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Developmentin WastewaterTreatment Researchand Processes

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Developmentin WastewaterTreatment Researchand Processes

InnovativeMicrobe-Based ApplicationsforRemovalof ChemicalsandMetalsin WastewaterTreatmentPlants

Editedby MaulinP.Shah

SeniorEnvironmentalMicrobiologist,EnvironmentalMicrobiology Lab,Bharuch,Gujarat,India

SusanaRodriguez-Couto DepartmentofSeparationScience,LUTSchoolofEngineering Science,LUTUniversity,Mikkeli,Finland

RitiThaparKapoor

AssistantProfessor(Grade-III),AmityInstituteofBiotechnology, AmityUniversity,UttarPradesh,India

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TypesetbyTNQTechnologies

SubhasishDuttaandJoyaniBhattacharjee

2.1Azodyes

2.2Aciddye

2.3Basicdye

2.4Directdye...

3.1Adsorption...

3.3Emergingphysicalmethodforthetreatmentoftextile

4.1Microﬁltration...

4.2Reverseosmosis

5.3Cucurbitiril..

5.4Sodiumhypochlorite

5.5Recentbiochemicaltrend...

7.1Degradationwithbacteria...

7.2Degradationwithalgalculture.

7.3Degradationwithyeast. .............................................16

7.4Degradationwithfungi. .............................................16

7.5Degradationwithwhite-rotfungi .................................16

7.6Enzymesystemofwhite-rotfungi.. .............................17

CHAPTER2Anapproachtowarddevelopingcleangreen

SubhasishDuttaandPitamChakrabarti

2.3Lead

2.4Nickel..

3.4Mycoremediation,erasingenvironmentalpollutants..

3.5Bioventingandbiosparging

3.6Cyanoremediation.

CHAPTER3Microbialdegradationofpesticides:microbial

SangeetaKumari,DeepakKumarand S.M.PaulKhurana

4 Typesofbioremediationtechnologies.. .................................50

4.1Bioremediationfactors.. .............................................52

5 Biochemicalmechanismofpesticidesbioremediation.. ............52

5.1Inference .................................................................54 References... ....................................................................60

CHAPTER4Biodegradationandphotocatalysisof pharmaceuticalsinwastewater ..............................69 SalmanFarissi,SnehaRamesh, MuthukumarMuthuchamyandAnbazhagiMuthukumar

1 Introduction. ....................................................................69

1.1Pharmaceuticals. .......................................................70

2 Biodegradation.. ...............................................................71

3 Biodegradationapproachesforthetreatmentof pharmaceuticalwastes... .....................................................72

3.1Bacterialdegradation .................................................72

3.2Fungaldegradation.. ..................................................73

3.3Enzymaticdegradation.. .............................................74

4 Factorsaffectingthebiodegradationofpharmaceuticals.... .......77

4.1Photocatalysis... .......................................................78

4.2Processenhancementconditions ..................................84

4.3Recentadvancementsandapproaches... ........................85

4.4Photoelectrocatalyticoxidation. ...................................88

5 Conclusion... ....................................................................92 References... ....................................................................93

CHAPTER5Recenttrendsinthemicrobialdegradationand bioremediationofemergingpollutantsin wastewatertreatmentsystem .................................99 JayshreeAnnamalai,SabeelaBeeviUmmalymaand AshokPandey

1 Introduction. ....................................................................99

2 Emergingpollutantsasmicropollutants ...............................100

2.1Pharmaceuticals. .....................................................101

2.2Pesticides ..............................................................102

2.3Plasticizers.. ..........................................................106

2.4Brominatedﬂameretardants .....................................107

2.5Perﬂuorinatedcompounds.. ......................................108

3 Fateofemergingmicropollutantsinaqueous environment. ..................................................................109

4 Microbialdegradationofmicropollutants. ...........................111

4.1Degradationpathwaysandmetabolicresiduesof phthalateesters .......................................................111

5 Microbialcellsandtheirenzymesinwastewatertreatment.....112

5.1Bacteriaandfungi. ..................................................114

5.2Microalgae ............................................................116

6 Perspectivesofmicrobialdegradationandchallenges ............117

7 Advancementsinmicrobialcell-basedwastewatertreatment..117

7.1Geneticengineering...

7.2Biogenicnanoparticles .............................................118

1.1Typesofdyes..

1.2Textiledyesandtheirimpactontheenvironment

1.3Methodsforthetreatmentoftextiledyes.

1.4Biologicaltreatment... .............................................134

1.5Decolorizationtreatmentofdispersedtextiledyes ........144

1.6Conclusionandoutlook... ........................................145 References. ....................................................................146 CHAPTER7Importanceandapplicationsofbioﬁlmin

2.2Mechanismofbioﬁlmformation..

2.3Factorsaffectingbioﬁlmformation ............................157

2.4Bioﬁlmformedbydifferentmicrobialspecies

6 Typesofpollutantsremediatedbybioﬁlms. .........................164

7 Applicationofbioﬁlminbioremediation .............................165

7.1Persistentorganicpollutants(POPs) ...........................165

7.2Inorganicpollutants:heavymetalsandsyntheticdyes...166

7.3Oil-contaminatedwater. ...........................................167

7.4Pharmaceuticalandpersonalcareproducts(PPCPs).....168

7.5Pesticides ..............................................................168

8 Challengesinbioﬁlmmediatedbioremediation ....................169 References... ..................................................................170

CHAPTER8Microorganism:anecofriendlytoolforwaste managementandenvironmentalsafety .................175

ShubhangiParmar,SagarDaki,SourishBhattacharya andAnupamaShrivastav

1 Introduction. ..................................................................175

2 Typesofwastesanditssources .........................................176

3 Roleofmicroorganismsinwastemanagement. ....................177

3.1Sewagetreatment.... ................................................178

3.2Energyproduction... ................................................178

3.3Treatmentofsoil ....................................................178

3.4Oilspillstreatment.. ................................................179

4 Advantagesofbioremediationoverconventionalmethods. .....179

5 Differentapproachesformicrobialwastemanagement ..........181

5.1Bioleaching. ..........................................................182

5.2Bioaugmentation.....................................................182

5.3Biostimulation... .....................................................183

5.4Bioventing... ..........................................................183

5.5Biopiles. ...............................................................184

5.6Bioﬁltration. ..........................................................184

5.7Microbeassistedphytoremediation. ...........................185

6 Treatmentofwastewaterusingmicrobes .............................186

6.1Bacteria. ...............................................................186

6.2Algae. ...................................................................186

6.3Fungi ....................................................................189

7 Challengesinmicrobialwastemanagementby bioremediation... .............................................................189

8 Roleofindigenousmicroorganismsforenvironmental protection ......................................................................190

9 Conclusion... ..................................................................191 References... ..................................................................191

3.1Lignindegradationbyfungi......................................199

3.2Lignindegradationbybacteria

7 Sourcesofligninolyticenzymes... ....................................227

8 Applicationofligninolyticenzymes.. ...............................228

8.1Deligniﬁcationoflignocelluloses... .........................229

8.2Removalofrecalcitrantpolyaromatichydrocarbons...229

8.3Conversionofcoaltolowmolecularmassfraction ....230

8.4Biopulpingandbiobleachinginpaperindustry ..........230

8.5Polymerizationinpolymerventures ........................231

8.6Biodegradationofcolors... ....................................231

8.7Wastewatertreatment... .........................................232

8.8Soiltreatment... ...................................................233

8.9Lignolyticenzymesapplicationsinvarious industries ............................................................234

8.10Roleofligninolyticenzymesinlignindegradation .....235 9 Improvementstrategiesforligninolyticenzymeproduction..236

MohitaChugh,LakhanKumar,DeeptiBhardwajand NavneetaBharadvaja

2.3Textilesindustries

3.1Arsenic...

3.2Lead..

3.3Mercury..

CHAPTER12Membraneproteinsmediatedmicrobialelectrochemicalremediationtechnology.............265 Jesu ´ sPe´rez-Garcıá,JavierBacame-Valenzuela, DianaMayraSańchezLo ´ pez, Jose ´ deJesu´sGo´mez-Guzma ´ n, MarthaLeticiaJimeńezGonza´lez, LuisOrtiz-FradeandYolandaReyes-Vidal

2.1Microbial-electrochemicalsystemsfor bioremediation .....................................................268

3 Membraneproteincomplexinelectrogenicbacteriafor bioremediation... ..........................................................270

3.1Respiratorycomplexesof Shewanellaoneidensis and heavymetalsbiodegradation... ................................270

3.2Redoxmediatorsof Pseudomonasaeruginosa in environmentalbioremediation. ................................272

3.3 Geobactersulfurreducens cytochromesand nanowiresinheavymetalsreduction.. ......................272

4.1Oxidoreductases... ................................................274

4.2Peroxidases..........................................................274

4.3Oxygenases..........................................................275

4.4Monooxygenases.. ................................................275

4.5Methaneoxygenase(MMO)... ................................276

4.6Laccases..............................................................276

5 Electrochemicalcharacterizationofredoxenzymes ............277

5.1Cyclicvoltammetry ...............................................277

5.2Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)... .......278

5.3Coupledspectroscopicandelectrochemical techniques. ..........................................................279

CHAPTER13Bioremediationstrategiestoovercomeheavy metalsandradionuclidesfromthe environment.......................................................287

SanchayitaBasu,PujaitaBanerjee,SudeshnaBanerjee, BhaswatiGhosh,ArunimaBhattacharjee,DipanjanRoy, PragatiSinghandAshutoshKumar

1 Introduction .................................................................287

2 Microbialinteractionswithradionuclidesandheavymetals.289

3 Organismsinvolvedinbioremediation ..............................292

4 Bioremediationofheavymetalsandradionuclides... ..........295

5 Limitationsandfutureprospects.. ....................................297

6 Conclusion ..................................................................298 References. ..................................................................298

CHAPTER14Microbialremediationoftannerywastewater ......303

LakhanKumar,Khushbu,MohitaChughand NavneetaBharadvaja

1 Introductiontotanneries.. ..............................................303

2 Characteristicsoftannerywastewater ..............................305

3 Environmentalandhealthimpacts ...................................305

4 Wastewatertreatmentmethodsadoptedintanneries.. ..........308

4.1Physicochemicalremediationoftannerywastewater constituents.. ........................................................310

4.2Biologicaltreatmentorbioremediationoftannery wastewater... ........................................................312

5 Microbialremediation ...................................................312

5.1Bacterialremediationoftanneryefﬂuent constituents.. ........................................................313

5.2Phycoremediationoralgalremediationoftannery wastewaterconstituents. .........................................317

5.3Fungalremediationormycoremediationoftannery wastewaterconstituents. .........................................317

6 Challengesandlimitationstobiologicalwastewater treatmentmethodsemployedintanneryindustries ..............320

7 Recentadvancements. ...................................................321

7.1Metagenomicapproachforbioprospectingpotential microbesandenzymesfortannerywastewater treatment .............................................................321

7.2Microbialbiosensorsfordetectionandmonitoringof contaminantspresentintannerywastewater...............322

8 Solidwastemanagementpractices ...................................323 References. ..................................................................323

CHAPTER15Biologicalmethodsfordegradationoftextile dyesfromtextileefﬂuent ....................................329 MuhammadShoaib,AmbreenAshar, ZeeshanAhmadBhutta,IqraMuzammil, MoazamAliandAyeshaKanwal

3.1Physicochemicalmethods.

CHAPTER16Biodegradationofazodyeusingmicrobiological consortium

ChitraDeviVenkatachalam,MothilSengottian, SathishRaamRavichandranand SivakumarVenkatachalam

2.1Classiﬁcationofazodyes.

2.2Impactoftextileefﬂuentscontainingazodyeson environment

3.1Degradationmechanismwithbacteria ......................360

3.2Degradationmechanismwithalgae

3.3Degradationmechanismwithfungi

3.4Advantagesofusingmicrobiologicalconsortia...

Parametersinvolvedduringmicrobialazo-dyedegradation..364

4.3Effectofdyeconcentration. ....................................366

4.4Effectofinoculumsize ..........................................366

4.5EffectofpH.... .....................................................366

4.6Effectoftemperature.. ...........................................366

4.7Effectoftime..

4.8Effectofagitation.

CHAPTER17Removalofpesticidesfromwaterandwaste waterbymicrobes .............................................371 PinalBhattandAnupamaShrivastav

2.1Organochloridepesticide ........................................374

2.2Organophosphatepesticide. ....................................375

2.3Carbamatepesticide ..............................................375

2.4Otherclasses

4.1Applicationofadsorbent ........................................378

5 Biodegradation .............................................................382

5.1Typesofpesticides-degradingmicroorganism.. ..........384

5.2Themechanismofmicrobialdegradationof pesticides ............................................................384

5.3Commonlyusedpesticidedegradationof microorganisms. ...................................................388

5.4Microbialdegradationofpesticidetechnology. ..........388

6 Factorsaffectbiodegradation. .........................................389

6.1Environmentalfactors... .........................................390

6.2Effectofpesticidestructure ....................................391

6.3Theimpactofmicroorganisms. ...............................392

Currentscenario... ........................................................392

CHAPTER18Anecofriendlyapproachtowardwaste managementandenvironmentalsafetythrough microorganisms .................................................401

KunwaliDas,SurajChetri,PriyaKhadgawat, SidakMinocha,AveepsaSengupta, BipinKumarSharmaandAshutoshKumar

2.3Viruses... .............................................................404

2.4Protozoa. .............................................................405

2.5Algae. .................................................................405

2.6Archaea. .............................................................406

CHAPTER20Azodyes:anotoriousclassofwaterpollutant, androleofenzymestodecolorizeand degradethem.....................................................433

ShamsherS.Kanwar

peroxidases

5 Mechanismofdegradationanddecolorizationby azoreductases.. .............................................................441

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Contributors

KunwaliDas

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

MoazamAli

DepartmentofClinicalMedicineandSurgery,UniversityofAgriculture, Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan

JayshreeAnnamalai

CentreforEnvironmentalStudies,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Anna University,CEGCampus,Chennai,TamilNadu,India

AmbreenAshar

DepartmentofChemistry,GovernmentCollegeWomenUniversity,Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan

JavierBacame-Valenzuela

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico;CONACYTCenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

PujaitaBanerjee

DepartmentofLifeSciences,PresidencyUniversity,Kolkata,WestBengal,India

SudeshnaBanerjee

DepartmentofMicrobiology,AmityUniversity,Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India

SanchayitaBasu

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

ManaswiniBehera

SchoolofInfrastructure,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India

HirenN.Bhalani

CollegeofAgriculture,JunagadhAgriculturalUniversity,Junagadh,Gujarat, India

NavneetaBharadvaja

PlantBiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Delhi TechnologicalUniversity,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

DevikabenBharatbhaiVishani

DepartmentofMicrobiology,ParulInstituteofAppliedSciences,ParulUniversity, Vadodara,Gujarat,India

DeeptiBhardwaj

PlantBiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Delhi TechnologicalUniversity,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

PinalBhatt

DepartmentofMicrobiology,ParulInstituteofAppliedSciences,ParulUniversity, Vadodara,Gujarat,India

JoyaniBhattacharjee

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HaldiaInstituteofTechnology,Haldia,West Bengal,India

ArunimaBhattacharjee

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

SourishBhattacharya

ProcessDesignandEngineeringCell,CSIR CentralSaltandMarineChemicals ResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar,Gujarat,India

ZeeshanAhmadBhutta

TheRoyal(Dick)SchoolofVeterinaryStudies,UniversityofEdinburgh,Easter BushCampus,Midlothian,Scotland,UnitedKingdom

PitamChakrabarti

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HaldiaInstituteofTechnology,Haldia,West Bengal,India

VivekChauhan

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HimachalPradeshUniversity,SummerHill, HimachalPradesh,India

SurajChetri

DepartmentofZoology,CottonUniversity,Guwahati,Assam,India

MohitaChugh

PlantBiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Delhi TechnologicalUniversity,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

AnjaliDahiya

DepartmentofChemistry,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati, Assam,India

SagarDaki

ProcessDesignandEngineeringCell,CSIR CentralSaltandMarineChemicals ResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar,Gujarat,India

Jose ´ deJesu ´ sGo ´ mez-Guzma ´ n

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

SubhasishDutta

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HaldiaInstituteofTechnology,Haldia,West Bengal,India

SalmanFarissi

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofEarthScienceSystems,Central UniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India

JanhaviGadkari

DepartmentofMicrobiology,ParulInstituteofAppliedSciences,ParulUniversity, Vadodara,Gujarat,India

PriyaGautam

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HimachalPradeshUniversity,SummerHill, HimachalPradesh,India

BhaswatiGhosh

DepartmentofMicrobiology,SarsunaCollege,UniversityofCalcutta,Kolkata, WestBengal,India

MarthaLeticiaJime ´ nezGonza ´ lez

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

RisheeK.Kalaria

ASPEEShakilamBiotechnologyInstitute,NavsariAgriculturalUniversity,Surat, Gujarat,India

AyeshaKanwal

InstituteofBiochemistry,BiotechnologyandBioinformatics,TheIslamia UniversityofBahawalpur,Bahawalpur,Punjab,Pakistan

ShamsherS.Kanwar

DepartmentofBiotechnology,HimachalPradeshUniversity,SummerHill, HimachalPradesh,India

PriyaKhadgawat

DepartmentofGenetics,UniversityofDelhi,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

Khushbu

DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,DelhiTechnologicalUniversity,NewDelhi, Delhi,India

VeenaGayathriKrishnaswamy

DepartmentofBiotechnologyStellaMarisCollege(Autonomous),Afﬁliatedto UniversityofMadras,Chennai,TamilNadu,India

DeepakKumar

AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityHaryana,Gurugram,Haryana, India

LakhanKumar

PlantBiotechnologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology,Delhi TechnologicalUniversity,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

AshutoshKumar

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

SangeetaKumari

AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityHaryana,Gurugram,Haryana, India

SidakMinocha

DepartmentofGenetics,UniversityofDelhi,NewDelhi,Delhi,India

MuthukumarMuthuchamy

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofEarthScienceSystems,Central UniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India

AnbazhagiMuthukumar

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofEarthScienceSystems,Central UniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India

IqraMuzammil

DepartmentofClinicalMedicineandSurgery,UniversityofAgriculture, Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan

LuisOrtiz-Frade

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

AshokPandey

CSIR-IndianInstituteofToxicologicalResearch,Lucknow,UttarPraesh,India

ShubhangiParmar

ProcessDesignandEngineeringCell,CSIR CentralSaltandMarineChemicals ResearchInstitute,Bhavnagar,Gujarat,India

HirenK.Patel

SchoolofSciences,PPSavaniUniversity,Surat,Gujarat,India

BhismaK.Patel

DepartmentofChemistry,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati, Assam,India

S.M.PaulKhurana

AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityHaryana,Gurugram,Haryana, India

Jesu ´ sPe ´ rez-Garcı ´ a

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

SnehaRamesh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SchoolofEarthScienceSystems,Central UniversityofKerala,Kasaragod,Kerala,India

SathishRaamRavichandran

DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KonguEngineeringCollege,Erode,Tamil Nadu,India

AryamaRaychaudhuri

SchoolofInfrastructure,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India

YolandaReyes-Vidal

DipanjanRoy

DepartmentofAgriculturalBiotechnology,RamkrishnaMissionVivekananda EducationalandResearchInstitute(RKMVERI),Kolkata,WestBengal,India

AshishKumarSahoo

DepartmentofChemistry,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati, Assam,India

MothilSengottian

DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KonguEngineeringCollege,Erode,Tamil Nadu,India

AveepsaSengupta

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

BipinKumarSharma

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

MuhammadShoaib

InstituteofMicrobiology,UniversityofAgriculture,Faisalabad,Punjab,Pakistan; KeyLaboratoryofNewAnimalDrugProject,GansuProvince,KeyLaboratoryof VeterinaryPharmaceuticalDevelopment,MinistryofAgriculture,Lanzhou InstituteofHusbandryandPharmaceuticalSciencesofCAAS,Lanzhou,China

AnupamaShrivastav

DepartmentofMicrobiology,ParulInstituteofAppliedSciences,ParulUniversity, Vadodara,Gujarat,India

PragatiSingh

DepartmentofMicrobiology,TripuraUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Agartala, Tripura,India

RajalakshmiSridharan

DepartmentofBiotechnologyStellaMarisCollege(Autonomous),Afﬁliatedto UniversityofMadras,Chennai,TamilNadu,India

DianaMayraSa ´ nchezLo ´ pez

CenterofResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentinElectrochemistry, Quere ´ taroTechnologyPark,PedroEscobedo,Quere ´ taro,Me ´ xico

SabeelaBeeviUmmalyma

InstituteofBioresourcesandSustainableDevelopment(IBSD),AnAutonomous InstituteUnderDepartmentofBiotechnology,GovernmentofIndia,Takyelpat, Imphal,Manipur,India

DivyeshK.Vasava

CollegeofAgriculture,JunagadhAgriculturalUniversity,Junagadh,Gujarat, India

ChitraDeviVenkatachalam

DepartmentofFoodTechnology,KonguEngineeringCollege,Erode,TamilNadu, India

SivakumarVenkatachalam

DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,ACTechCampus,AnnaUniversity, Chennai,TamilNadu,India

Acomparativestudy betweenphysicochemical andbiologicalmethodsfor effectiveremovaloftextile dyefromwastewater 1

SubhasishDutta,JoyaniBhattacharjee DepartmentofBiotechnology,HaldiaInstituteofTechnology,Haldia,WestBengal,India

1. Introduction

Oneofthemajorsourcesofpollutioninnatureisindustrialwastewater.Duetohigh globaldevelopment,variouschemicalagentslikedyes,pigments,andotheraromaticcompoundsareusedinindustriessuchastextile,printing,pharmaceuticals, andplasticstogenerateproductswithbetterresults(Khanandetal.,2020).Various studieshaveconfirmedthatanaveragesizedtextileindustryconsumesaround1.6 millionlitersofwaterperdayfortheproductionofabout8000kgoffabric.A researchfromWorldBankhassaidaround17% 20%oftextileindustrywater pollutioncomesfromdyeingandfinishingtreatmentsthatareappliedtothefabric. Theprocessesincludedinthemainstepsoftextileindustryareresizing,dyeing, printingandsomefinishingsteps.Thefinishingstepsaresoftening,cross-linking andwaterproofingandtheyrequireahugeamountofwatersupply(Nemr,2012; Bhatiaetal.,2017).Largeamountofeffluentsaregeneratedfromdyeingandthe finishingprocesses.Dyeingcanbedefinedastheprocessofapplyingcolorsto thefabricswhichareresistanttotheeffectoflight,water,andsoap.Tanninand ligninareconsideredexamplesofcoloringagents.Forvariousotherprocessesto becarriedoutinthetextileindustry,aparticularmixtureismadeoutofchemicals, dyestuffs,andwater.Oncetheprocessiscompletelydonethismixtureisreleased intovariouswaterbodies(Anjaneyuluetal.,2005).Thepresenceofsuspendedsolid particles,highchemicaloxygendemand(COD),syntheticdyes,andheavymetals suchaslead,mercury,andcadmiumhavebeenconsideredtoincreasethetoxicity ofwater.Thesetextileeffluentsalterthecolorandcompositionofthewaterbodies makingitveryhazardousforthemarineecosystem(NguyenandRuey-Shin,2013). Dyeshavehighthermalandphotostabilitywhichhelpsthemtopersistforan extendedperiodoftimeinthewaterenvironmentifleftuntreated.Thedarkcolor impartedbythesetoxicchemicalsreducesthesunlightpenetrationthushampering photosynthesis.Theyalsoinhibitthegrowthandactivityofmicroorganisms.