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ConjugatedPolymersforNextGenerationApplications,Volume1
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Editedby VijayKumar KashmaSharma
RakeshSehgal
SusheelKalia
WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom
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ISBN:978-0-12-823442-6(print)
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Listofcontributorsxiii
Abouttheeditorsxix
Prefacexxiii
1Conjugatedpolymer-basedfibers:synthesis,properties,and applications1
KrishnenduNathandNarayanChandraDas 1.1Introduction1
1.2Synthesisofconjugatedpolymer-basedfibersandproperties7
1.3Applicationofconjugatedpolymer-basedfibers15
1.3.1Electromagneticinterferenceshielding15 1.3.2Sensordevices19
1.3.3Photovoltaic/solarcells23
1.3.4Electrochemicalsupercapacitors/electricalstoragedevice25
1.3.5Otherapplicationsofconjugatedpolymers30 1.4Conclusion34 References34
2Techniquesfordesigningpatternedconductingpolymers39
MuhammadFaizAizamddin,MohdMuzamirMahat, NazreenCheRoslan,DaniaAdilaAhmadRuzaidi,AyuNatashaAyub, NurulAinNajihahAsriandAwisSukarniMohmadSabere
2.1Introduction39
2.2Synthesisofconductingpolymer41
2.2.1Chemicaloxidation41
2.2.2Electrochemicaloxidation42
2.3Patterningofconductingpolymer43
2.3.1Coatingtechnique43
2.3.2Spincoatingtechnique44
2.3.3Printingtechnique47
2.3.4Inkjetprinting49
2.3.5Photolithography54
2.3.6Directlaserwriting62
2.3.7Laserlithographyofconductingpolymers63 2.4Conclusion68 References69
3Syntheticapproachesofconductingpolymernanocomposites79
Y.T.Ravikiran,CH.V.V.Ramana,R.Megha,R.S.Dubeyand M.Prashantkumar
3.1Introduction79
3.2Hydrothermalsynthesis-basedconductingpolymernanocomposite81
3.2.1Synthesis82
3.2.2Characterization83
3.3Sol gelbasedconductingpolymernanocomposite87
3.3.1Synthesis90
3.4Solidtemplate-basedconductingpolymernanocomposite91
3.4.1Synthesis93
3.4.2Characterization93
3.5Insitusynthesis-basedconductingpolymernanocomposite100
3.5.1Synthesis100
3.5.2Characterization101
3.6Summary105 Acknowledgment107 References107
4Mechanicalpropertiesofconjugatedpolymers113
RameshwarAdhikari,BiditLamsal,TikaRamBhandari, ShankarP.KhatiwadaandGoergH.Michler
4.1Introductionandoverview113
4.2Structure propertiescorrelationinpolymers114
4.3Morphologicaldiversitiesinconjugatedpolymers118
4.4Methodsofmechanicalcharacterization121
4.4.1Tensiletesting122
4.4.2Dynamicmechanicalanalysis122
4.4.3Micro-andnanoindentationmethods122
4.4.4Insitutechniques122
4.5Factorsaffectingmechanicalpropertiesofconjugatedpolymers127
4.5.1Molecularweight127
4.5.2Temperature129
4.5.3Regioregularity131
4.5.4Polymerblends,composites,architectures,andfibers131
4.6Concludingremarks133
Acknowledgement135 References135
5Porouscarbonfromconductingpolymersforelectrochemical applications147
AshishKumar,ChandraJeetVerma,ManishKumarSinghand RajivPrakash
5.1Introduction147
5.2Controlofporosity:acasestudyforporeformation150
5.3Sourceofporouscarbon152
5.3.1Porouscarbonfrombiomass152
5.3.2Porouscarbonfromconductingpolymers154
5.3.3Porouscarbonfrommetal organicframework158
5.3.4Porouscarbonsformorganicmolecules160
5.4Porouscarbonforelectrochemicalapplications161
5.4.1Porouscarbonforelectrocatalysis164
5.4.2Porouscarbonforchargestorage169
5.4.3Porouscarbonforelectrochemicalsensing170
5.5Summaryandperspectives172 References172
6Conjugatedpolymersandgraphene-basedcompositesfor flexibleelectrochemicalenergystoragedevices:synthesisto devicefabrication181 JunMa,JunaidAliSyed,DongyunSuandXiangkangMeng
6.1Introduction181
6.1.1Conjugatedpolymersinflexibleelectrochemical energystoragedevices183
6.1.2Grapheneinflexibleelectrochemicalenergystoragedevices184
6.2Conjugatedpolymersandgraphene-basedcompositesin supercapacitors185
6.2.1Polyanilineandgraphene-basedcompositesin supercapacitors185
6.2.2Polypyrroleandgraphene-basedcompositesin supercapacitors192
6.2.3Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)andgraphene-based compositesinSupercapacitors198
6.3Grapheneasabattery/lithium-ionstorage204
6.4Conclusions/outlook208 References209
7Biobasedconductingpolymercompositesforelectromagnetic interferenceshieldingandelectronicsapplications215 RhiyaPaul,P.A.Parvathy,SreelakshmiP.Vijayan,BenJohnand SushantaK.Sahoo
7.1Introduction215
7.2Intrinsicconductingpolymers216
7.3Conductingpolymercomposites217
7.3.1Polymermatrices217
7.3.2Conductivepolymercomposites219
7.3.3Preparationofconductingpolymersandcomposites221
7.3.4Applications223
7.4Biobasedconductingpolymercomposites225
7.4.1Theneedofbiobasedconductingpolymers225
7.4.2Preparationofbiosourcedconductivecomposites226
7.4.3Polymercompositesforphotovoltaics230
7.4.4Electromagneticinterferenceshieldingandelectronics applications232
7.5Conclusion233 References233
8Conjugatedpolymersinbioelectronics239 AparnaGuchait,AnubhavSaxena,SantanuChattopadhyayand TitashMondal
8.1Introduction239
8.2Basicmechanismassociatedinconjugatedpolymerandliving organism241
8.2.1Conductionmechanisminconjugatedpolymers241
8.2.2Bioelectricityinlivingorganisms243
8.3Synthesisofdifferentconjugatedpolymers245
8.3.1Chemicaloxidationpolymerization245
8.3.2Vaporphaseoxidationpolymerization245
8.3.3Oxidativechemicalvapordeposition247
8.3.4Electrochemicalpolymerization247
8.3.5Transition-metal-catalyzedpolycondensation248
8.3.6Overviewofcommonlyusedconjugatedpolymersin bioelectronics249
8.4Applicationofconjugatedpolymersinbioelectronics252
8.4.1Tissueengineeringandregenerativeengineering252
8.4.2Drugdelivery256
8.4.3Biosensor259
8.5Invivostudies260
8.6Concludingremarks261 References262
9Conjugatedpolymers-basedsensorsfordetectionofwaterpollutants273 T.Senthil,KingshukDutta,DuraisamiDhamodharan, NidhinDivakaranandLixinWu
9.1Introduction273
9.2Abriefoverviewofthemajorwatercontaminantsandtheir detectiontechniques278
9.2.1Heavymetalions278
9.2.2Pesticides281
9.2.3Fertilizers284
9.2.4Pharmaceuticals286
9.3Useofconjugatedpolymersassensormaterialsforwaterpollutants288
9.3.1Detectionofheavymetalions288
9.3.2Detectionofpesticidesandherbicides293
9.3.3Detectionoffertilizers295
9.3.4Detectionofharmfulorganiccompoundsandsolvents296
9.3.5Detectionofotherwatercontaminants299 9.4Summaryandfuturedirections299 References300
10Conductingpolymer-basedtextilematerials325 NazreenCheRoslan,MuhammadFaizAizamddin, DaniaAdilaAhmadRuzaidi,AyuNatashaAyub,NurulAinNajihahAsri, NurAimiJani,Saiful’ArifinShafieeandMohdMuzamirMahat 10.1Introduction325
10.2Overviewofconductingpolymer327 10.3Fabricationtechniques329
10.3.1Dipcoating329
10.3.2Wet-spinningtechnique333
10.3.3Electrospinning340 10.4Applicationofconductingpolymers-basedtextilesasenergy generators346
10.4.1Piezoelectricgenerators346 10.4.2Triboelectricnanogenerators348
10.4.3Thermoelectricgenerators349 10.5Challengesandfutureoutlook351 10.6Conclusions352 References352
11Currenttrendsonflexibleandwearablemechanicalsensorsbased onconjugatedpolymerscombinedwithcarbonnanotubes361 AnthonyPalumboandEui-HyeokYang 11.1Introduction361 11.2Structureandproperties363
11.2.1Conjugatedpolymers363
11.2.2Carbonnanotube366 11.2.3Conjugatedpolymerswithcarbonnanotubes368 11.3Synthesis371
11.3.1Conjugatedpolymers371 11.3.2Carbonnanotubes372 11.3.3Conjugatedpolymerswithcarbonnanotubes373 11.3.4Combiningcarbonnanotubeandconjugatedpolymers towardflexiblemechanicalsensors374
11.3.5Substratesanddimensionalitytowardflexible mechanicalsensors381
11.4Applicationsofconjugatedpolymers/carbonnanotubesas flexiblemechanicalsensors387
11.4.1Demonstrateddurabilitytowardwearableapplications389 11.4.2Demonstratedfunctionalitiestowardwearableapplications391 11.5Summaryandfutureperspectives393 References395
12Conjugatedpolymers-basedbiosensors401 PrakashSengodu
13
12.1Introduction401
12.2Conjugatedpolymersinbiosensors402
12.2.1Immobilizationmethodsforbiosensors403
12.3Fabricationmethodsofconjugatedpolymers408
12.4Advantagesanddisadvantagesofconjugatedpolymersin biosensors413
12.5Real-timeapplicationofconjugatedpolymersinbiosensors415
12.5.1Bioelectronicnosesandtongues415
12.5.2Aptasensors416
12.5.3Immunosensor419
12.5.4Glucosebiosensors422
12.5.5H2O2 biosensors424
12.5.6Photobioimagingsensors425
12.5.7Photoelectrochemialbiosensors426
12.5.8Otherbiochemicalsensors(dopamine,ascorbicacid, anduricacid)426
12.5.9Pathogensensors427
12.6Conclusionandoutlook430 Acknowledgments430 References430
π -Conjugatedpolymersforapplicationinprotonexchange membranefuelcells447 KingshukDutta 13.1Introduction447
13.2Recentadvancesintheuseof π-conjugatedpolymersin differentprotonexchangemembranefuelcells448
13.2.1Hydrogenfuelcells448
13.2.2Directmethanolfuelcells457
13.2.3Directethanolfuelcells464
13.2.4Enzymaticfuelcells467
13.2.5Microbialfuelcells469
13.3Summaryandfuturedirections478 References480
14Conductivepolymer-basedcompositephotocatalystsfor environmentandenergyapplications505 JagdeepSingh,A.S.Dhaliwal,KashmaSharma,RakeshSehgaland VijayKumar
14.1Introduction505
14.2Themechanismofphotocatalyticdegradationoforganicpollutants507
14.3Themechanismofphotocatalytichydrogengeneration510
14.4Synthesisofconductingpolymers511 x Contents
14.5Conductingpolymer-basednanocomposites512
14.6Conductingpolymerforenvironmentandenergyapplications515
14.7Conductingpolymer-basedcompositeforwatertreatment applications516
14.8Conductingpolymer-basedcompositeforphotocatalyticH2 generation519
14.9Conclusion523 References523
15Conjugatedpolymersforelectrochromicapplications539
ZhuangMaoPng,MingHuiChua,QiangZhuandJianweiXu
15.1Introductionofelectrochromics539
15.2Conjugatedpolymersforelectrochromics541
15.2.1Homo-polymers541
15.3Donor donoranddonor π typecopolymersforelectrochromics554
15.3.1Thiophene-basedcopolymers554
15.3.2Fluorene-basedcopolymers557
15.3.3Carbazole-basedcopolymers558
15.4Donor acceptortypepolymersforelectrochromics558
15.4.1Benzothiadiazoleandanaloguesasacceptors560
15.4.2Benzotriazoleandanaloguesasacceptors561
15.4.3Quinoxalineacceptors563
15.4.4Diketopyrrolopyrroleacceptors564
15.5Conclusionandoutlook566 Acknowledgment568 References568 Index575
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Listofcontributors
RameshwarAdhikari ResearchCentreforAppliedScienceandTechnology (RECAST),TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal;Central DepartmentofChemistry,TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal
DaniaAdilaAhmadRuzaidi SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor, Malaysia
MuhammadFaizAizamddin SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor, Malaysia
NurulAinNajihahAsri SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor, Malaysia
AyuNatashaAyub SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,FacultyofApplied Sciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor,Malaysia
TikaRamBhandari ResearchCentreforAppliedScienceandTechnology (RECAST),TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal;Central DepartmentofPhysics,TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal
NarayanChandraDas RubberTechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Kharagpur,WestBengal,India
SantanuChattopadhyay RubberTechnologyCentre,IndianInstituteof Technology,Kharagpur,WestBengal,India
NazreenCheRoslan SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,FacultyofApplied Sciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor,Malaysia
MingHuiChua InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,Agencyfor Science,TechnologyandResearch(A STAR),FusionopolisWay,Innovis,Singapore
A.S.Dhaliwal DepartmentofPhysics,SantLongowalInstituteofEngineeringand Technology,Longowal,Punjab,India
DuraisamiDhamodharan SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,Xi’anJiaotong University,Xi’an,P.R.China
NidhinDivakaran CASKeyLaboratoryofDesign,AssemblyofFunctional Nanostructure,FujianKeyLaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstitute ofResearchontheStructureofMatter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou, P.R.China
R.S.Dubey AdvancedResearchLaboratoryforNanomaterialsandDevices, DepartmentofNanotechnology,SwarnandhraCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Narsapur,AndhraPradesh,India
KingshukDutta AdvancedPolymerDesignandDevelopmentResearch Laboratory(APDDRL),SchoolforAdvancedResearchinPetrochemicals(SARP), CentralInstituteofPetrochemicalsEngineeringandTechnology(CIPET), Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
AparnaGuchait RubberTechnologyCentre,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Kharagpur,WestBengal,India
NurAimiJani SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor, Malaysia
BenJohn CSIR-NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology, MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision,Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India
ShankarP.Khatiwada ResearchCentreforAppliedScienceandTechnology (RECAST),TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal
AshishKumar SchoolofMaterialsScienceandTechnology,IndianInstituteof Technology(BanarasHinduUniversity),Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
VijayKumar DepartmentofPhysics,NationalInstituteofTechnologySrinagar, JammuandKashmir,India;DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityoftheFreeState, Bloemfontein,SouthAfrica
BiditLamsal ResearchCentreforAppliedScienceandTechnology(RECAST), TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal;CentralDepartmentof Chemistry,TribhuvanUniversity,Kirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal
JunMa SchoolofAviationandTransportation,JiangsuCollegeof EngineeringandTechnology,Jiangsu,P.R.China;InstituteofMaterials Engineering,CollegeofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,NanjingUniversity, Jiangsu,P.R.China
MohdMuzamirMahat SchoolofPhysicsandMaterialStudies,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UniversitiTeknologiMARA(UiTM),ShahAlam,Selangor, Malaysia
R.Megha DepartmentofPhysics,P.E.S.CollegeofEngineering,Mandya, Karnataka,India
XiangkangMeng InstituteofMaterialsEngineering,CollegeofEngineeringand AppliedSciences,NanjingUniversity,Jiangsu,P.R.China
GoergH.Michler InstituteofPhysics,MartinLutherUniversityHalleWittenberg,Halle,Germany
AwisSukarniMohmadSabere KulliyyahofPharmacy,InternationalIslamic UniversityMalaysia(IIUM)KuantanCampus,Kuantan,Pahang,Malaysia
TitashMondal RubberTechnologyCentre,IndianInstituteofTechnology, Kharagpur,WestBengal,India
KrishnenduNath RubberTechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur, WestBengal,India
AnthonyPalumbo DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,StevensInstituteof Technology,Hoboken,NJ,UnitedStates
P.A.Parvathy CSIR-NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceand Technology,MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, UttarPradesh,India
RhiyaPaul CSIR-NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology, MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision,Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India
ZhuangMaoPng InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,Agencyfor Science,TechnologyandResearch(A STAR),FusionopolisWay,Innovis, Singapore
RajivPrakash SchoolofMaterialsScienceandTechnology,IndianInstituteof Technology(BanarasHinduUniversity),Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
M.Prashantkumar DepartmentofPhysics,GovernmentCollege(Autonomous), Kalaburagi,Karnataka,India
CH.V.V.Ramana DepartmentofPhysics,Vignan’sInstituteofInformation Technology(A),BesidesVSEZ,Duvvada,Gajuwaka,Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India;DepartmentofCEER,Vignan’sInstituteofInformation Technology(A),BesidesVSEZ,Duvvada,Gajuwaka,Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh,India
Y.T.Ravikiran DepartmentofPGStudiesandResearchinPhysics,Government ScienceCollege,Chitradurga,Karnataka,India
SushantaK.Sahoo CSIR-NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceand Technology,MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, UttarPradesh,India
AnubhavSaxena R&D,PidiliteIndustriesLimited,Mumbai,Maharastra,India
RakeshSehgal DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalInstituteof TechnologySrinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
PrakashSengodu DepartmentofIndustrialChemistry,AlagappaUniversity, Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
T.Senthil InstituteofPetrochemicalsTechnology(IPT),CentralInstituteof PetrochemicalsEngineeringandTechnology(CIPET),Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
Saiful’ArifinShafiee KulliyyahofScience,InternationalIslamicUniversity Malaysia(IIUM),KuantanCampus,Kuantan,Pahang,Malaysia
KashmaSharma DepartmentofChemistry,DAVCollege,Chandigarh,India
JagdeepSingh DepartmentofPhysics,SantLongowalInstituteofEngineering andTechnology,Longowal,Punjab,India
ManishKumarSingh SchoolofMaterialsScienceandTechnology, IndianInstituteofTechnology(BanarasHinduUniversity),Varanasi,Uttar Pradesh,India
DongyunSu CollegeofMechanicalEngineering,NantongVocationalUniversity, Jiangsu,P.R.China
JunaidAliSyed SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,SunYat-Sen University,Guangzhou,P.R.China;DepartmentofBasicSciences,Mathematics andHumanities,DawoodUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,Karachi, Pakistan
ChandraJeetVerma SchoolofMaterialsScienceandTechnology,Indian InstituteofTechnology(BanarasHinduUniversity),Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
SreelakshmiP.Vijayan CSIR-NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceand Technology,MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,India
LixinWu CASKeyLaboratoryofDesign,AssemblyofFunctionalNanostructure, FujianKeyLaboratoryofNanomaterials,FujianInstituteofResearchonthe StructureofMatter,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Fuzhou,P.R.China
JianweiXu InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,AgencyforScience, TechnologyandResearch(A STAR),FusionopolisWay,Innovis,Singapore; DepartmentofChemistry,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore
Eui-HyeokYang DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,StevensInstituteof Technology,Hoboken,NJ,UnitedStates
QiangZhu InstituteofMaterialsResearchandEngineering,AgencyforScience, TechnologyandResearch(A STAR),FusionopolisWay,Innovis,Singapore
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Abouttheeditors
VijayKumar ispresentlyworkingasAssistantProfessor,DepartmentofPhysics, NationalInstituteofTechnologySrinagar(J&K),India.HereceivedhisPhDin physicsatthebeginningof2013fromtheSLIETLongowal.From2013to2015, hewasapostdoctoralresearchfellowinthePhosphorResearchGroup,Department ofPhysics,UniversityoftheFreeState,SouthAfrica.HehasreceivedtheYoung ScientistAwardunderthefasttrackschemeoftheDepartmentofScienceand Technology(MinistryofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia),New Delhi.HealsoworkedinGrant-in-aidforthejointCenterprojecttitled“Joint Centerforgeneratingtissue-engineeredorgansandcontrollingcellbehavior”under Indo-USJointR&DNetworkedCenter.Hehasbeenanominatedmemberofthe ScientificAdvisoryCommitteefortheInitiativeforResearchandInnovationin Science(IRIS)byDST.Hehasalsoreceivedthe“TeacherwithBestResearch ContributionAward”byHon’bleChancellor,ChandigarhUniversityonTeachers Day.Hehasmorethan80researchpapersininternationalpeer-reviewedjournals, 10peer-reviewedconferenceproceedings,15bookchapters,andedited7books (authoredandcoauthored).Hehasmorethan3920citationswithanh-indexof 35andani10-indexof69.HehaseditedtheVirtualSpecialIssueof Vacuum Journal—Elsevier, MaterialsToday:ProceedingsandCrystals—MDPI.Hehas organizedvariousshort-termcoursesandconferences/workshops.Heisa sectionTopicEditorsfor PolymericMaterials—MaterialsMDPIJournal.Hehas deliveredinvitedtalks,chairedsessions,andpresentedhisworkatvariousnational andinternationalconferences.Hisresearchexperience,aswellasresearchinterests, liesinsynthesis,processing,andcharacterizationoffunctionalmaterials,solid-state luminescentmaterials,bio-based/biodegradablepolymers,composites,conducting polymers,drugdeliverydevices,wastewatertreatment,andionsolidinteraction.
KashmaSharma ispresentlyworkingasAssistantProfessorofChemistry,DAV College,Sector-10,Chandigarh.ShewasawardedUGCPost-DoctoralFellowship toWomenin2017andcarriedouttheresearchworkintheInstituteofForensic Science&Criminology,PanjabUniversityChandigarh.Shewasapostdoctoral researchfellowinthematerialsciencegroupattheUniversityoftheFreeState, SouthAfrica.SheearnedherPhDfromShooliniUniversityofBiotechnologyand ManagementSciences,Solan(H.P.)incollaborationwiththeNationalInstituteof Technology(NIT)Jalandharin2014.ShecompletedherMScinchemistryfrom PanjabUniversityChandigarhin2010.ShealsoworkedinGrant-in-aidforthejoint centerprojecttitled“JointCenterforgeneratingtissue-engineeredorgansandcontrollingcellbehavior”underIndo-USJointR&DNetworkedCenter.Sofar,shehas
beenpublishedmorethan25researchpapers,andedited2books,andpublished morethan5bookchapters.Herprincipalresearchinterestsincludethesynthesis, processing,andcharacterizationofbio-based/biodegradablepolymers;drugdeliverydevices,self-healingcompositesandmultifunctionalsmartmaterials,tissue engineering,andwastewatertreatment.
RakeshSehgal isaProfessor(HigherAcademicGrade)attheNationalInstituteof TechnologySrinagar(J&K)India.Heisanoutstandingleaderwithsustainedinternationalacclaimforhisworkonsynthesisandcharacterization(mechanical,metallurgical/metallographic,andtribological)ofmaterialsforaerospace,automobile, andbiomedicalapplications.Dr.Sehgalhasinvestigatedvariousmaterialssuchas adamite,pistonalloys,stircastaluminum siliconalloys(hyperandhypo-eutectoid),copolymers,titaniumalloys,tools&diesteels,polymers,andnanocomposites formachiningparametersoptimizationandtribologicalbehavior.Prof.Sehgal servedasvice-presidentofIndianSocietyofTheoretical&AppliedMechanics (ISTAM)during2001 3,ExecutivememberofTribologySocietyofIndia(TSI) for02terms,andmemberofacademicbodiesofmanyotherinstitutions.Hehas chairedtechnicalsessionsinmanyprestigiousinternationalandnationalconferences.Prof.SehgalreceivedtheBestTeacherAwardfortheyear2006 7.Heis instrumentalinintroducingtheconceptofProject-BasedLearninginNITHamirpur whichhasbenefittedalargenumberofUGstudentsinsecuringadmissionsinprestigiousInternationalUniversitiesforMS/PhDProf.Sehgalhasadistinguished careerof35yearsinthefieldofteaching,researchandadministration.Prof.Sehgal hassupervised11PhDscholarsintheareaoftribo-materialsforvariousindustrial applicationsinautomobile,aerospace,metalrollingandbiomedicalsectors.Heis presentlyguidingfourPhDscholarsintheareaofmetalcompositesforbiomedical applications.Hehasalsosupervised9MTechand48BTechdissertations.Prof. Sehgalhaspublished168researchpapersininternational/nationaljournalsand international/nationalconferenceproceedings.Hehasattendedmorethan35international/nationalconferencesinIndiaandabroad.Hehaspublished1reference bookonPerformanceEvaluationofBearings,13high-qualitybookchapters,and edited4booksforSpringerandElsevier.Prof.SehgalhascompletedmanyexternallysponsoredresearchprojectsworthintheareaofBearingsTribologyand Mechatronics.Hehasestablishedstate-of-the-artfacilitiesforresearchinthearea ofBearingsandMaterialsTribologyatNITHamirpur(H.P.).Prof.Sehgalhas delivered40invitedexperttalksinvariousorganizationsinIndiaandabroad.Heis currentlyworkinginthefieldofbiomedicalscienceandtechnologyincludingthe synthesisofsmartmaterials,nanomaterialsandtribologicalmaterials.
SusheelKalia isAssociateProfessorandHeadoftheDepartmentofChemistry,at theArmyCadetCollegeWingoftheIndianMilitaryAcademyinDehradun,India. HewasaPostdocResearcherin2013andaVisitingProfessorattheUniversityof Bologna,Italyin2020.Kaliahaspublishedover95researcharticlesininternational journals,aswellascoediting20books,authored11bookchapters,andreceived
morethan9500citationsoverhisacademiccareer.Hisresearchinterestsinclude polymericbio-andnanocomposites,surfacemodification,conductingpolymers, nanofibers,nanoparticles,nanoferrites,hybridmaterials,andhydrogels.Dr.Kaliais serieseditorofabookseriesonpolymerandcompositematerials,andaneditorial boardmemberofthe InternationalJournalofPlasticsTechnology.Inaddition,he isamemberofseveralprofessionalorganizations,includingtheAsianPolymer Association,IndianCryogenicsCouncil,theSocietyforPolymerScience,the IndianSocietyofAnalyticalScientists,andtheInternationalAssociationof AdvancedMaterials.
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Preface
Inthefieldsofmaterialengineeringandnanotechnology,thediscoveryofconjugatedpolymersisrecognizedasagame-changingscientificbreakthrough. Conjugatedpolymershavepiquedtheinterestofscientistsfordecadesbecauseof theireconomicimportance,betterworkability,lightweight,exceptionalstability, corrosionresistance,andstrongelectricalconductivity.Batteries,light-transmitting devices,electrochromicdisplayappliances,electrodematerialinanelectrochemical supercapacitor,smarttextiles,nanoscalefield-effecttransistors,sensors,drugreleasingagents,electricalstoragedevices,solarcells,lasers,photovoltaiccells, transistors,electromagneticshieldmaterials,andelectroniccircuitsarejustafewof theapplicationsforconjugatedpolymers.Thisbookisdividedinto15chapters, eachofwhichhasitsagenda,whichisbrieflydiscussedbelow.
Chapter1 introducesthefundamentalconceptsofconjugatedpolymers.The characteristicsandmanufacturingofconjugatedpolymer-basedfibersarealsodiscussed.Itcontainsanoverviewofconjugatedpolymer-basedfibersandtheir numerousapplications.Thechemistryanddesignstrategiesforfabricatingconductingpolymerswithdiversedesignsarecoveredin Chapter2.Themostpopular approachestoproducingconductingpolymersarecoveredinthischapter.This chapteralsocoversthepresentstateofknowledgeanddiscussionofthemethodologiesforpatterningconductingpolymersfordiverseapplications.Thesynthetic techniquesforconductingpolymernanocompositesarepresentedin Chapter3.It alsogoesthroughsomeofthesyntheticmethodsandafewspecificapplications thatdemonstratethebenefitsofconductingpolymernanocomposites.Aconcise strategyforthesynthesisofconductingpolymernanocompositesisalsodescribed, alongwiththemechanismanduses.Thischapteralsoprovidesacleargraspofthe keycharacteristics,benefits,anddrawbacksofeachsynthesisprocess.Thegoalof Chapter4 istoshedlightonthesignificanceofsynthesisandprocessingguided molecularandmicroscopicstructuraldesignsthataimtocontrolthematerial’s mechanicaldeformationbehavior.Themechanicalpropertiesofvariousrepresentativeclassesofconductingpolymersystemsarediscussedinthischapter,witha focusontheeffectofmolecularfactors.Followingabriefoverviewofthegeneral correlationbetweenstructureandmechanicalcharacteristicsinpolymericmaterials, variousmethodsfordeterminingmechanicalpropertiesareexplored.Thischapter alsohighlightsseveralcriticalelementsthatinfluenceconductingpolymermechanicalbehavior. Chapter5 discusseselectroactiveporouscarbongeneratedfromconductingpolymers,withspecialattentiontoadditionalsources,aswellasabrief introductiontotheoreticalcorrelationswithelectrochemicaltechniques.Italsodiscussestheconnectionsbetweenthephysicalandelectrochemicalpropertiesofas-
developedporouscarbonsfromvarioussourcesforvariousapplications,aswellas themechanismsinvolved. Chapter6 discussesconjugatedpolymersandgraphenebasedcompositesforflexibleelectrochemicalenergystoragesystems.Bydescribinganddiscussingintriguinginstancesofpublisheddata,thischapterillustratesthe immensepotentialofconjugatedpolymersandgraphene-basedcompositesfor energystoragedevices.Thecurrentdemand,challenges,andprospectsofflexible energystoragedevices,aswellasenvironmentalissuesandtheirimpactonglobal energystatus,arediscussedindetail.Italsodiscussesadvancesinelectrochemical technologyforflexibleenergystoragedeviceslikesupercapacitorsandrechargeable batteries.
Conventionalconductingpolymercompositesandbio-basedconductingpolymer compositesarepresentedin Chapter7.Italsoincludesdetailsontheirpreparation proceduresandapplications,withafocusonphotovoltaicsandEMIshielding.The overviewofseveralconductingpolymers,theirsynthesisprocess,features,characteristics,andfunctioningprinciplesarepresentedin Chapter8.Inaddition,someof theirapplicationsinbioelectronicsarediscussed,aswellasthecurrentstateand prospectsofconductingpolymers.
Chapter9 looksatseveralconjugatedpolymers-basedwatercontaminationsensingmaterialsthathavebeendisclosedintherecent5years. Chapter10 givesa quickreviewofconductingpolymers-basedtextilefabrics.Wet-spinning,electrospinning,anddip-coatingarethethreebasicfabricationmethodscoveredinthis chapter.Finally,thischapterdiscussestheadvancementsinconductivetextile,as wellastheobstaclesandprospectsforthefuture. Chapter11 discussescurrent trendsinflexibleandwearablemechanicalsensorsbasedonconjugatedpolymers andcarbonnanotubes.
Themostrecentbreakthroughsinconjugatedpolymers-basedbiosensorsarediscussed,aswellastheproductionandpropertiesofthesebiosensors.Inaddition,the applicationofconjugativepolymersinbiosensorsisthoroughlyexamined.The usageofconjugatedpolymersinprotonexchangemembranefuelcellsisdiscussed inChapter12.Aroadmapoftheirpotentialfutureapplicationinthisrespectisalso offered. Chapter13 focusesonrecentadvancesinthecreationandcharacterization ofconductingpolymer-basedphotocatalystsforenvironmentalandenergyapplications.Themechanismofphotocatalyticdegradationandhydrogenproductionis alsopresented.Thenumerousmethodsforsynthesizingandmodifyingconducting polymersarediscussedindetail.Thevariouschallengesandprospectsofconductingpolymer-basedphotocatalystsforenvironmentalandenergyapplicationsare alsodiscussed.Finally, Chapter15 discussesadvancesinconjugatedpolymersand theirprospectiveusesinelectrochromic.
Asaresult,thisbookcoversthesynthesis,properties,andcharacterizationofa widerangeofconjugatedpolymericmaterials,aswellastheirkeyapplicationsin optoelectrochemicaldevices,suchasactiveelectrodematerialsforelectrochemical capacitorsandlithium-ionbatteries,aswellasnewideasforfunctionalmaterials fornext-generationhigh-energybatteries,adiscussionofcommondesignprocedures,andtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofconjugatedpolymersforspecific applications.Thefocusofthebookisontheelectronicpropertiesofconjugated
polymers,theircharacterizationandanalysis,andtheassessmentoftheirsuitability foruseinenergyandelectronicsapplications.Researchersandpractitionersinthe fieldsofmaterialsscience,chemistry,andchemicalengineeringwillbenefitfrom thisbook.
KashmaSharma RakeshSehgal SusheelKalia
VijayKumar
