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Wible

Buckley | Walker | Quencer | Davis

THIRD EDITION

Brandt C. Wible, MD

Associate Professor

Section Head, Vascular & Interventional Radiology

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Saint Luke’s Hospital Kansas City, Missouri

Jennifer R. Buckley, MD, MBA

Assistant Professor

Vascular & Interventional Radiology

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Saint Luke’s Hospital Kansas City, Missouri

Keith B. Quencer, MD

Associate Professor

Dotter Interventional Institute

Oregon Health and Sciences University Portland, Oregon

T. Gregory Walker, MD, FSIR

Interventional Radiology Residency Program Director

Massachusetts General Hospital

Division of Interventional Radiology

Assistant Professor of Radiology

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Chad Davis, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology

Director of Interventional Oncology

Division of Interventional Radiology

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Iowa City, Iowa

Elsevier

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING: INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY, THIRD EDITION

Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier. All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-323-87757-2

Inkling: 978-0-323-87759-6

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Previous edition copyrighted 2018.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2022939124

Printed in Canada by Friesens, Altona, Manitoba, Canada

Dedication

To Helen, Brighton, Brayden, and family not-so-extended, for your continued faith, support, and encouragement.

Contributing Authors

Joseph A. Ronsivalle, DO, FSIR

Chairman, Medical Imaging

The Guthrie Clinic

Sayre, Pennsylvania

Joshua Kuban, MD

Associate Professor

Department of Interventional Radiology

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas

Anatoly Loskutov, MD

Assistant Professor

Vascular & Interventional Radiology

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Saint Luke’s Hospital Kansas City, Missouri

Christos Georgiades, MD, PhD, FSIR, FCIRSE

Professor of Radiology, Oncology & Surgery

Director, Interventional Oncology

Vascular & Interventional Radiology

The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

Kenneth H. Cho, MD, MBA

Chief, Interventional Radiology

Einstein Medical Center Montgomery East Norriton, Pennsylvania

Clinical Assistant Professor

Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Conrad Pun, MD

Clinical Associate Professor

Vascular and Interventional Radiology

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, Wisconsin

Clifford R. Weiss, MD, FSIR, FCIRSE

Professor of Radiology

Radiological Science and Biomedical Engineering

Medical Director of the Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland

Lee S. Cummings, MD

Surgical Director of Kidney Transplantation

Liver Transplant Surgeon

Surgical Director of HPB Surgery

Saint Luke’s Hospital

Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery

University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri

Matthew B. Wilkinson, MD, PhD

Abdominal Transplant and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery

Saint Luke’s Hospital

Assistant Professor of Surgery

University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri

Andrew Kolarich, MD

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Resident

The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland

Yvonne Tsitsiou, MBBS BSc (Hons)

Medical Student

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Amanda L. Scott, DO

Radiology Resident

Einstein Medical Center Montgomery East Norriton, Pennsylvania

Jessica L. Burris, BS

Medical Student

Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine Vallejo, California

Nicolas Cardenas, MD

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Resident

The University of Texas at Houston Medical School Houston, Texas

Wylie T. Foss, MD

Interventional Radiology Resident

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas

Ethan Yiyang Lin, MD

Interventional Radiology Fellow

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas

Christopher Bailey, MD

Nikhil Bhagat, MD

Scott M. Brannan, MD

Julia R. Crim, MD

Mandeep S. Dagli, MD

Suvranu Ganguli, MD

Jared Halpin, MD

Brian Holly, MD

Additional Contributors

Zubin Irani, MD

Ross Holwerda, MD

Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

Raymond W. Liu, MD

Coleman O. Martin, MD

Lara Mrak, MD, PhD

Franklin Nwoke, MD

A. Keith Rastogi, MD

Jessica Sanchez, MD

Nathan Saucier, MD

Ashraf Thabet, MD

Scott R. Shuldiner, MD

Derek S. Vien, MD

Stephan Wicky, MD

Steven Wu, MD

Preface

Welcome to Diagnostic Imaging: Interventional Radiology, third edition. Designed as a “howto” guide and searchable reference, this third edition is instrumental to both trainees and seasoned proceduralists. The text encompasses the extensive scope of vascular and nonvascular procedures expected of a busy interventional radiology practice, covering topics in a comprehensive yet straightforward fashion. Succinct text, bullet points, and subdivided chapters allow rapid search of pre- and postprocedural concepts. Formerly titled Diagnostic Imaging: Interventional Procedures, this retitled text highlights the breadth of procedures and comprehensive abilities of the specialists for which it was authored, while the format remains true to the first edition, created by T. Greg Walker, MD, FSIR.

Updates to our third edition include step-by-step demonstrations of procedures, hundreds of new high-quality fluoroscopic and diagnostic images, full-color clinical photographs and graphics, and in-depth corresponding image captions. Intraprocedural cautions, alternatives, and complications are described within the text and illustrated with specific case examples. Interventional techniques and equipment and expected procedural outcomes and procedurespecific references have been updated and optimized. Additionally, new chapters have been authored to cover procedures performed in the rapidly expanding field of interventional radiology, including thrombectomy of pulmonary embolism and insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters.

This edition contains valuable contributions from authors of diverse practice types, including those in private practice and those practicing at academic institutions, such as The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Dotter Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Iowa, University of Wisconsin, and University of Missouri-Kansas City.

I am eternally grateful to our team of authors for their dedication, expertise, and hard work. Additional credit and gratitude goes out to the team of editors and illustrators at Elsevier, setting the Diagnostic Imaging series of textbooks apart from any others currently available. Special acknowledgement and gratitude is due to my professional colleagues, including the technologists, nurses, staff, partners, and other professionals who I have the privilege of working alongside daily within the Saint Luke’s Health System.

The opportunity to author this textbook flush with case images and outstanding graphics has been extremely satisfying. I hope that you will find Diagnostic Imaging: Interventional Radiology, third edition, to be a valuable addition to your practice!

Associate Professor

Section Head, Vascular & Interventional Radiology

University of Missouri-Kansas City

Saint Luke’s Hospital

Kansas City, Missouri

Acknowledgments

LEAD EDITOR

Rebecca L. Bluth, BA

LEAD ILLUSTRATOR

Laura C. Wissler, MA

TEXT EDITORS

Arthur G. Gelsinger, MA

Nina Themann, BA

Terry W. Ferrell, MS

Megg Morin, BA

Kathryn Watkins, BA

Shannon Kelly, MA

ILLUSTRATIONS

Lane R. Bennion, MS

Richard Coombs, MS

IMAGE EDITORS

Jeffrey J. Marmorstone, BS

Lisa A. M. Steadman, BS

ART DIRECTION AND DESIGN

Cindy Lin, BFA

PRODUCTION EDITORS

Emily C. Fassett, BA

John Pecorelli, BS

Sections

SECTION 1: General Principles

SECTION 2: Venous, Portal, and Lymphatic Procedures

SECTION 3: Arterial Procedures

SECTION 4: Nonvascular Procedures

SECTION 5: Oncologic Procedures

SECTION 6: Posttransplant Procedures

SECTION 7: Pain Management

SECTION 8: Musculoskeletal Procedures

TABLEOFCONTENTS

170 ForeignBodyRetrieval

ChadDavis,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

174 PelvicVenousDisorders(PeVD)

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

188 RenalandAdrenalVeins:SamplingandIntervention

ChadDavis,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

ProceduralPatientManagement

AmandaL.Scott,DO,KennethH.Cho,MD,MBA,and

KeithB.Quencer,MD

18 RadiationSafety

ChadDavis,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

PROCEDURALTECHNIQUES

22 Angioplasty

BrandtC.Wible,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

30 ThrombolysisandThrombectomy

BrandtC.Wible,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

42 Embolization

BrandtC.Wible,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

54 Stents:Vascular

BrandtC.Wible,MD

66 Stents:Nonvascular

BrandtC.Wible,MD

70 EmbolicProtection

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

78 Atherectomy

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIRandBrandtC.Wible,MD

SECTION2:VENOUS,PORTAL,AND LYMPHATICPROCEDURES VENOUSACCESS

86 VenousAccess

AnatolyLoskutov,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

100 PeripherallyInsertedCentralCatheters

AnatolyLoskutov,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

106 Catheters,NontunneledandTunneled

AnatolyLoskutov,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

120 Ports

AnatolyLoskutov,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

VENOUSINTERVENTIONS

130 ThoracicCentralVenousIntervention

BrandtC.Wible,MD,ScottM.Brannan,MD,andStephan Wicky,MD

144 LowerExtremityandIliocavalIntervention

BrandtC.Wible,MD

158 VenaCavaFilterPlacementandRetrieval

BrandtC.Wible,MDandNathanSaucier,MD

KeithB.Quencer,MD

198 VenousSamplingandVenography:Endocrine, Nonadrenal

KeithB.Quencer,MD,T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR,and BrandtC.Wible,MD

202 AmbulatoryPhlebectomyandSclerotherapy

JosephA.Ronsivalle,DO,FSIR

206 SaphenousVeinAblation

JosephA.Ronsivalle,DO,FSIR

214 VascularMalformations

ScottR.Shuldiner,MD,ChristopherBailey,MD,and CliffordR.Weiss,MD,FSIR,FCIRSE

HEMODIALYSISACCESSMAINTENANCE

224 HemodialysisAccessSurveillanceandIntervention

KeithB.Quencer,MD

238 HemodialysisAccessDeclottingProcedures

KeithB.Quencer,MDandStevenWu,MD

246 PeritonealDialysisCatheterPlacement

KeithB.Quencer,MD

PORTALVENOUSINTERVENTIONS

258 TransjugularBiopsy

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandNathanSaucier,MD

262 TIPS

BrandtC.Wible,MD,NathanSaucier,MD,andSuvranu Ganguli,MD

276 BalloonOcclusionVaricealAblation

BrandtC.Wible,MD

286 PortalVeinEmbolization

WylieT.Foss,MD,JoshuaKuban,MD,andNathan Saucier,MD

294 PortalandHepaticVenousIntervention

EthanYiyangLin,MD,JoshuaKuban,MD,andJenniferR. Buckley,MD,MBA

LYMPHATICINTERVENTIONS

306 Lymphography

NikhilBhagat,MDandSuvranuGanguli,MD

310 ThoracicDuctEmbolization

NikhilBhagat,MDandSuvranuGanguli,MD

TABLEOFCONTENTS

SECTION3:ARTERIALPROCEDURES

GENERALCONSIDERATIONS

316 ArterialAccess

ChadDavis,MDandBrandtC.Wible,MD

326 ClosureDevices

BrandtC.Wible,MD,DerekS.Vien,MD,andT.Gregory Walker,MD,FSIR

332 AccessSiteComplicationsManagement

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

AORTA

338 ThoracicAortaandGreatVessels

BrandtC.Wible,MDandZubinIrani,MD

348 AbdominalAorta

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

358 ThoracicAorticEndografts

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR,BrandtC.Wible,MD,and ZubinIrani,MD

368 AbdominalAorticEndografts

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

380 EndoleakRepair

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

PULMONARYVASCULATURE

392 PulmonaryEmbolism

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

402 PulmonaryArteriovenousMalformations

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBA,ChristopherBailey,MD, andCliffordR.Weiss,MD,FSIR,FCIRSE

412 BronchialArteries

BrandtC.Wible,MD,MandeepS.Dagli,MD,andT. GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

ABDOMENANDPELVIS

420 UpperGastrointestinalHemorrhage

AndrewKolarich,MD,YvonneTsitsiou,andChristos

Georgiades,MD,PhD,FSIR,FCIRSE

434 LowerGastrointestinalHemorrhage

AndrewKolarich,MD,YvonneTsitsiou,andChristos

Georgiades,MD,PhD,FSIR,FCIRSE

448 MesentericIschemia

BrandtC.Wible,MDandRaymondW.Liu,MD

462 VisceralArteries

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR,FranklinNwoke,MD,and RaymondW.Liu,MD

472 RenalArteries:RevascularizationandExclusion

KeithB.Quencer,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

496 PelvicArteries:Revascularization

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

508 PelvicArteries:Exclusion

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

520 UterineArteryEmbolization

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

EXTREMITIES

530 UpperExtremity:VasculitisandRevascularization

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR,BrandtC.Wible,MD,and ZubinIrani,MD

540 UpperExtremityArteries:Exclusion

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIRandZubinIrani,MD

546 InfrainguinalArteries:Revascularization

KeithB.Quencer,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

556 InfrainguinalArteries:Exclusion

KeithB.Quencer,MDandT.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

564 ChronicTotalOcclusionRevascularization

T.GregoryWalker,MD,FSIR

CRANIALREVASCULARIZATION

576 StrokeTherapy

JaredHalpin,MDandColemanO.Martin,MD

584 CarotidandVertebralArteries

JaredHalpin,MD,ColemanO.Martin,MD,andT.Gregory Walker,MD,FSIR

SECTION4:NONVASCULAR PROCEDURES

GENERALCONSIDERATIONS

594 BiopsyProcedures

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

608 DrainageProcedures

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

GASTROINTESTINALINTERVENTIONS

628 Gastrostomy/Gastrojejunostomy

BrandtC.Wible,MD

640 GastrointestinalBalloonDilatationandStenting

BrandtC.Wible,MDandAshrafThabet,MD

BILIARYINTERVENTIONS

646 TranshepaticBiliaryInterventions

AmandaL.Scott,DO,KennethH.Cho,MD,MBA,and BrianHolly,MD

656 Cholecystostomy

ConradPun,MDandLaraMrak,MD,PhD

GENITOURINARYINTERVENTIONS

662 GenitourinaryInterventions

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBA,BrandtC.Wible,MD,and AshrafThabet,MD

676 FertilityandSterilityInterventions

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

SPINALINTERVENTIONS

682 LumbarPuncture,Myelogram,andCSFLeaks

BrandtC.Wible,MD,RossHolwerda,MD,andColeman

O.Martin,MD

686 VertebralAugmentationandSacroplasty

BrandtC.Wible,MD

TABLEOFCONTENTS

SECTION5:ONCOLOGICPROCEDURES

700 PercutaneousTumorAblation

NicolasCardenas,MD,JessicaL.Burris,BS,andJoshua Kuban,MD

716 HepaticChemoembolization

ChadDavis,MDandMandeepS.Dagli,MD

728 HepaticRadioembolization

ChadDavis,MD

740 RenalAblationandEmbolization

JosephA.Ronsivalle,DO,FSIRandAshrafThabet,MD

750 ThoracicAblationandEmbolization

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBA,BrandtC.Wible,MD,and AshrafThabet,MD

758 MusculoskeletalAblationandEmbolization

BrandtC.Wible,MDandAshrafThabet,MD

SECTION6:POSTTRANSPLANT PROCEDURES

766 TransplantKidneyProcedures

BrandtC.Wible,MD,LeeS.Cummings,MD,andMatthew B.Wilkinson,MD,PhD

778 TransplantLiverProcedures

BrandtC.Wible,MD,MatthewB.Wilkinson,MD,PhD, andLeeS.Cummings,MD

SECTION7:PAINMANAGEMENT

790 TransforaminalNerveBlocks

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBA,ConradPun,MD,and DonaldV.LaBarge,III,MD,MBA

796 FacetBlocks

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBA,ConradPun,MD,and DonaldV.LaBarge,III,MD,MBA

802 CeliacPlexusBlock

JenniferR.Buckley,MD,MBAandBrandtC.Wible,MD

SECTION8:MUSCULOSKELETAL PROCEDURES

810 ShoulderArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,A.KeithRastogi,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

814 ElbowArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,JessicaSanchez,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

818 WristArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,A.KeithRastogi,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

822 SacroiliacJointArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,A.KeithRastogi,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

824 HipArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,JessicaSanchez,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

830 KneeArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,JessicaSanchez,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

834 AnkleArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,A.KeithRastogi,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

838 FootArthrography

BrandtC.Wible,MD,JuliaR.Crim,MD,andJessica Sanchez,MD

842 TherapeuticJointInjections

BrandtC.Wible,MD,A.KeithRastogi,MD,andJuliaR. Crim,MD

Wible

Buckley | Walker | Quencer | Davis

Pharmacologics

KEYFACTS

TERMINOLOGY

•Seetableswithinchapter

○Procedure-specificprophylacticantibiotic recommendations

○Contrastreactiontreatment

PREPROCEDURE

•ReliableIVaccessalmostalwaysdesiredbeforebeginning procedure

○Allowsforrapidandreliabledeliveryofmedications

•Labelallmedicationsinproceduralfield

○Usingdistinctsyringesfordifferentmedicationsmayalso limitmedicationconfusion

PROCEDURE

•Perform"time-out"priortoprocedure

○Confirmpatientallergies

○Providepretreatmentforcontrastallergies

•Useclosed-loopcommunicationwithstafftoverify medications

•Ifmedicationnothavingexpectedeffect,checkIVtubing

○Tubingmaybedisconnected,kinked,oroccluded

○IVmaybeinfiltratingintosubcutaneoustissue

○Givingadditionaldoseswithoutcheckingtubingcan resultinoverdosingmedications

•Bepreparedtotreatallergicreactionstocontrastor medications

•Havereversalmedicationsavailable

POSTPROCEDURE

•Documentanynewcontrastormedicationallergies

○Updatepatient'smedicalrecord

•Monitorpatientsreceivingsedationoranalgesia

•Explainpostproceduremedicationstopatientsandtheir supportindividual(s)

MedicationsandColor-CodedSyringes
Allmedicationsonthesterilefieldareappropriatelylabeled.Color-codedsyringesmayalsobeusedtodecreasethechanceofmedication confusionanderror.

Pharmacologics

PREPROCEDURE

Analgesia/PainManagement

•Opioids

○Causesrespiratorydepression;secondaryeffectscan producesedation

○ Opioidreversalagent:Naloxone(Narcan)

–Typicaldose:0.1-0.2mgIVq2-3min

– Reversalagentmaywearoffbeforeopioid;must continuetomonitorpatientcloselyandmay requireadditionaldoses

○Fentanyl(Sublimaze):Opioid

–Mostcommonchoiceforinterventionalprocedures

–Rapidonset(withinmin);lasts30-60min

–Typicalinitialdose:25-100μgIV;redoseasneeded

○Hydrocodone:Opioid

–Typicaldose:5-10mgPO

○Hydromorphone(Dilaudid):Powerfulopioid

–Typicaldose:0.5-2.0mgIVor2-4mgPO

○Morphine:Opioid

–Typicaldose:2-10mgIV

○Oxycodone(Roxicodone):Opioid

–Typicaldose:5mgPO

○Tramadol(Ultram):Opioidformoderatepain

–Typicaldose:50-100mgPO

○Meperidine(Demerol):Opioid

–Usedtotreatrigors

–Typicaldose:25-50mgIVor50-150mgIM

•Ketorolac(Toradol):PowerfulNSAID

○Typicaldose:15-30mgIVq6hror30-60mgIMq6hror 10mgPOq4-6hr

○Cautioninpatientswithrenaldysfunction

○UseofNSAIDsmayhelpdecreaseopioidneed

Antibiotics

•Ampicillin(Omnipen):Broad-spectrumaminopenicillin

○Typicaldose:250-500mgPOq6hror1-2gIVq4-6hr

•Ampicillin/sulbactam(Unasyn):Addsβ-lactamaseinhibitor

○Typicaldose:1.5-3gIVq6hr

•Bacitracin:Concentrationof5,000-10,000units/mLmaybe flushedintoportpocket/centralvenouscathetertunnel

•Cefazolin(Ancef):1st-generationcephalosporin

○Typicaldose:1-2gIVwithin1hrofprocedure

•Cefotetan(Cefotan):2nd-generationcephalosporin

○Typicaldose:1-2gIV

•Ceftriaxone(Rocephin):3rd-generationcephalosporin

○Typicaldose:1gIV

•Ciprofloxacin(Cipro):Fluoroquinolone

○Typicaldose:250-500mgPO2xdailyx5-7days

•Clindamycin(Cleocin):Lincosamide

○Typicaldose:600-900mgPOorIV

○ Alternativeforpatientsallergictopenicillins

•Gentamicin(Garamycin):Aminoglycoside

○Typicaldose:1.5mg/kgIV

○Usuallygivenincombinationwithampicillin – Maybegivenwithvancomycinorclindamycinin patientsallergictopenicillins

•Metronidazole(Flagyl):Nitroimidazole

○Typicalloadingdose:1gor15mg/kgIV

○Typicalmaintenancedose:500mgor7.5mg/kgIVorPO

•Moxifloxacin:Fluoroquinolone

○Typicaldose:400mgPOdaily

•Piperacillin/tazobactam(Zosyn):Broad-spectrumpenicillin withβ-lactamaseinhibitor

○Typicaldose:3.375gIV

•Vancomycin(Vancocin):Glycopeptide

○Typicaldose:1gor15mg/kgIV

○ Alternativeforpatientsallergictopenicillins

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet

•Apixaban(Eliquis):Directoralanticoagulant(factorXa inhibitor)

○Deepveinthrombosis(DVT/pulmonaryembolism(PE) dosing:10mgPO2xdailyforfirst7days,then5mgPO 2xdaily

○Maydecreaseto2.5mg2xdailyafter6months

○Reversedwithandexanetalfa

•Clopidogrel(Plavix):Thienopyridineplateletinhibitor

○300mgPOloadingdoseondayofstentplacement

○75mgPOdailyfollowingstentplacement

•Enoxaparin(Lovenox):Low-molecular-weightheparin

○Typicaldose:40mgsubcutaneousdailyforDVT prophylaxis

○1mg/kgsubcutaneous2xdailyforDVTtreatment

•Heparin:Indirectthrombininhibitor;immediateonset,lasts 60-90min

○Intraproceduraldose

–Weight-basednomogram:80units/kgbodyweight

–Standard-carenomogram:5,000unitsIV

–Decreasedincasesofelevatedprothrombintime, warfarin,orlowpatientweight

○Continuousinfusion:Titratetopartialthromboplastin timelevelof1.5-2.5xnormal

–Weight-basednomogram:80units/kgbodyweight bolus,18units/kg/hrIVinfusion

–Standard-carenomogram:5,000unitsIVbolus,8001,600units/hrIVinfusion

○Monitorforheparin-inducedthrombocytopenia(HIT)

○Reversedwithprotaminesulfate

–Typicaldose:10mg/1,000unitsheparin,decreased basedontimesincelastheparinadministration

•Rivaroxaban(Xarelto):Directoralanticoagulant(factorXa inhibitor)

○DVT/PEtreatment:15mgPO2xdailyforfirst21days, then20mgPO1xdaily

○Maydecreaseto10mg1xdailyafter6months

○Reversedwithandexanetalfa

•Tissueplasminogenactivator(Alteplase):Thrombolytic; thoroughlyevaluatepatientforpotentialcontraindications

○Typicaldose:0.5-1.0mg/hr,catheter-directed thrombolysis

○Typicaldose:Upto10mglacedintothrombusfor pharmacomechanicalthrombolysis

•Warfarin(Coumadin):VitaminKantagonist;effectlasts~5 days

○Typicalinitialdose:2-5mgdailyx1-2days

○Titratedosetointernationalnormalizedratio(INR)goal, typically2-3forDVT/PE

Anxiolysis/Sedation

•Benzodiazepines

Pharmacologics

General Principles

○Monitorforrespiratorydepression,ensureNPOstatus

○ Benzodiazepinereversalagent:Flumazenil (Romazicon)

–Typicaldose:0.2mgIVrepeatedqminuteasneeded; maximumdose:1mg

– Reversalagentmaywearoffbefore benzodiazepine;mustcontinuetomonitorpatient closelyandmayrequireadditionaldoses

○Lorazepam(Ativan):Benzodiazepine

–Typicaldose:0.5-2.0mgIVorPO

–2-4mgIVforseizures/statusepilepticus

○Midazolam(Versed):Benzodiazepine

–Mostcommonmedicationusedforsedation

–Onset2-4min,lasts45-60min

–Typicallydosedin0.5-to1.0-mgIVboluses

BloodGlucoseManagement

•Hyperglycemicmanagement

○Insulin(shortacting):Typicaldose:5-10units

subcutaneous

•Hypoglycemiamanagement

○Dextrose

–Typicaldose:25g(50mL)of50%dextrose(D50W)IV

–Canalsoorder15-gtabletsor4-ozjuicePO

○Glucagon:Typicaldoseof1mgIV,IM,orsubcutaneous

BloodPressureManagement

•Acuteantihypertensives

○Hydralazine:Vasodilator,mayincreaseheartrate

–Typicaldose:20mgIV;onset10-20min

–Repeatasneeded,mayincreasedose

○Labetalol(Trandate):Nonselectiveβ-blocker,caution withCOPD/asthma

–Typicaldose:20mgIV;onset5(peak10-15)min

–Lowersheartrate

○Metoprolol(Lopressor):β1-blocker

–Typicaldose:5mgIV;mayrepeat3x

•Vasopressors

○Epinephrine

–Typicaldose:0.05-2.00μg/kg/min;titratetoblood pressure(BP)goal

○Norepinephrine(Levophed)

–Initialinfusion:8-12μg/min;titratetoBPgoal

–Typicalmaintenanceinfusion:2-4μg/min

○Phenylephrine

–Initialinfusion:100-180μg/min;titratetoBPgoal

–Typicalmaintenanceinfusion:40-60μg/min

BloodProductsandVolumeResuscitation

•Albumin:Volumeexpander

○Availableas5%or25%

○Commonlygivenafterparacentesis>5L

–Typicaldose:6-8g/Lofasciticfluidremoved

•Freshfrozenplasma(FFP)

○Containsallcoagulationfactors

○UsedtocorrectINRforpatientstakingwarfarinwho needemergentorurgentprocedure

–Alsousedonpatientswithmultiplefactordeficiencies

•Normalsaline:Typicalbolusof1L,oftenreducedinCHF

•Platelets:Typicaldose:1apheresisunitor6pooledunits

○Raisesplateletcountby~30,000-60,000/μL

•Redbloodcells:1unitincreaseshemoglobinby~1g/dL

ContrastReactionManagement

•Albuterolinhaler:βagonist

○Typicaldose:2puffs(180μg),repeatupto3x

•Dextrose

○PO:2sugarpackets,15-gtablets,or4-ozjuice

○IV:1-amp(25-g)D50W

•Diphenhydramine(Benadryl):Antihistamine

○Typicaldose:50mgPOorIV

•Epinephrine:Multipledoseoptions

○0.1mg(1mL)of1:10,000IV

–Canrepeatupto1mgtotal

○0.3mg(0.3mL)of1:1,000IM

–Canrepeatupto1mgtotal

•Furosemide(Lasix):Typicaldose:20-40mgIV

•Glucagon:Typicaldose:1mgIM

•Labetalol:Typicaldose:20mgIV

•Lorazepam(Ativan):Typicaldose:2-4mgIV

•Nitroglycerin:Typicaldose:0.4mgsublingual

○Canrepeatq5-10min

ContrastReactionPretreatment

•Electivepremedication

○Option1

–Prednisone:50mgPOat13,7,and1hrbefore contrast

–Optional:Diphenhydramine(Benadryl)50mgIVorPO 1hrbeforecontrast

–IfpatientcannottakePOmedication,caninsteaduse 200-mghydrocortisoneIVforeachdoseof prednisone

○Option2

–Methylprednisolone(Medrol):32mgPOat12and2 hrbeforecontrast

–Optional:Diphenhydramine(Benadryl):50mgIVor PO1hrbeforecontrast

•Emergencypremedication

○Preferredregimen:Ideally,give1stdoseofsteroid4-5hr beforecontrast

–Methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate(Solu-Medrol): 40mg;orhydrocortisonesodiumsuccinate(SoluCortef):200mgIVimmediately,thenq4hruntil contrastgiven

–Diphenhydramine(Benadryl):50mgIV1hrbefore contrast

○2nd-choiceregimen:Ideally,give1stdoseofsteroid4-5 hrbeforecontrast

–Dexamethasonesodiumsulfate(Decadron):7.5mgIV immediately,thenq4hruntilcontrast

–Diphenhydramine(Benadryl):50mgIV1hrbefore contrast

○Leastpreferableregimen:Useinemergencysituation whenthereisnottimefor≥4-to5-hrpremedication regimen

–Methylprednisolonesodiumsuccinate(Solu-Medrol): 40mg;orhydrocortisonesodiumsuccinate(SoluCortef):200mgIV1hrbeforecontrastadministration

–Diphenhydramine50mgIV1hourbeforecontrast administration

Pharmacologics

○IVsteroidshavenotbeenproventobeeffectivewhen given<4-to5-hrpriortocontrastadministration;using anyregimenofshorterdurationshouldbereservedfor emergencysituationwithoutotheralternatives

Gastrointestinal

•Antinausea/antiemetics

○Ondansetron(Zofran):Serotoninreceptorblocker

–Typicaldose:4-8mgIV,4-16mgPO

○Prochlorperazine(Compazine):Antipsychotic

–Typicaldose:5-10mgIVorPO

○Promethazine(Phenergan):Antihistaminewithsedative effect

–Typicaldose:12.5-25mgIVorPO

○Metoclopramide(Reglan):Prokinetic

–Typicaldose:10mgIV,10-15mgPO

•Halt/decreaseGIperistalsis

○Glucagon:ImprovesDSAimaging(e.g.,GIbleedstudy), improvesgastricinsufflation(gastrostomy)

–Typicaldose:0.5-1mgIV

–Increasesbloodglucose,cautionindiabeticpatients

HeartRateManagement

•Tachycardiaduetoatrialfibrillation

○Diltiazem(Cardizem):Calciumchannelblocker

–Typicaldose:20mgIV;canrepeatdosewith25mgq 15minutes

○Propranolol(Inderal):β-blocker

–Typicaldose:1mgIV;mayrepeatdoseafter2min; maxdose:2mgq4hr

•Bradycardiamanagement

○Atropine:Anticholinergicagent

–Typicaldose:0.5-1mgIV

HyperkalemiaManagement

•Calciumgluconate

○Typicaldose:500mgto2gIV

•Short-actinginsulin(NovoLog,Humalog)

○Typicaldose:5-10unitsIV;givewithsugartoprevent hypoglycemia

LocalAnesthesia

•Lidocaine:Amideanesthetic

○Usually1-2%,±epinephrine

○Maxsubcutaneousdose:4.5mg/kgupto300mg withoutepinephrine,7mg/kgupto500mgwith epinephrine

○Upto10mgmayalsobegivenintraarteriallypriorto embolization(e.g.,uterinearteryembolization, chemoembolization)

•Chloroprocaine:Esteranesthetic

○Maybeusedforpatientswithlidocaineallergies

○Maxsubcutaneousdose:11mg/kgupto800mg withoutepinephrine,14mg/kgupto1,000mgwith epinephrine

Miscellaneous

•Octreotide:Somatostatinanaloggivenpriortoadrenal biopsyorlocoregionaltherapyofhormonallyactive neuroendocrinetumors

○Typicaldose:200μgsubcutaneous

ReversalAgents

•Benzodiazepinereversal

○Flumazenil(Romazicon):Benzodiazepineantagonist

–Typicaldose:0.2mgIVq1min

□Repeatdoseq1minformaxdoseof1mg

– Maybeshorteractingthanbenzodiazepines

□ Patientmustbecloselymonitoredandmayneed multipledoses

•Directoralanticoagulant/factorXainhibitorreversal

○Andexanetalfa(recombinantmodifiedfactorXaprotein)

○Low-doseprotocol:Useiflastapixabandosewas≤5mg, lastrivaroxabandosewas≤10mg,orlastdoseofeither medicationwas>8hrprior

–400-mgIVbolusgivenat30mg/minfollowedby4 mg/mininfusionforupto2hr

○High-doseprotocol:Useiflastapixabandosewas>5mg andwithin8hr,orlastrivaroxabandosewas>10mgand within8hr

–800-mgIVbolusgivenat30mg/minfollowedby8 mg/mininfusionforupto2hr

•Heparinreversal

○Protaminesulfate

–Typicaldose:10mg/1,000unitsheparingiven

□Dosemaybedecreasedbasedontimesincelast heparinadministration

•Opioidreversal

○Naloxone(Narcan):Opioidantagonist

–Typicaldose:0.1-0.2mgIVq2-3min

Oftenshorteractingthanopioids

□ Patientmustbecloselymonitoredandmayneed multipledoses

–Maycausenausea,withdrawal

•Warfarinreversal

○VitaminK(phytonadione)

–Typicaldose:1.0-2.5mgPO

○FFPforemergentreversal

Sclerosants

•Sodiumtetradecylsulfate(STS)(Sotradecol):3%

concentration

○Createfoammixture(3air:2STS:1lipiodol)

○Maximum0.5mL/kgor20mLpersession

○Cannecroseskinandmucosa

•Bleomycin

○Typicaldose:1-unit/ccfoam(e.g.,6-unitsbleomycinin1mLsaline+1-mLalbumin+4-mLair)

○Cancausepotentiallypermanentdiscolorationofskinin areasofminorskintrauma;avoidskintapeoranyother adhesiveonskinduringtimeofprocedure

•Ethanol:Strongsclerosant,usecaution

○Typicaldose:25-50%ofestimatedvolumetosclerose

○Maximum<0.5mL/kgor40mLpersession

○Nervedamage,necrosisofskin/mucosacardiovascular collapse/deathpossible

VasospasmManagement

•Nitroglycerin:Vasodilator

○Typicaldose:100-200μgIVorIA

•Verapamil:Calciumchannelblocker

○Typicaldose:2.5mgIVorIA

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