If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of Countries and Concepts, here are 7 good reasons!
1. Every country case study was updated with coverage of the latest political developments:
• Britain: Conservative David Cameron became prime minister.
• France: President Sarkozy grew deeply unpopular and faces a tough challenge from Socialist candidate François Hollande.
• Germany: A new box explores why the German economy recovered quickly from the 2008–2009 recession while the U.S. economy did not.
• Japan: The 2011 tsunami and nuclear leak demonstrates how natural disasters can quickly become political problems.
• Russia: The return of Putin to the presidency after one term as prime minister showed weak institutions and a stunted democracy.
• China: Beijing, in the middle of a leadership turnover, is attempting to rebalance China’s economy from exports to domestic consumption.
• India: India’s economy continues to surge, making it a potential rival to China.
• Mexico: Drug wars and a resurgent PRI seem likely to end PAN’s 12 years of conservative rule.
• Brazil: A politically stable Brazil has emerged as Latin America’s economic giant.
• Nigeria: Goodluck Jonathan won the 2011 elections but presides over an increasingly unstable Nigeria.
• Iran: Populist President Ahmadinejad, trying to seize more power, was rebuked by the country’s theocratic leaders.
2. A deeper introductory chapter surveys the theory behind comparative politics, including the definition of democracy, the rise of states, and modernization theory.
3. Brazil, which appeared in earlier editions, is restored. Its growth from a shaky to a firm democracy shows that a country can modernize out of praetorianism.
4. The Arab Spring prompted inclusion of a new “Why This Country Matters” section in every chapter; it tells students how each country contributes to the study of democracy.
5. Our major systems—Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and China—were shortened and combined into one chapter each, making them closer in length to the other systems—Japan, India, Mexico, Brazil, Nigeria, and Iran—and easier to assign in the course of one semester.
6. Russia and China are now grouped together as post-communist systems, each illustrating different paths out of communism—neither of which has so far led to democracy.
7. The twelth edition is presented in a new fourcolor design to enliven the text.
Countries and Con C epts
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Countries and Con C epts
twelfth edition
Michael G. roskin
Lycoming coLLege
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Vikram Mukhija
Associate Development Editor: Corey Kahn
Editorial Assistants: Beverly Fong, Isabel Schwab
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Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Integra-Chicago
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For permission to use copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the copyright holders on p. 495, which are hereby made part of this copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Roskin, Michael, 1939–
Countries and concepts : politics, geography, culture/Michael G. Roskin.—12th ed.
All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.
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www.pearsonhighered.com
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-85465-3
ISBN-10: 0-205-85465-6
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents vii
Preface xxvii
MyPoliSciLab xxxi
Supplements xxxiii
Chapter 1 The Uses of Comparative Politics 2
Part I the DemocracIes 22
Chapter 2 Britain 24
Chapter 3 France 70
Chapter 4 Germany 122
Chapter 5 Japan 176
Part II the Post-communIst systems 210
Chapter 6 Russia 212
Chapter 7 China 262
Part III the DeveloPIng areas 318
Chapter 8 India 320
Chapter 9 Mexico 352
Chapter 10 Brazil 384
Chapter 11 Nigeria 414
Chapter 12 Iran 444
Epilogue: Lessons of Eleven Countries 477
Glossary 481
Photo Credits 495
Index 497
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Detailed Contents
Preface xxvii
MyPoliSciLab xxxi
Supplements xxxiii
chaPter 1 the uses of Comparative politics 2
Revolution and Democracy 3
Quarrels Over Time 4
■ comParIson: Comparative Politics Among Political Science Subfields 4
■ PersonalItIes: Aristotle 5
■ Democracy: Defining Democracy 6 Nations and States 7
■ geograPhy: What Made the Modern State 8
The Modern State 9
Nationalism 9
Impact of the Past 10
Key Institutions 12
■ Democracy: Waves of Democracy 12 Political Culture 13
■ PolItIcal culture: What Is “Ideology”? 14
The Politics of Social Cleavages 15
Patterns of Interaction 16
■ geograPhy: Fake States 16 What They Quarrel About 18
■ comParIson: Country Experts Versus Comparativists 20
Part I the DemocracIes 22
chaPter 2 Britain 24
Impact of the Past 25
Magna Carta 26
The Rise of Parliament 26
■ geograPhy: Invadability 26
Henry VIII 28
■ comParIson: Common Law 28
Parliament Versus King 29
■ geograPhy: The United Kingdom 29
Cromwell’s Commonwealth 30
The “Glorious Revolution” 30
■ Democracy: “One Man, One Vote” 30
The Rise of the Prime Minister 31
The Democratization of Parliament 31
■ geograPhy: Seacoast 31
■ PersonalItIes: Hobbes, Locke, Burke 32
The Rise of the Welfare State 33
■ Democracy: “Power Corrupts” 33
The Key Institutions 34
The Monarch 34
■ comParIson: The Origins of Two Welfare States 34
The Cabinet 35
■ Democracy: The Queen Chooses a New Prime Minister 36
The Prime Minister 37
■ PersonalItIes: David Cameron 38
■ Democracy: Prime Ministers into Presidents 40
Commons 41
Lords 42
The Parties 43
Britain’s Two-Party System 43
British Political Culture 44
“Public” Schools 45
■ geograPhy: Centers and Peripheries 45
“Oxbridge” 46
Class and Voting 46
■ geograPhy: The 2010 Elections: Region and Class 47
British Civility 48
■ PolItIcal culture: The Shape of the British Electorate 48
Pragmatism 49
Traditions and Legitimacy 49
The Ulster Ulcer 50
■ PolItIcal culture: Football Hooliganism 50
A Changing Political Culture 51
Patterns of Interaction 51
■ Democracy: 2010: A Hung Parliament 52
National and Local Party 53
Politics Within the Parties 54
Parties and Interest Groups 55
The Parties Face Each Other 56
The Cabinet and the Civil Servants 56
■ PolItIcal culture: The Utility of Dignity 57
The Civil Service and Interest Groups 58
How Democratic Is Britain? 58
What Britons Quarrel About 59
The Political Economy of Britain 59
Cameron’s “Big Society” 60
■ Democracy: Pluralistic Stagnation 60
The “British Disease” 61
■ comParIson: The Cost of the Welfare State 61
■ comParIson: The Productivity Race 62
The Trouble with National Health 63
Britain’s Racial Problems 64
■ geograPhy: Devolution for Scotland and Wales 65
Britain and Europe 66
Impact of the Past 71
The Roman Influence 71
The Rise of French Absolutism 73
■ geograPhy: Rivers 73
■ geograPhy: Core Areas 74
Why the French Revolution? 75
■ PersonalItIes: Three French Geniuses: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau 75
From Freedom to Tyranny 76
■ geograPhy: Bound France 76
■ comParIson: Brinton’s Theory of Revolution 77
The Bourbon Restoration 78
■ Democracy: Left, Right, and Center 78
The Third Republic 79
■ geograPhy: A Tale of Two Flags 79
Vichy: France Splits Again 80
■ PolItIcal culture: The Dreyfus Affair 80
The Fourth Republic 81
■ PolItIcal culture: France’s Political Eras 81
The Key Institutions 82
A Semipresidential System 82
■ Democracy: France’s Presidential Election of 2007 84
