To the Instructor To the Student: Learning from Psychology
INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
SECTION 1
SECTION
SECTION 3
SECTION
CHAPTER 1
Introduction and Research Methods
PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Neuroscience and Behavior Sensation and Perception Consciousness and Its Variations
BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Learning Memory Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Motivation and Emotion
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF Lifespan Development Gender and Sexuality Personality
SECTION 5 CHAPTER 12
THE PERSON IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Social Psychology
SECTION 6 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 15
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, DISORDERS, AND TREATMENT
Stress, Health, and Coping Psychological Disorders Therapies
APPENDIX A APPENDIX B
Statistics: Understanding Data Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Glossary References Name Index Subject Index
To the Instructor
To the Student: Learning from Psychology
1 Introduction and Research Methods
PROLOGUE: The First Exam
Introduction: What Is Psychology?
Psychology’s Origins: The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt: The Founder of Psychology
Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism
William James: Functionalism
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
John B Watson: Behaviorism
Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology
Contemporary Psychology
Major Perspectives in Psychology Specialty Areas in Psychology
The Scientific Method
The Steps in the Scientific Method: Systematically Seeking Answers Building Theories: Integrating the Findings from Many Studies
Descriptive Research
Naturalistic Observation: The Science of People- and Animal-Watching
Case Studies: Details, Details, Details
Surveys: (A) Always (B) Sometimes (C) Never (D) Huh?
Correlational Studies: Looking at Relationships and Making
Experimental Research
Experimental Design: Studying the Effects of Testing Experimental Controls Limitations of Experiments and Variations in Experimental Design
Ethics in Psychological Research
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Successful Study Techniques
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms Concept Map
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE
What Is a Pseudoscience?
2 Neuroscience and Behavior
PROLOGUE: Asha’s Story
Introduction: Neuroscience and Behavior
The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication
Characteristics of the Neuron
Glial Cells
Communication Within the Neuron: The Action Potential Communication Between Neurons: Bridging the Gap Neurotransmitters and Their Effects
How Drugs Affect Synaptic Transmission
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communication Throughout the Body
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Endocrine System
A Guided Tour of the Brain
The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis
The Brainstem: Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures
The Forebrain
Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Language and the Left Hemisphere: The Early Work of Broca and Wernicke Cutting the Corpus Callosum: The Split Brain
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Maximizing Your Brain’s Potential
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
CRITICAL THINKING
“His” and “Her” Brains? SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE Brain Myths
3 Sensation and Perception
PROLOGUE: Learning to See
Introduction: What Are Sensation and Perception?
Basic Principles of Sensation
Vision: From Light to Sight
What We See: The Nature of Light
How We See: The Human Visual System Processing Visual Information Color Vision
Hearing: From Vibration to Sound
What We Hear: The Nature of Sound How We Hear: The Path of Sound
The Chemical and Body Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch, and Position
How We Smell (Don’t Answer That!)
Taste
The Skin and Body Senses
Perception
The Perception of Shape: What Is It?
Depth Perception: How Far Away Is It?
The Perception of Motion: Where Is It Going? Perceptual Constancies
Perceptual Illusions
The Müller-Lyer Illusion
The Moon Illusion
The Effects of Experience on Perceptual Interpretations
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Strategies to Control Pain
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms
Concept Map
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE
Subliminal Perception
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Vision, Experience, and the Brain IN FOCUS
Do Pheromones Influence Human Behavior?
CRITICAL THINKING
ESP: Can Perception Occur Without Sensation?
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Ways of Seeing: Culture and Top-Down Processes IN FOCUS
The Dress That Broke the Internet
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Culture and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered-World Hypothesis
4 Consciousness and Its Variations
PROLOGUE: A Knife in the Dark
Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”
Attention: The Mind’s Spotlight
The Perils of Multitasking
Cycles of Consciousness: Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate Consciousness
The Dawn of Modern Sleep Research
The Onset of Sleep and Hypnagogic Hallucinations
The First 90 Minutes of Sleep and Beyond
Why Do We Sleep?
Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep
Dream Themes and Imagery
The Significance of Dreams
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Blocked Breathing During Sleep
Narcolepsy: Blurring the Boundaries Between Sleep and Wakefulness
The Parasomnias: Undesired Arousal or Actions During Sleep
Hypnosis
Effects of Hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis: Consciousness Divided?
Meditation Scientific Studies of the Effects of Meditation
Psychoactive Drugs
Common Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
The Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Tranquilizers
The Opioids: From Poppies to Demerol
The Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine
Psychedelic Drugs: Mescaline, LSD, and Marijuana
Designer “Club” Drugs: Ecstasy and the Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Overcoming Insomnia
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
What You Really Want to Know About Dreams
CRITICAL THINKING
Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards
5 Learning
PROLOGUE: The Killer Attic
Introduction: What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli Principles of Classical Conditioning Factors That Affect Conditioning From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism Conditioned Emotional Reactions Other Classically Conditioned Responses
Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning Cognitive Aspects of Classical Conditioning: Reliable Signals Evolutionary Aspects of Classical Conditioning: Biological Predispositions to Learn
Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and Consequences Thorndike and the Law of Effect B F Skinner and the Search for “Order in Behavior” Reinforcement: Increasing Future Behavior Punishment: Using Aversive Consequences to Decrease Behavior Shaping and Maintaining Behavior Applications of Operant Conditioning
Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning Cognitive Aspects of Operant Conditioning: Rats! I Thought You Had the Map! Learned Helplessness: Expectations of Failure and Learning to Quit Operant Conditioning and Biological Predispositions: Misbehaving Chickens
Observational Learning: Imitating the Actions of Others Applications of Observational Learning
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Using Learning Principles to Improve Your Self-Control
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms
Concept Map
IN FOCUS
Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment
CRITICAL THINKING
Is Human Freedom Just an Illusion?
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE
Do “Learning Styles” Affect Learning?
CRITICAL THINKING
Does Exposure to Media Violence Cause Aggressive Behavior?
6 Memory
PROLOGUE: The Drowning
Introduction: What Is Memory?
The Stage Model of Memory
Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions of the World Short-Term Memory and Working Memory: The Workshop of Consciousness Long-Term Memory
Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory
The Importance of Retrieval Cues
The Encoding Specificity Principle Flashbulb Memories: Vivid Events, Accurate Memories?
Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails
Hermann Ebbinghaus: The Forgetting Curve Why Do We Forget?
Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories Forming False Memories: From the Plausible to the Impossible
The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory
The Search for the Elusive Memory Trace
The Role of Neurons in Long-Term Memory Processing Memories in the Brain: Clues from Amnesia
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Ten Steps to Boost Your Memory
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Culture’s Effects on Early Memories IN FOCUS
Déjà Vu Experiences: An Illusion of Memory?
CRITICAL THINKING
The Memory Wars: Recovered or False Memories?
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Assembling Memories: Echoes and Reflections of Perception
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
PROLOGUE: The EyeWriter
Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
The Building Blocks of Thought: Mental Imagery and Concepts
Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Problem-Solving Strategies
Obstacles to Solving Problems: Thinking Outside the Box Decision-Making Strategies
Decisions Involving Uncertainty: Estimating the Probability of Events
Language and Thought
The Characteristics of Language
The Effect of Language on Perception
Language Development
The Bilingual Mind: Are Two Languages Better Than One?
Animal Communication and Cognition
Measuring Intelligence
The Development of Intelligence Tests Principles of Test Construction: What Makes a Good Test?
The Nature of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
The Extremes of Intelligence
The Roles of Genetics and Environment in Determining Intelligence
Cross-Cultural Studies of Group Discrimination and IQ Differences
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: A Workshop on Creativity
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind’s Eye CRITICAL THINKING
The Persistence of Unwarranted Beliefs IN FOCUS
Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Performing with a Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Undermine Performance
8 Motivation and Emotion
PROLOGUE: One Step, One Breath
Introduction: Motivation and Emotion
Instinct Theories: Inborn Behaviors as Motivators
Drive Theories: Biological Needs as Motivators
Incentive Theories: Goal Objects as Motivators
Arousal Theory: Optimal Stimulation as a Motivator
Humanistic Theories: Human Potential as a Motivator
Hunger and Eating
Energy Homeostasis: Calories Consumed = Calories Expended Signals That Regulate Eating Long-Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight Excess Weight and Obesity
Psychological Needs as Motivators
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Affiliation and Achievement: The Need to Fit In and the Need to Stand Out Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory
Emotion
The Functions of Emotion
The Subjective Experience of Emotion
The Neuroscience of Emotion
The Expression of Emotion: Making Faces
Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion
The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Turning Your Goals into Reality
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
CRITICAL THINKING
Has Evolution Programmed Us to Overeat?
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Dopamine Receptors and Obesity
IN FOCUS Detecting Lies
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Emotions and the Brain
CRITICAL THINKING
Emotion in Nonhuman Animals: Laughing Rats, Affectionate Elephants, and Smiling Dolphins?
Introduction: Life Stories
Genetic Contributions to Development
Your Unique Genotype
From Genotype to Phenotype
Prenatal Development
The Germinal and Embryonic Periods
Prenatal Brain Development
The Fetal Period
Development During Infancy and Childhood
Physical Development
Social and Personality Development
Cognitive Development
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Adolescence
Physical and Sexual Development
Social Development
Identity Formation: Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Adult Development
Emerging Adulthood
Physical Changes in Adulthood
Social Development in Adulthood
Late Adulthood and Aging
Cognitive Changes
Social Development
The Final Chapter: Dying and Death
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Raising Psychologically Healthy Children
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms
Concept Map
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Where Does the Baby Sleep?
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE
Can a DVD Program Your Baby to Be a Genius?
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress IN FOCUS
Hooking Up on Campus
CRITICAL THINKING
The Effects of Child Care on Attachment and Development
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Boosting the Aging Brain
10 Gender and Sexuality
PROLOGUE: People Are People
Introduction: Gender and Sexuality
Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles
Differences Related to Sex and Gender
Gender Development: Blue Bears and Pink Bunnies
Gender Differences in Childhood Behavior: Spider-Man Versus Barbie
Beyond Male and Female: Variations in Gender Identity
Human Sexuality
First Things First: The Stages of Human Sexual Response
What Motivates Sexual Behavior?
Sexual Orientation: The Elusive Search for an Explanation
Sexual Disorders and Problems
How Common Are Sexual Problems?
Categories of Sexual Dysfunctions
The Paraphilic Disorders: Unusual Sexual Fantasies, Urges, or Behaviors
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Reducing Conflict in Intimate Relationships
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms
Concept Map
CRITICAL THINKING
Gender Differences: Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fields
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The Outward Display of Gender
11 Personality
PROLOGUE: Identical Twins?
Introduction: What Is Personality?
The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality
The Life of Sigmund Freud
Freud’s Dynamic Theory of Personality
Personality Development: The Psychosexual Stages
The Neo-Freudians: Freud’s Descendants and Dissenters
Evaluating Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality
The Humanistic Perspective on Personality
The Emergence of the “Third Force”
Carl Rogers: On Becoming a Person
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective on Personality
The Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality
The Trait Perspective on Personality
Surface Traits and Source Traits
Two Representative Trait Theories: Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck
Sixteen Are Too Many, Three Are Too Few: The Five-Factor Model
Personality Traits and Behavioral Genetics: Just a Chip Off the Old Block?
Do Animals Have Personality Traits?
Evaluating the Trait Perspective on Personality
Assessing Personality: Psychological Tests
Projective Tests: Like Seeing Things in the Clouds Self-Report Inventories: Does Anyone Have an Eraser?
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Possible Selves: Imagine the Possibilities
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
CRITICAL THINKING
Freud, Rogers, and Bandura: Contrasting Views on Human Nature
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
The Neuroscience of Personality: Brain Structure and the Big Five SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE
Graphology: The “Write” Way to Assess Personality?
12 Social Psychology
PROLOGUE: The “Homeless” Man
Introduction: What Is Social Psychology?
Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Other People
Social Categorization: Using Mental Shortcuts in Person Perception
Attribution: Explaining Behavior
The Self-Serving Bias: Using Explanations to Meet Our Needs
The Social Psychology of Attitudes
The Effect of Attitudes on Behavior
The Effect of Behavior on Attitudes: Fried Grasshoppers for Lunch?!
Understanding Prejudice From Stereotypes to Prejudice: In-Groups and Out-Groups Overcoming Prejudice
Conformity: Following the Crowd Factors Influencing Conformity Culture and Conformity
Obedience: Just Following Orders
Milgram’s Original Obedience Experiment
The Results of Milgram’s Original Experiment Conditions That Undermine Obedience: Variations on a Theme Asch, Milgram, and the Real World: Implications of the Classic Social Influence Studies
Altruism and Aggression: Helping and Hurting Behavior Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Bystanders Helping Factors That Decrease the Likelihood of Bystanders Helping Aggression: Hurting Behavior
The Influence of Groups on Individual Behavior
Social Loafing: When Individual Effort Is “Lost in the Crowd” Social Facilitation: Individual Performance in the Presence of Others Deindividuation: When Group Members Feel Anonymous
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: The Persuasion Game
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms Concept Map
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Brain Reward When Making Eye Contact with Attractive People CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases IN FOCUS
Interpersonal Attraction and Liking CRITICAL THINKING
Abuse at Abu Ghraib: Why Do Ordinary People Commit Evil Acts?
13 Stress, Health, and Coping
PROLOGUE: Fire and Ash
Introduction: Stress and Health Psychology Sources of Stress
Physical Effects of Stress: The Mind–Body Connection
Stress and the Endocrine System
Stress, Chromosomes, and Aging: The Telomere Story Stress and the Immune System
Individual Factors That Influence the Response to Stress
Psychological Factors
Social Factors: A Little Help from Your Friends
Coping: How People Deal with Stress
Problem-Focused Coping Strategies: Changing the Stressor Emotion-Focused Coping Strategies: Changing Your Reaction to the Stressor Culture and Coping Strategies
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Minimizing the Effects of Stress
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
The Stress of Adapting to a New Culture FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Psych for Your Life: Understanding and Helping to Prevent Suicide
Chapter Review
Key Terms
Concept Map
CRITICAL THINKING
Should Social Media Help to Diagnose Disorders?
CRITICAL THINKING
Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Culture-Bound Syndromes
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
The Hallucinating Brain
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Schizophrenia: A Wildfire in the Brain
15 Therapies
PROLOGUE: “A Clear Sense of Being Heard ”
Introduction: Psychotherapy and Biomedical Therapy
Psychoanalytic Therapy
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
Short-Term Dynamic Therapies
Humanistic Therapy
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
Behavior Therapy
Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Therapies
Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies
Group and Family Therapy
Group Therapy
Family and Couple Therapy
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Is One Form of Psychotherapy Superior?
What Factors Contribute to Effective Psychotherapy?
Biomedical Therapies
Antipsychotic Medications
Antianxiety Medications
Lithium
Antidepressant Medications
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: What to Expect in Psychotherapy
Chapter Review
Key People Key Terms Concept Map
IN FOCUS
Using Virtual Reality to Treat Phobia and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder IN FOCUS
Increasing Access: Meeting the Need for Mental Health Care
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Cultural Values and Psychotherapy
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE
Psychotherapy and the Brain CRITICAL THINKING
Do Antidepressants Work Better Than Placebos?
APPENDIX A Statistics: Understanding Data
PROLOGUE: The Tables Are Turned: A Psychologist Becomes a Research Participant
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distribution
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
z Scores and the Normal Curve
Correlation
Inferential Statistics
Endnote
Appendix Review
Key Terms Concept Map
What Is Industrial/Organizational
Psychology?
History of I/O Psychology
Industrial (Personnel) Psychology
Job Analysis
A Closer Look at Personnel Selection
Organizational Behavior
Job Satisfaction
Leadership
Workplace Trends and Issues
Workforce Diversity: Recruiting and Retaining Diverse Talent
Technology in the Workplace: Data, Big and Small
Telework and Telecommuting: The Best Retention Tool
The Gig Economy: The Changing Nature of Work
Emotional Labor: Smile or Else!
Work–Life Balance: Engaging and Retaining Employees
Appendix Review
Key Terms
Concept Map
IN FOCUS B-10
Servant Leadership: When It’s Not All About You
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
To the Instructor
Welcome to the eighth edition of Psychology!
We’ve been gratified by the enthusiastic response to the seven previous editions of Psychology We’ve especially enjoyed the e-mails and letters we’ve received from students who felt that our book was speaking directly to them Students and faculty alike have told us how much they appreciated Psychology’s distinctive voice, its inviting learning environment, the engaging writing style, and the clarity of its explanations qualities we’ve maintained in the eighth edition
But as you’ll quickly see, this new edition is marked by exciting new changes: a fresh new look, a leaner, more concise introduction to both classic research and groundbreaking new studies, an explicit emphasis on scientific literacy, and last but not least, a digital experience that is more tightly integrated for both students and instructors More about these features later
Since the preparation of the first edition, there has been a clear vision for this book: combine the scientific authority of psychology with a narrative that engages students and relates to their lives Drawing from decades (yes, it really has been decades) of teaching experience, our book weaves cutting-edge psychological science with real-life stories that draw students of all kinds into the narrative
While there is much that is new, this edition of Psychology reflects our continued commitment to the goals that guide us as teachers and authors Once again, we invite you to explore every page of the new edition of Psychology, so you can see firsthand how we:
• Communicate both the scientific rigor and the personal relevance of psychology
• Encourage and model critical and scientific thinking
• Show how classic psychological studies help set the stage for today’s research
• Critically examine the latest in neuroscience research
• Clearly explain psychological concepts and the relationships among them
• Present controversial topics in an impartial and even-handed fashion
• Expand students’ awareness of cultural and gender influences
• Create a student-friendly, personal learning environment
• Provide an effective pedagogical system that helps students develop more effective learning strategies
What’s New in the Eighth Edition
We began the revision process with the thoughtful recommendations and feedback we received from hundreds of faculty using the text, from reviewers, from colleagues, and from students We also had face-to-face dialogues with our own students As you’ll quickly see, the eighth edition marks a major step in the evolution of Psychology We’ll begin by summarizing the biggest changes to this edition
Curating Psychology: Streamlining Coverage for Effective Instruction
Psychology’s richness and diversity is a challenge for any instructor, but especially for an instructor of introductory psychology How best to survey the vast field of psychology without drowning beginning students in details and data?
As authors, we see ourselves as curators of psychology Every edition involves a series of choices which new studies to add, which research trends to emphasize, and, just as important, which studies to drop or topics to condense As you might expect, editions tend to grow over time And, given the wealth of additional resources available for students on our online course space, LaunchPad (more on this below), a key goal for this edition was to present and organize content in a manner that would be manageable for its student readers
To meet the goal of streamlining coverage for effective instruction, we took on the challenge of condensing, cutting, and reorganizing chapters throughout the text As you’ll see, we’ve shaved multiple pages off almost every chapter in the book In some chapters, we moved boxed material into text discussions or photo captions; some examples include phrenology, meditation’s effect on the brain, the linguistic relativity hypothesis, and the tend-and-befriend response to threats We’ve also reduced and combined sections For example, circadian rhythms is no longer a separate section, but is combined with the discussion of sleep
In many areas, the level of detail has been significantly reduced, such as the discussions of hunger, eating, and obesity; schedules of reinforcement; the psychoanalytic theory of personality; overcoming prejudice; and psychotropic medications However, in every instance, we took care to present the most important information, asking ourselves, “What does the introductory student need to know?” The end result? Despite adding hundreds of new references and dozens of new topics and research studies, the eighth edition is significantly shorter than its predecessors
Digitally Integrated Package
Today’s college students are digital natives They are accustomed to going online to seek answers and to connect with friends, fellow students, and their instructors LaunchPad, our course space, combines an interactive e-Book with high-quality multimedia content and ready-made assessment options, including LearningCurve adaptive quizzing In each chapter of Psychology, we direct students’ attention to multimedia content that will deepen their understanding of topics covered in the text For the eighth edition, the majority of videos and interactive activities available on LaunchPad are new or have been carefully revised and updated Pre-built, curated units are easy to assign or adapt with your own material, such as readings, videos, quizzes, discussion groups, and more
Recognizing the power of LearningCurve’s adaptive quizzing, in the eighth edition we have dropped the in-text Concept Reviews Instead, we guide students to LaunchPad for the most effective reinforcement of a section’s concepts
A streamlined interface helps students focus on their next assignments, and social commenting tools let them engage, make connections, and learn from each other You can use LaunchPad on its own or integrate it with your school’s learning management system so your class is always on the same page
Think Like a Scientist Model and Digital Feature
To help students learn to develop their scientific thinking skills and become critical consumers of information, a unique feature of Psychology is a set of Think Like a Scientist digital activities available on LaunchPad We developed each digital activity specifically for Psychology, providing students with the opportunity to apply their critical thinking and scientific thinking skills These immersive learning activities combine video, audio, text, and assessment to help students hone and master scientific literacy skills they will use well beyond the introductory course In these activities, one developed to match content in each chapter, students will be invited to critically explore questions they encounter in everyday life, such as “Can you learn to tell when someone is lying?” and “Are some people ‘left-brained’ and some people ‘right-brained’?” For the eighth edition, Think Like a Scientist activities have been updated to improve accessibility and to reflect recent research
THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST
If you saw a crime take place, would you be a good witness? Go to LaunchPad: Resources to Think Like a Scientist about Eyewitness Testimony
Identify the Claim
Evaluate the Evidence
Consider Alternative Explanations
Consider the Source of the Research or Claim
The Think Like a Scientist digital activities are designed to teach and develop a skill set that will persist long after the final exam grades are recorded We hope to develop a set of transferable skills that can be applied to analyzing dubious claims in any subject area from advertisements to politics We think students will enjoy completing these activities and instructors will value them The eighth edition of Psychology includes the following Think Like a Scientist digital activities:
• Contagious Online Emotions (Chapter 1)
• The Right Brain Versus the Left Brain (Chapter 2)
As was the case with previous editions, we have extensively updated every chapter with the latest research We have attended many academic conferences, pored over dozens of journals, and clicked through thousands of Web sites to learn about the latest in psychological science As a result, this new edition features hundreds of new references Just to highlight a few additions, the eighth edition includes brand-new sections on affiliation and the need to belong, personality in nonhuman animals, the use of technology in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, and emotional labor In addition, we have significantly updated coverage of neuroscience and expanded our coverage of culture, gender, and diversity throughout the text
As of our last count, there are more than 800 new references in the eighth edition of Psychology, more than half of which are from 2016 or later These new citations reflect the many new and updated topics and discussions in the eighth edition of Psychology From the validity of “learning styles” to research on “power poses” and the use of social media to diagnose psychological disorders, we provide our students with interesting, clear explanations of psychological science Later in this preface, you’ll find a list of the updates by chapter
New Design, New Photos, and New End-of-Chapter Concept Maps
Created with today’s media-savvy students in mind, the clean, modern, new look of Psychology showcases the book’s cutting-edge content and student-friendly style New visual end-of-chapter Concept Maps show the relationships among concepts and help students consolidate memory of new information Carefully chosen photographs more than 35 percent of them new apply psychological concepts and research to real-world situations Accompanied by information-rich captions that expand upon the text, vivid and diverse photographs help make psychology concepts come alive, demonstrating psychology’s relevance to today’s students
Major Chapter Revisions
As you page through our new edition, you will encounter new examples, boxes, photos, and illustrations in every chapter Below are highlights of some of the most significant changes:
Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods
• New photo example of the topics that psychologists study
• Expanded discussion of Wundt’s experiments
• New photo example of the biological perspective
• New example of how to read a journal reference
• Streamlined and updated discussion of psychology’s specialty areas
• Updated Science Versus Pseudoscience box, with new photo example of a product marketed with pseudoscientific claims
• Added discussion of longitudinal versus cross-sectional research design (moved from Lifespan Development chapter)
• Expanded treatment of replication, using controversial research on “power poses” as an example of the importance of replication
• Revised discussion of the experimental method, with new definitions of independent variable, control group, and experimental group
• Psych for Your Life fully revised and updated with new research on use of laptops for note taking in class, and practice tests
• Discussion of brain scanning techniques has been moved to Chapter 2, Neuroscience and Behavior
The Importance of Replication: How Powerful Is the Power Pose Effect? In her popular Ted Talk on “power posing,” Amy Cuddy (2012) described research showing that holding a power pose like the one above for two minutes could significantly impact attitudes, hormones, and behavior (Carney & others, 2010) She also claimed that power posing for two minutes before an important job interview or meeting could “significantly change the outcome of [your] life ” But later researchers were unable to replicate the original study, casting doubt on the strength of the original finding (Simmons & Simonsohn, 2017)
Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior
• Fully revised and condensed introduction
• Simplified presentation of types of glial cells
• Streamlined discussion of important neurotransmitters
• In Focus box on concussions, traumatic brain injury, and CTE fully revised, updated, and retitled “Concussions, Cumulative Impacts, and CTE”
• New photo example of Botox
• Condensed and streamlined discussions of the peripheral nervous system and the endocrine system
• Fully revised and updated Focus on Neuroscience, “Imaging the Brain,” now appears in Chapter 2 (relocated from Chapter 1)
• Material previously found in Focus on Neuroscience boxes “Mapping the Brain” and “Juggling and Brain Plasticity” has been integrated with text discussion and in-text photos
• Box on phrenology has been integrated into text discussion of the history of research on cortical localization, Broca, and Wernicke
• Updated and streamlined discussion of plasticity and neurogenesis
• Updated research on Phineas Gage’s injury and subsequent life
• Section on “Language and the Left Hemisphere” fully revised and condensed
• Streamlined discussion of the split-brain operation
• Updated Critical Thinking box, “‘His’ and ‘Her’ Brains?”
• Updated Science Versus Pseudoscience box, “Brain Myths”
• Updated and streamlined Psych for Your Life, “Maximizing Your Brain’s Potential”
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
• Streamlined and updated Science Versus Pseudoscience box on subliminal perception, including new research on the effects of subliminal stimuli on attitudes toward aging
• Focus on Neuroscience, “Vision, Experience, and the Brain,” updated with new brain scans
• Condensed discussion of color perception
• New research on taste receptors
• New photo illustrating top-down subjective preconceptions on judgments of taste/quality
• Fully revised discussion of pain, including new research on opioids and their effect on the pain system
• Fully revised and retitled section on proprioception
• Streamlined introduction to Perception
• Critical Thinking box, “ESP: Can Perception Occur Without Sensation?” reduced and updated
• Revised and streamlined discussions of monocular and binocular cues and motion perception
• Added discussion of color constancy, now a boldfaced term
• New In Focus box, “The Dress That Broke the Internet,” explains why some people saw “the dress” as blue and black and
• Streamlined and updated Psych for Your Life, including new research on the effectiveness of acupuncture in pain control
Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations
• Condensed and updated discussion of attention and multitasking, including new data on cell phone usage contributing to motor vehicle accidents
• Discussion of circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus is condensed and integrated with coverage on sleep
• New research on the effects of artificial light, including computer and tablet screens, on circadian rhythms
• Reflecting the latest views on sleep stages, stage 3 and stage 4 NREM have been combined into just stage 3 NREM
• Streamlined In Focus box, “What You Really Want to Know About Sleep”
• Revised section, “Why Do We Sleep?”
• Simplified and shorter discussion of dreams and mental activity during sleep
• Streamlined coverage of sleep disorders and hypnosis
• Updated and condensed Critical Thinking box on theories of hypnosis
• Thoroughly updated and shortened section on the effects of meditation
• Statistics on alcohol abuse and drug overdose deaths updated with 2016 and 2017 research data
• New photos of emergency medical workers, illustrating the dangers of alcohol abuse
• The latest research on the surge in heroin and prescription opioid overdose deaths
• New coverage of the dangers of synthetic opioids like fentanyl and the tragic death of Prince, with new photo
• Discussion of inhalants has been dropped
• Condensed sections on caffeine and nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA (“Ecstasy”)
• New discussion of e-cigarettes, including photo example
• Incorporated 2016 research on the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs and ketamine
• Updated 2015 research on long-term mental health effects of psychedelic drug use
• Added new 2017 findings on the effectiveness of medical marijuana, including use of cannabidiol (CBD)
e-Book
before bedtime,
Chapter 5: Learning
• Bell replaced with a metronome in classical conditioning explanation and figures so as to improve historical accuracy
• Streamlined discussions of higher order conditioning and conditioned emotional reactions
• Condensed In Focus box, “Watson, Classical Conditioning, and Advertising”
• Streamlined discussion of classically conditioned drug effects
• Condensed presentation of Robert Rescorla’s classic research
• Streamlined discussion of Thorndike and the law of effect
• Reorganized section on reinforcement and discriminative stimuli
• New photo examples of primary and conditioned reinforcers
• Updated 2016 research on the effects of spanking
• Reorganized and simplified presentation of schedules of reinforcement
• Condensed Critical Thinking box, “Is Human Freedom Just an Illusion?” illustrated with new discussion and photo example of “gamification”
• New Focus on Neuroscience, “Reinforcement and Punishment in the Brain”
• New Science Versus Pseudoscience box, “Do ‘Learning Styles’ Affect Learning?”
• New photo depicting the use of operant conditioning to train “HeroRats” to detect mines in Cambodia
• Revised and shortened discussion of learned helplessness
• Streamlined discussion of observational learning, including shorter discussion of observational learning in nonhuman animals
• Revised and updated Critical Thinking box, “Does Exposure to Media Violence Cause Aggressive Behavior?” includes 2015 research on the effects of violent video games
• Streamlined Psych for Your Life feature, “Using Learning Principles to Improve Your Self-Control”
Want to Sleep Better? Turn Off That Screen! Smartphone, tablet, and laptop screens all emit blue light, which mimics daylight, increasing alertness and suppressing melatonin When researchers compared the effects of reading a print book with reading a lightemitting
two hours
they found that the e-Book readers took longer to fall asleep, had disrupted sleep patterns, and were less alert the next day than the print book readers (Chang & others, 2015)
Using Operant Conditioning to Train HeroRATs African giant pouched rats are well equipped to sniff out unexploded mines They are too light to set the mines off and they have a powerful sense of smell, able to detect TNT from two feet away They are also relatively easy to train using operant conditioning (Poling & others, 2010) Reinforced with bits of banana, rats learn to scratch the dirt when they smell TNT A Belgian nonprofit agency has trained dozens of rats to sweep minefields in Cambodia, Mozambique, and Angola You can watch video of the HeroRATS in action at www apopo org
Chapter 6: Memory
• Expanded discussion of the distinction between short-term memory and working memory, updated with a new example and 2016 research
• New discussion of the reminiscence bump
• Added description of Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM), illustrated with new photo of Jill Price
• Updated research on culture’s effect on first memories, with a new photo example
• Updated research and new example of implicit memory effects
• New illustration of reminders and retrieval cues
• Discussion of flashbulb memories updated with 2015 research and new photo illustration
• New research on the adaptive value of forgetting
• Revised graph showing the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
• New research on name mix-ups as an instance of proactive interference
• Reorganized and condensed discussions of imperfect and false memories
• New photo examples from research conducted by the online magazine Slate showing how faked news photographs can produce false memories about political events
• New photo example of eyewitness misidentification
• New coverage of false confessions includes 2015 research and real-world data from the Innocence Project
• In Focus box, “H M and Famous People” has been dropped
• Updated (2016) research on dementia and on the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease
• New photo example of living with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease
Total Recall Jill Price can tell you exactly what she was doing on any particular date since 1980 (McRobbie, 2017) Price is one of a handful of people who have hyperthymesia, better known as Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory or HSAM (Parker & others, 2006) People with HSAM have memory and cognitive abilities that are, in general, no better than average (LePort & others, 2016, 2017) But they have an extraordinary ability to retrieve memories from their own past One study found that people with HSAM tend to become deeply absorbed in imaginative fantasies suggesting that they might be more likely than others to obsessively replay memories of past experiences (Patihis 2016) While some people might consider HSAM to be a gift Jill Price sees it as a burden: “It’s like a running movie that never stops I run my entire life through my head every day and it drives me crazy I also recall every bad decision insult and excruciating embarrassment Over the years it has eaten me up ”
Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
• New prologue focusing on a paralyzed street artist and his creativity as well as the creative problem-solving of a team of scientists working with him
• New photo example highlighting different types of thinking
• Streamlined discussion of mental images, including in the related Focus on Neuroscience box
• Shortened discussion of concepts
• New photo examples of trial and error and heuristics in everyday life
• Revised and shortened discussion of heuristics as a problem-solving strategy
• Fully revised discussion of insight
• Streamlined discussions of the additive model and the elimination-by-aspects model
• New discussion of information-processing theories in section on the representative heuristic
• Culture and Human Behavior box, “The Effect of Language on Perception,” integrated into the main text
• Research on language development streamlined and moved from the Lifespan Development chapter
• Updated and streamlined discussion of bilingualism
• Revised and shortened discussion of animal communication and cognition, including new research on dog cognition
• New example of historical bias in IQ testing
• New research on the importance of personality factors in the In Focus box, “Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?”
• Updated discussion of practical intelligence
• New section on the extremes of intelligence
• Streamlined Culture and Human Behavior box, “Performing with a Threat in the Air”
• New photo example of creativity: Mike Ebeling
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
• Streamlined introduction to motivational theories
• New photo example of sensation seeking
• Condensed, simplified, and updated section on hunger, eating, overweight, and obesity; factors leading to excess weight and obesity are now discussed in a single section
• Updated statistics and research on the incidence of obesity
• Updated Critical Thinking box, “Has Evolution Programmed Us to Overeat?” including 2014 research on stigma associated with obesity
• Revised and condensed introduction to Psychological Needs as Motivators section
• Streamlined and updated treatments of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory
• New section, “Affiliation and Achievement: The Need to Fit In and the Need to Stand Out,” includes new coverage of the need to belong, the need for affiliation, and loneliness
• Streamlined and updated discussion of the subjective experience of emotion and the neuroscience of emotion
• New photos illustrating facial expressions of basic emotions
• New photo example of polygraph testing
• Gender and emotion now covered in the main text in the retitled section, “Culture, Gender, and Emotional Experience”
• Streamlined Critical Thinking box, “Emotion in Nonhuman Animals”
• Section on “Theories of Emotion” has been greatly condensed
Sensation Seeking People who enjoy high-risk activities are usually sensation seekers For them, the rush of adrenaline they feel when they push the outer limit is an exhilarating and rewarding experience
Chapter 9: Lifespan Development
• New photo examples of continuity and change over the lifespan
• Streamlined discussion of epigenetics
• New photo example of teratogens: lead in the Flint, Michigan, municipal water supply
• Additional research on infants’ senses
• New photo examples of cognitive development and Piagetian stages
• New section on autism spectrum disorder
• New photo example of peer relationships in adolescence
• Streamlined discussion of moral development, and new photo example
• Fully revised In Focus box, “Hooking Up on Campus”
• New research, in-text example, and photo example on emerging adulthood
• Updated data on the median age at first marriage
• Streamlined Critical Thinking box, “The Effects of Child Care on Attachment and Development”
• Updated data on the population of older adults in the United States and worldwide
• Streamlined Focus on Neuroscience box, “Boosting the Aging Brain”
• Updated statistics on U S households, including changes in family structure
Chapter 10: Gender and Sexuality
• Updated information about and additional, recent photo of James, the transgender man featured in the prologue
• New photo example of gender nonconformity
• New research on attitudes of benevolent sexism
• Updated discussion of gender differences in emotionality
• Section on cognitive differences streamlined and updated
• New research on gender differences in childhood behavior and on explanations for gender differences
• Expanded coverage of intersexuality, including new research, in-text example, and photo example
• Culture and Human Behavior box, “The Outward Display of Gender,” updated with new research and a new photo example
• New research on prejudice and discrimination and prejudice against people who are intersex or transgender
• Streamlined section on the stages of sexual response and motivations for sexual behavior
• Added example of asexuality
• New data on prejudice and discrimination against gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
• Streamlined discussions of sexual problems, sexual dysfunctions, and the paraphilic disorders
• Streamlined discussion of HIV and AIDS
• Evolution and mate preferences now covered in the main text
• New information on rates of HIV infections in the United States and globally
• New photo on the HIV/AIDS epidemic: activists
• Updated research on preventing STIs
• Streamlined Psych for Your Life feature, “Reducing Conflict in Intimate Relationships”
Intersex Supermodel Model Hanne Gaby Odiele recently revealed to the public that she is intersex “It is very important to me in my life right now to break the taboo,” she explained to a reporter (Miller, 2017) Odiele wants to raise awareness about being intersex in an effort to reduce the rates of irreversible surgery on intersex infants Odiele, who describes the trauma of having been subjected to childhood surgeries herself, said “I am proud to be intersex, but very angry that these surgeries are still happening ”
Chapter 11: Personality
• New prologue on two pairs of identical twins mixed up at birth
• Streamlined discussion of Freud and his theory of personality
• Reduced section on the neo-Freudians, including a streamlined discussion of archetypes
• New photo representing Freud’s influence on popular culture
• Trimmed discussion of the humanistic perspective
• New photo example and streamlined discussion of self-efficacy
• Streamlined discussion of the trait perspective of personality
• New photo example on the effects of genes and heredity on personality traits
• Streamlined Focus on Neuroscience, “The Neuroscience of Personality”
• New research on personality traits in nonhuman animals
• Updated research on the lack of stability in personality traits across the lifespan
• New research on a variant on the Big Five personality traits among children, the Little Six
• Section on self-report inventories updated with new research
• Streamlined and updated Science Versus Pseudoscience box on graphology
