrenceandbehaviourof emergingorganiccontaminantsin aquaticsystems
WillisGwenzi,NhamoChaukura, NorahMuisa-Zikali,KumbiraiMusiyiwa, andCharlesTeta
1.Introduction 67
2.Emergingorganiccontaminants 68
2.1Natureandanthropogenic sources68
2.2Overviewofemerging contaminants70
2.3Emergingcontaminantsdetectedin Africanaquaticsystems74
3.Behaviour,fate,andhumanhealth risks 75
3.1Behaviourandfate75
3.2Humanexposureandhealthrisks75
4.Removalofemergingcontaminants: Opportunitiesandchallenges 77
4.1Commonlyusedmethods77
4.2Advancedoxidationprocesses78
4.3Emergingtechniques78 4.4Economicconsiderations79
6.Anthropogenicrareearthelements inaquaticenvironments: Occurrence,behaviour,andfate
TerrenceWengaandWillisGwenzi
1.Introduction
2.Sourcesandoccurrence
2.1Overviewofindustrial applications88
2.2Occurrenceinaquaticsystems89
3.Behaviourandfateinaquatic systems 92
3.1Dissemination/transferprocesses92
3.2Biogeochemicalbehaviourand fate93
3.3Behaviourandfateinwastewaterand watertreatmentsystems94
4.Futureperspectivesandknowledge
7.(Micro)plasticsinaquaticsystems: Currentresearchfocalareas, under-studiedmatrices,andfuture directions
WillisGwenziandTinozivaT.Simbanegavi
1.Introduction 103
2.(Micro)plasticsinaquaticsystems 110
2.1Asummaryoftheevidence110
2.2Currentfocalresearchareas111
2.3Rationalefortheresearchtrends112
2.4(Micro)plasticresearchandthe ‘Matthew’orbandwagoneffect113
3.Futureresearchdirections:Ten(10)key knowledgegapson(micro)plasticsin aquaticsystems 114
3.1(Micro)plasticsindeepmarine systems114
3.2Stratification/depthvariationof (micro)plasticsinaquatic systems114
3.3Standardizationofresearch protocols114
3.4Wideningthebioassayorganisms/ species114
3.5Trophictransferandhealthrisksin aquaticsystems115
3.6COVID-19inducedoccurrenceand ecologicalimpactsof(micro) plastics115
3.7Impactsofregulatoryandpolicy interventions115
3.8Comparativebehaviourandfateof various(micro)plastics115
3.9(Micro)plasticemissionfactorsand loadsatnational,regional,and globalscales116
3.10Researchneedsinlow-income regions116
4.Conclusionsandoutlook 117 References 117
8.Antibiotic-resistantbacteriaand antibioticresistancegenesin aquaticsystems:Occurrence, behaviour,andfate
WillisGwenzi,KumbiraiMusiyiwa, LyndaMangori,NhamoChaukura,and AkebeLutherKingAbia
1.Introduction 121
2.Occurrenceofantimicrobialresistancein aquaticsystems 122
2.1Natureofantimicrobial resistance122
2.2Hotspotsourcesandreservoirs123
2.3Occurrenceinaquaticsystems123
3.Behaviourandfateofantimicrobial resistanceinaquaticsystems 124
3.1Abioticfactors124
3.2Bioticfactors126
3.3Antibioticresistanceinaquatic sediments127
4.Removalofantibioticresistancein wastewatertreatmentsystems 128
4.1ChlorinationandUVirradiation128
4.2Advancedprocesses129
4.3Low-costmethodsusedindeveloping countries129
5.Futureperspectivesandconclusions 130
5.1Knowledgegaps130
5.2Conclusionsandoutlook130 Authorcontributions 130 References 130
SectionD
Emergingcontaminantsin atmosphericsystems
9.Air-borneemergingcontaminants: Anunder-studiedreservoiranda potentialhealthrisk?
WillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 139
2.Air-borneemergingcontaminants 140
2.1Whyareair-borneemerging contaminantsrelativelyunderstudied?140
2.2Themechanismsor(bio)physics ofair-borneemerging contaminants140
3.Occurrenceofair-borneemerging contaminants 141
3.1Microplastics141
3.2Antimicrobialresistance143
3.3Emergingsyntheticorganic contaminants144
3.4High-technologyrareearth elements144
3.5Summaryandimplications145
4.Futureresearchdirections 145
5.Conclusionsandoutlook 147 References 148
10.Occurrence,behaviourandfateof airbornemicroplastics
NorahMuisa-ZikaliandMirandaMpeta
1.Introduction 151
2.Occurrence,natureandsources 152
2.1Occurrenceofairborne microplastics152
2.2Characteristicsofairborne microplastics156
2.3Sourcesofairbornemicroplastics157
3.Behaviour,transportandfateofairborne microplastics 159
3.1Degradationofplasticsintheair159
3.2Transportandfate160
4.Futuredirectionsandperspectives 164
4.1Occurrence,natureandsources164
4.2Behaviourandtransport164
4.3Samplingandanalysis165
5.Conclusionsandoutlook 165 References 165
SectionE
Ecologicalhealthrisks
11.Ecologicalhealthrisksofhightechnologyrareearthelements
TinozivaT.SimbanegaviandWillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 171
2.EcologicalhealthrisksofREEs 172
2.1Overviewofoccurrence,and exposureandhealthrisks172
2.2ImpactsofREEsonsoilecology178
2.3ImpactsofREEsonterrestrialplants andcrops184
2.4ImpactsofREEsinexperimental/ laboratoryanimals185
3.Ecologicalhealtheffectsonaquatic organisms 186
3.1Aquaticandmarineplants186
3.2Aquaticandmarineanimals187
3.3EcologicalhealthrisksofREE mixtures187
4.Futureperspectivesandresearch directions 188
4.1EcologicalhealthrisksofREEsin low-incomecountries188
4.2Keyknowledgegaps188
5.Conclusionandoutlook 190 References 190
12.Ecologicalhealthrisksofantibiotic resistance:Aperspectiveonthe evidence,challenges,andresearch needs
WillisGwenzi,AthenaDana,KarYernKam, NorAzimahMohdZain, TinozivaT.Simbanegavi,andPiotrRzymski
1.Introduction 195
2.Materialsandmethods 196
3.Occurrenceandbehaviourofantibiotic resistance 198
3.1Sourcesandoccurrence199
3.2Environmentalbehaviourand fate199
3.3Antibioticresistancemechanisms201
4.Environmentalandecologicalhealth risks 203
4.1Environmentalexposure pathways203
4.2Environmentalandecologicalhealth risks204
5.Futureresearchdirectionsand perspectives 207
5.1Keyknowledgegaps207
5.2Thehierarchicalorecosystem cascadeframeworkasarisk assessmenttool208
5.3Qualitativeandquantitativehealth riskassessment208
5.4Harnessingemergingandnovel monitoringandanalyticaltools209
6.Conclusionandoutlook 209 References 210
13.Ecologicalhealthrisksofemerging organiccontaminants
WillisGwenzi,TinozivaT.Simbanegavi, JerikiasMarumure,andZakioMakuvara
1.Introduction 215
2.Overviewofmethodology 225
3.Emergingorganiccontaminants 225
3.1Natureandsources225
3.2Propertiesandoccurrence227
3.3Behaviourandfate227
3.4IncreaseddischargeofEOCsinduced byCOVID-19228
4.Ecologicalhealthrisksonterrestrial systems 229
4.1Pharmaceuticalsandpersonalcare products229
4.2Endocrinedisruptingchemicals230
4.3Surfactants230
4.4Plasticizersandsolvents230
4.5Flameretardants231
4.6Illicitdrugs231
4.7COVID-19therapeuticdrugs231
5.EcologicalhealthrisksofEOCsinaquatic systems 231
5.1Pharmaceuticalsandpersonalcare products231
5.2Endocrinedisruptingchemicals232
5.3Surfactants232
5.4Plasticsandsolvents232
5.5Flameretardants233
5.6Illicitdrugs233
5.7COVID-19therapeuticdrugs233
5.8Ecologicalhealthrisksofinteraction ofEOCmixturesandotherhealth stressors234
6.Futureperspectivesandresearch directions 234
6.1Ecologicalhealthrisksinlow-income countries234
6.2Keyknowledgegaps235
7.Conclusionandoutlook 236 References 237
14.Occurrenceandecologicalhealth risksofmicroplastics
WillisGwenzi,TinozivaT.Simbanegavi, HilmanIbnuMahdi,NurIzyanWanAzelee, NorahMuisa-Zikali,and SelvasembianRangabhashiyam
1.Introduction 243
2.Environmentalandecologicalhealth risksofmicroplastics 244
2.1Soilphysico-chemicalproperties244
2.2Soilmicrobialandbiochemical processes246
2.3Soilecology246
2.4Plantsandcrops253
3.Ecologicalhealthrisksinaquatic systems 254
3.1Directimpactsofmicroplastics254
3.2Indirectimpactsofmicroplastics:The roleofchemicaladditives255
4.Interactiveeffectsofmicroplasticsand otherhealthstressors 255
4.1Microplasticsandinorganic/organic pollutants255
4.2Microplasticsandantimicrobial resistance261
4.3Microplasticsasasourceof co-selectionpressurefor microbialevolution261
5.Lookingahead:Futureperspectivesand researchdirections 262
5.1Acritiqueandlimitationsofcurrent evidenceonhealthrisks262
5.2Low-incomeversusdeveloped countries:Acomparisonandhandful ofhypotheses263
5.3Comparisonamongstudies:The challengesandacallforstandardized protocols264
5.4Cross-cuttingknowledgegaps264
6.Conclusionandoutlook 266 References 266
SectionF
Humanhealthrisks
15.Rareearthelements:Human exposure,riskfactors,andhealth risks
WillisGwenzi,ZakioMakuvara,and JerikiasMarumure
1.Introduction 273
2.Sourcesandoccurrence 275
2.1Industrialapplications275
2.2HotspotsourcesofREEs276
3.Humanexposurerisks 276
3.1REEoccurrenceinmediarelevantto humanexposure276
3.2Humanexposureroutes277
4.Humanhealthrisks 279
4.1Evidenceonhumanhealthrisks279
4.2Acriticalanalysisoftheevidence284
5.Futuredirectionsand perspectives 285
6.Conclusionsandoutlook 286 References 286
16.Occurrence,humanexposure pathways,andhealthrisksof (micro)plastics
NyaraiM.MupatsiandWillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 291
2.Occurrenceandhumanexposure pathways 292
2.1Environmentaloccurrence292
2.2Humanexposurepathways294
3.Humanhealthrisks 295
3.1Behaviourandfateof(micro)plastics inthehumanbody295
3.2Evidenceonthehumanhealthrisksof (micro)plastics296
3.3(Micro)plasticsasreservoirsoftoxic humancontaminants299
3.4Acritiqueoftheevidence300
4.Alookahead:Futureperspectivesand researchdirections 300
4.1Futureresearchdirections300
4.2Futureperspectivesand challenges300
4.3Futureresearchdirections302
5.Conclusionsandoutlook 303 References 304
17.Theenvironmentalresistome: Humanexposure,healthrisks,and researchneeds
WillisGwenziandMargaretSiyawamwaya
1.Introduction 307
2.Theenvironmentalantibiotic resistome 308
2.1Nature308
2.2Environmentaloccurrence310
2.3Theenvironmentalresistomeasa complexsystem311
3.Humanexposure 311
3.1Riskfactors311
3.2Humanexposure:Acaseofmultiple sources,routesandreceptors312
4.Humanhealthrisks 313
4.1Asummaryandcritiqueofthe evidence313
4.2Acallforempiricalevidence andOne-World-One-Health research314
5.Humanhealthriskassessment:Ahandful offrameworks 315
5.1Qualitativeriskassessment315
5.2Quantitativemicrobialrisk assessment315
5.3Omics-basedriskassessment316
5.4Ariskmitigationframework317
6.Futuredirectionsandperspectives 317
6.1Environmentalandpublichealth surveillanceinlow-income countries317
6.2Estimatingthehumanhealthburden oftheenvironmentalresistome317
6.3Theenvironmentalresistomeasa complexsystem317
6.4Alternativeantibiotictreatment317
6.5Beyondantibiotics:Theneedto considernon-antibioticantimicrobial resistance319
6.6Quantifyingthemagnitudeandextent ofhumanexposure319
6.7Buildingtechnicalandresearch capacityinlow-incomecountries319
7.Conclusionsandoutlook 319 References 320
SectionG Riskassessmentandmitigation
18.Healthriskassessmentand mitigationofemerging contaminants:Acallforan integratedapproach
WillisGwenzi,EdgarMuhoyi,and TamukaJ.Mukura
1.Introduction 325
2.Healthriskassessment 326
2.1Environmentalandpublic surveillancesystems326
2.2Healthriskassessmentprotocols327
3.Thehumanfactor,andregulatoryand policyperspectives 331
3.1Thehumanfactorasadriverof theemergingcontaminants industry331
3.2Softengineeringapproach331
3.3Regulatory,institutionalandpolicy frameworks331
3.4Economicinstrumentstomitigate emergingcontaminantsandtheir healthrisks331
4.Hardengineeringapproach 333
4.1Substitutionandremoval technologies333
4.2Recycling,recovery,reductionand reusetechnologies336
5.Futureresearchdirectionsand perspectives 336
5.1Acallforanintegrated approach338
5.2Knowledgegaps338
6.Conclusionandoutlook 339 References 340
19.Emergingcontaminants: Approachesforpolicyand regulatoryresponsesin low-incomecountries
OluwademiladeFayemiwoand KirstyCarden
1.Introduction 343
2.Theeffectsofemerging contaminants 344
2.1Thehealthburdenofemerging contaminants344
2.2Healthcareinvestmentsandaccessin sub-SaharanAfrica345
2.3Potentialimpactsofemerging contaminantsoneconomic growth346
3.Constraintsaffectingappropriate responses 347
3.1Lackofinstitutionalcapacity347
3.2Framing348
4.Recommendationsforaction 348
4.1Theprecautionaryprinciple348
4.2Fundingandcapacitybuilding349
4.3Strengtheningtheresearch–policy interfaceinLICs350
4.4Newapproachestoframing350
5.Conclusion 350 References 351
20.Remediationtechnologiesfor contaminatedsoilsystems
NhamoChaukura,E.S.Muzawazi, G.Katengeza,andAlaaElDinMahmoud
1.Introduction 353
2.Emergingorganiccontaminants 354
3.Decontaminationmethods 355
3.1Insituandexsitudecontamination methods355
3.2Bioremediation356
3.3Chemicalandphysicalmethods357
4.High-technologyelements 359
4.1Occurrenceofhightechnology elements359
4.2Removaltechniques360
4.3Extractionandrecoveryof high-technologyelements360
5.Mitigationofmicroplasticpollutionand itshealthrisksinsoilsystems 360
6.Antimicrobialresistance 361
7.Conclusionandfutureoutlook 362 References 362
21.Bio-andchemicalsurfactantsfor remediationofemergingorganic contaminants
UtibeA.Ofon,SolomonE.Shaibu, UduakU.Ndubuisi-Nnaji,EduJ.Inam, ImehJ.Okop,GodwinN.Enin, Nnanake-AbasiO.Offiong,and NnamsoD.Ibuotenang
1.Introduction 367
2.Overviewofemergingorganic contaminants 368
3.Overviewofsurfactant-aided remediationtechnologies 369
4.Surfactantsforremediationofemerging contaminants 369
4.1Syntheticchemicalsurfactants369
4.2Plant-derivedsurfactants370
4.3Biosurfactants374
5.Conclusionandoutlook 376 References 376
SectionH Theresearchagenda
22.Ten(10)keyresearchquestionson emergingcontaminantsandnovel entities,andtheirhealthrisks
WillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 383
2.Emergingcontaminantsandnovel entities 384
2.1Emergingcontaminants384
2.2Novelentities/technologies385
3.Cross-cuttingresearchquestions 386
3.1Globalpoolsandfluxesinthe terrestrial-aquatic-atmosphere continuum386
3.2Healthriskprioritization andrankingofemerging contaminantsandnovelentities386
3.3Acallforstandardizationof protocolstoenableglobalsynthesis ofdata386
3.4Globalecologicalhealthburdenand impactsonecosystemgoods, services,andbenefits389
3.5Thehumanfactor,andacallto social/behaviouralscientiststo activelyparticipateinresearchon emergingcontaminants389
3.6Quantitativeevidenceonhuman healthrisksandglobalhumanhealth burdenrelativetootherhealth stressors390
3.7Theneedtoshiftfromend-of-pipe approachestolifecycleassessment tools390
3.8Thehealthrisksofmixtures,andtheir interactionswithotherstressors390
3.9Ecologicalandhumanhealthrisks: Puttinglow-incomecountriesunder thespotlight390
3.10Riskcommunicationand mitigation391
4.Movingaheadonemerging contaminantsandnovelentities 391
5.Concludingremarks 393 References 393
23.Epilogue:Summary,thenextfrontieremergingcontaminants/ novelentities,andalookahead WillisGwenzi
1.Introduction 395
2.Asummaryofthestate-of-the-art 396
2.1Introduction396
2.2Emergingcontaminantsinthe terrestrial–aquatic–atmosphere continuum397
2.3Ecologicalandhealthrisksof emergingcontaminants397
2.4Riskassessmentandmitigation398
2.5Futureresearchneeds398
3.Alookahead:Futureperspectivesand challenges 398
3.1Novelentities:Thenext-frontier emergingcontaminants398
3.2Covid-19-inducedcomplexitiesand emergingcontaminants402
3.3Grandchallenges402
4.Concludingremarksand outlook 403 References 403 Index405
Contributors
Numbersinparenthesesindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’ contributionsbegin.
AkebeLutherKingAbia (121),DepartmentofMicrobiology,VendaUniversity,Thohoyando;Environmental ResearchFoundation,Westville,SouthAfrica
NurIzyanWanAzelee (243),SchoolofChemicaland EnergyEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,Universiti TeknologiMalaysia(UTM);InstituteofBioproduct Development(IBD),UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia, Skudai,Johor,Malaysia
KirstyCarden (343),FutureWaterInstitute,Universityof CapeTown,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
NhamoChaukura (47,67,121,353),Departmentof PhysicalandEarthSciences,SolPlaatjeUniversity, Kimberley,SouthAfrica
AthenaDana (195),DepartmentofBiosciences,Facultyof Science,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,JohorBahru, Johor,Malaysia
GodwinN.Enin (367),DepartmentofChemistry, UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
OluwademiladeFayemiwo (343),FutureWaterInstitute, UniversityofCapeTown,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
WillisGwenzi (3,17,29,47,67,87,103,121,139,171, 195,215,243,273,291,307,325,383,395), DepartmentofSoilScienceandEnvironment,Faculty ofAgriculture,Environment,andFoodSystems;BiosystemsandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearch Group,DepartmentofSoilScienceandAgricultural Engineering;BiosystemsandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchGroup,DepartmentofAgricultural andBiosystemsEngineering,FacultyofAgriculture, Environment,andFoodSystems,UniversityofZimbabwe,MountPleasant,Harare,Zimbabwe
NnamsoD.Ibuotenang (367),DepartmentofChemistry, UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
EduJ.Inam (367),DepartmentofChemistry;International CentreforEnergyandEnvironmentalSustainability Research(ICEESR),UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
KarYernKam (195),DepartmentofBiosciences,Faculty ofScience,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia, JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia
ArtwellKanda (17),DepartmentofEnvironmental Science,BinduraUniversityofScienceEducation, Bindura,Zimbabwe
G.Katengeza (353),ChemistryDepartment,BinduraUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Bindura,Zimbabwe
HilmanIbnuMahdi (243),PTGlobalAminesIndonesia, KabupatenGresik,EastJava,Indonesia
AlaaElDinMahmoud (353),EnvironmentalSciences Department;GreenTechnologyGroup,Facultyof Science,AlexandriaUniversity,Alexandria,Egypt
ZakioMakuvara (215,273),DepartmentofPhysics, GeographyandEnvironmentalScience,Schoolof NaturalSciences,GreatZimbabweUniversity,Masvingo,Zimbabwe
LyndaMangori (121),DepartmentofEnvironmental ScienceandTechnology,ChinhoyiUniversityofTechnology,Chinhoyi,Zimbabwe
JerikiasMarumure (215,273),DepartmentofPhysics, GeographyandEnvironmentalScience,Schoolof NaturalSciences,GreatZimbabweUniversity,Masvingo,Zimbabwe
NorAzimahMohdZain (195),DepartmentofBiosciences,FacultyofScience,UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia
MirandaMpeta (151),EnvironmentalEngineering Department,ChinhoyiUniversityofTechnology, Chinhoyi,Zimbabwe
MunyaradziMtisi (47),BiosystemsandEnvironmental EngineeringResearchGroup,DepartmentofAgriculturalandBiosystemsEngineering,FacultyofAgriculture,Environment,andFoodSystems,University ofZimbabwe,MountPleasant,Harare,Zimbabwe
EdgarMuhoyi (17,325),DepartmentofEconomicsand Development,FacultyofBusinessManagement
SciencesandEconomics,UniversityofZimbabwe, Harare,Zimbabwe
NorahMuisa-Zikali (67,151,243),DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,SchoolofAgriculturalSciencesandTechnology,ChinhoyiUniversityof Technology,Chinhoyi,Zimbabwe
TamukaJ.Mukura (17,325),DepartmentofEconomics andDevelopment,FacultyofBusinessManagement SciencesandEconomics,UniversityofZimbabwe, Harare,Zimbabwe
NyaraiM.Mupatsi (29,291),BiosystemsandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchGroup,DepartmentofAgriculturalandBiosystemsEngineering,Facultyof Agriculture,Environment,andFoodSystems,University ofZimbabwe,MountPleasant,Harare,Zimbabwe
KumbiraiMusiyiwa (67,121),DepartmentofCrop ScienceandPostHarvestTechnology,SchoolofAgriculturalSciencesandTechnology,ChinhoyiUniversity ofTechnology,Chinhoyi,Zimbabwe
E.S.Muzawazi (353),ChemistryDepartment,BinduraUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Bindura,Zimbabwe
UduakU.Ndubuisi-Nnaji (367),DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
Nnanake-AbasiO.Offiong (367),InternationalCentre forEnergyandEnvironmentalSustainabilityResearch (ICEESR),UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria;Collegeof NewEnergyandEnvironment,JilinUniversity, Changchun,People’sRepublicofChina;Departmentof ChemicalSciences,TopfaithUniversity,Mkpatak,Nigeria
UtibeA.Ofon (367),DepartmentofMicrobiology,UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
ImehJ.Okop (367),DepartmentofChemistry,Akwa IbomStateUniversity,IkotAkpaden,MkpatEnin, Nigeria
SelvasembianRangabhashiyam (243),Departmentof Biotechnology,SchoolofChemicalandBiotechnology, SASTRADeemedUniversity,Thanjavur,TamilNadu, India
PiotrRzymski (195),DepartmentofEnvironmentalMedicine,PoznanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Poznan, Poland
SolomonE.Shaibu (367),DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofUyo,Uyo,Nigeria
TinozivaT.Simbanegavi (103,171,195,215,243), DepartmentofSoilScienceandEnvironment,Faculty ofAgriculture,Environment,andFoodSystems;BiosystemsandEnvironmentalEngineeringResearch Group,DepartmentofAgriculturalandBiosystems Engineering,FacultyofAgriculture,Environment, andFoodSystems,UniversityofZimbabwe,Mount Pleasant,Harare,Zimbabwe
MargaretSiyawamwaya (307),DepartmentofPharmacy andPharmaceuticalSciences,FacultyofMedicineand HealthSciences,UniversityofZimbabwe,Harare, Zimbabwe
CharlesTeta (67),FutureWaterInstitute,FacultyofEngineeringandBuiltEnvironment,Universityof CapeTown,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
TerrenceWenga (87),DepartmentofSoilScienceand Environment,FacultyofAgriculture,Environment andFoodSystems,UniversityofZimbabwe, MountPleasant,Harare,Zimbabwe
