Dedication
Dedicated to mymother Sau.SunderLadaniya, mywifeMamta, mysonsMakrandandMayur, and mymaternalunclelateShri.BhikulaljiDudhawat.
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2.Commercialfreshcitruscultivarsandproducing
C.Grapefruit(Citrusparadisi Macfadyen)36
D.Pummeloorshaddock(C.grandis or C.maxima)37
E.Hybridsofpummeloandgrapefruit39
F.Lemon(Citruslimon)39
G.Acidlime41
H.Sweetlime(Citruslimettioides Tanaka)41
I.Citron(Citrusmedica Lin.)42
J.Calamondin(Citrusmadurensis Loureiro)42
K.Natsudaidai(Citrusnatsudaidai Hayata)42
L.Hassaku(Citrushassaku Tanaka)42
M.Kumquat(Fortunella spp.)43
N.Bael[Aeglemarmelos (L.)Correa.]43
II.Countries,varietiesgrown,andharvestingseasons 43 A.NorthernHemisphere44
7.Growth,maturity,gradestandards,and physico-mechanicalcharacteristicsoffruit
I.Citrusfruitandclimate
A.Mineralnutritionandfruitgrowth254
B.Fruitmaturation255
III.Indicesofmaturity,fruitgrades,andstandards 256
A.Indicesofmaturity(internalstandards)256
B.Fruitgrades(externalstandards)264
IV.Physicalandmechanicalcharacteristics
8.Harvesting
9.Preparationforthefreshfruitmarket
I.Degreening
A.Degreeningconditions301
B.Ethephon,ethylene,andothercompoundsenhancing rindcolor303
C.Degreeningrooms309
D.Changesinphysico-chemicalattributesofdegreenedfruit313
E.Respiration315
F.Fruitcolorchangeandmasslossindegreenedfruit315
G.Decayanddisordersindegreenedfruit316
H.Colorimprovementwithothermethods319
II.Packinghouseoperations 319
A.Mechanizedoperations320
B.Commodity-specificoperations336
C.Careduringhandlingoffruitonpackingline339
D.Manualversusmechanicaloperations340
E.Packinghouseenvironment,workerconditions,and safetyrules340
F.Sanitation341
G.Wastewaterdisposal342
H.Economicsandenergyneedsofpackinghouseoperations342
I.Conventionaloperationsindevelopingcountriesand recentdevelopments344
J.Sometipsforexportofcitrusfruits345
III.Postharvesttreatments
A.Curing346
B.Disinfectionandcleaning346
C.Surfacecoatings347
D.Plant-growthregulators361 E.Otherchemicals364
I.Containersandpackagingmaterials
A.Bulkhandlingcontainers380
B.Containersfortransport/shipment381
C.Commodity-specificcontainers383
D.Fillingandpackingofboxes389
E.Labelingofcartons/boxes392
F.Transport-worthiness,cartonstrengthandfruitcooling393
G.Stackingandhandling395
H.Packagingforretailmarket395
II.Film-wrappingandseal-packaging 398
A.Seal-packaging398
B.Commodity-specificresponsetoseal-packaging399
C.Advantagesofseal-packaging404
III.Modifiedatmospherepackaging
A.Plasticfilmsandtheircharacteristics408
I.Temperature,relativehumidity,andvaporpressuredeficit
II.Mechanicalrefrigeration
A.Refrigerationequipmentandcoolingplant426
B.Constructionofcoldstoragerooms428
C.Heatloadandthermalproperties430
III.Precooling
A.Effectofprecoolingonvariouscitrusfruits434
B.packagingcontainersandtheiralignmentduring precooling434
C.Useofcomputationalmodelinprecoolingstudies437
12.Storagesystemsandresponseofcitrusfruits 443
I.Storagesystems 444
A.Refrigeratedstorage445
B.Storageatsuboptimalorchillingtemperatures457
C.Controlledatmosphere462
D.Hypobaricstorage470
E.Evaporativecoolstorageandothernaturalsystems471
F.ECSwithsolarpoweredrefrigerationsystem476
G.Storageunderambientconditions476
II.Removalofethylenefromstoragearea
III.Changesinfruitcompositionduringstorage
A.Totalsolublesolids,sugars,andacidity479
13.Transportation
A.Vehicle-poweredrefrigeratedtruck501
B.Trailers/trucks(refrigeratedandnon-refrigerated)501 C.Trailer-on-flat-car502
D.Railcars503
E.Reefercontainers(refrigeratedcontainers)504 F.Cargoholdsofships507
III.Airdistributionsystem 508
IV.Fruitpackageandstowage 509
V.Freshairexchange
VI.Commodityspecifictransportrequirement
VII.Refrigerationcontrols,sensorsandcommunication
VIII.Conditioningandquarantinetreatmentsduring
IX.Airshipments
X.Foodsafetyconsiderationsduringshipments
14.Marketinganddistribution 521
I.Marketingsystemsanddistribution
I.Ionizingradiation
II.Irradiationprocess 543
A.Radioactivesourceforgammaradiation544 B.Irradiationguidelines544
A.Fungicidalaction/decaycontrol545
B.Quarantinetreatmentforfruitdisinfestation549
IV.Irradiationeffectsoncitrusqualityattributes 550
A.Respiratoryactivity,ethyleneevolution,andinternalgas concentration550
B.Enzymaticactivity551 C.Compositionalchanges552
V.Phytotoxiceffectofirradiationonpeelandflesh
A.Decayduetofieldinfection564
B.Decayduetopostharvestinfection567
C.Physiologicaleffectsofpostharvestinfection569
III.Disinfectantsandfungicides 570 A.Disinfectants570 B.Fungicides571
IV.Treatments,residues,andtolerances 575
A.Fungicidetreatments575
B.Strategiesagainstdecayandresistancedevelopment584
C.Residuesandtolerances585
17.Alternativestrategiesforpostharvestdisease
A.Sodiumcarbonate(Na2CO3
B.Borax598
C.Peroxyaceticacid598
D.Hydrogenperoxide598
A.Ultravioletrays606
B.Ozonetreatmentandcoronadischarge607
C.Non-thermalgasplasma/coldplasma609
D.Anolyte(electrolysed)water609
E.Hot-watertreatment611
F.Curing:high-temperaturetreatmentunderdryormoist conditions612
I.Disorderscausedbypostharvestfactors
A.Chillinginjury626
B.Oleocellosis(rind-oilspot)628
C.Rindstainingandpitting629
D.Kohansho630
E.Peteca630
F.Redblotchorred-coloredlesions631
G.Stylar-endbreakdown632
H.Rindbreakdown633
II.Disorderscausedbypreharvestfactors
A.Freezeinjury634
B.Granulation635
C.Fruitsplittingorcracking637
C.Physiologicalparameters663
II.Analysisofqualityattributesandinstruments 663
A.Physicalattributes663
B.Chemicalattributes671
C.Physiologicalattributes674
D.Sensoryattributes677
E.Fruitsampling679
F.Instrumentsusefulinstorageatmospheremanagement679
III.Rapidnondestructivequalityevaluationandapplication 682
A.Externalqualityevaluation682
B.Internalqualityevaluation682
C.Externalaswellasinternalqualityevaluation685
IV.Informationandcommunicationstechnologyinfruit qualitymanagement 686
V.Qualitycontrolandassurancesystems 686 References 689 21.Nutritiveandmedicinalvalueofcitrusfruits 693
I.Nutritivevalueofcitrusfruitinthehumandiet 694
A.Calorificvalue695
B.Minerals698
C.Dietaryfiberandpectin699
II.Therapeutic/medicinalvalue 700
A.Vitamins700
B.Flavonoids702
C.Antioxidants704
D.Roleofcitrusfruitinreducingriskofhumandiseases705
III.NutritiveandmedicinalvalueofBael (Aeglemarmelos) 714 References 714
22.Biotechnologicalapplicationsinfreshcitrusfruit 721
I.Introduction 721
II.Attributesforimprovement 725
A.Seedlessness725
B.Reductioninjuicebitterness726
C.Fruitfirmnessandchillinginjury727
D.Ethyleneaction727
E.Fruitpigmentsandnutritivevalue728 F.Resistancetopathogens732
23.Worldfreshcitrustradeandquarantineissues 737
I.Exports,imports,andworldtrade 738
A.Freshcitrusconsumptiontrend738
B.Majorexportingcountries740
C.Majorimportingcountries747
D.Fruitprices750
E.Freshcitrustradeprospects751 F.Barriersincitrustrade754
II.Quarantineissues 754
A.Quarantineregulations756
24.ImpactofclimatechangeandCOVID-19 pandemiconcitrusindustry 763
I.Climatechange 763 II.Climatechangeeffectoncropphysiology 769
III.Fruitproductionandyield 772
A.Bioticstresses774
B.Abioticstresses775
C.Fruitqualityandstorageability775
IV.Marketingandprices 777
V.Mitigationandadaptationstrategy 778 xvi Contents
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Preface
Thefirsteditionof CitrusFruit—Biology,Technology,andEvaluation was publishedinDecember2007,andsincethentremendousadvancementshave takenplaceincitrusfruitresearchconcerningpostharvestmanagement.The secondeditioncoversalmostalldevelopmentsthathavetakenplaceinthis subjectmatterduringthepast14yearstill2021.Citrusfruitsaregrownin morethan140countriesaroundtheworld.Totalcitrusproductionisnearing themarkof145millionmetrictons(presentproduction143.75millionmetrictonsin2019 20whichwas94.79millionmetrictonsin2005).Including sweetoranges,mandarins,lemons,limes,grapefruit,pummelo,many hybrids,locallygrowntartfruits,citrons,andbael(Aeglemarmelos),citrus isthelargestfruitindustryintheworld.Thelivelihoodofmillionsofpeople isdependentoncultivating,harvesting,sorting,packing,transporting,marketing,storing,andexportingtradeoperationsofcitrusfruit.Globally,the estimatedvalueofjustrawcitrusfruitismorethan50billionUS$.Withthe onsetoftheCOVID-19pandemicacrosstheworld,citrusfruitconsumption increasedduetothetherapeuticvalueofvitaminC,flavonoids,andmany otherbioactivecompoundsandantioxidantsthatboosthumanimmunity.
Postharvestbiologyandtechnology,abranchofsciencethatcombines biologyandengineering,hasevolvedfurtherinthepast14years.During thisperiod,considerableresearcheffortsinvariousaspectsofthisfieldhave beenmadeallovertheworld.Increasedcitrusproductionandexportdemand acceleratedresearchandstimulatedthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies. Theapplicationofcomputerscience,robotics,andinformationandcommunicationtechnologyincitrusfruitcultivationandpostharvestmanagementis beingemphasizedtoevaluateandpreservenaturalqualitiesoffreshproduce inordertocatertotheneedsofever-demandingandquality-consciousconsumers.Now,state-of-artpostharvesthandlingtechnologiesareroutinely usedinpackinghouses.Effortsarecontinuingtodevelopandintegratetechnologiestoensurethatallthefruitthatleavesthepackinghousemeetsqualitystandards,withoutanydefects.Noninvasiveornondestructiveevaluation techniquesareincreasinglybeingusedinqualityanalysisanddetectionof internaldefects.
Thissecondeditionisanupdatedcomprehensive,singlesourceonthe subjectthatpresentsallrelatedaspectssuchaspostharvestbiology,handling technology/machinery,organicandinorganictechniquesofdiseaseandpest
management,marketing,tradeandquarantine,therapeuticvalueoffruit, qualityevaluation,andbiotechnology.
Advanceshavetakenplaceintheareasoffruitphysiology,biochemistry, harvesting,handling,ediblecoatings,precooling,packaging,storagesystems, andtherapeuticvalueoffruit;theseadvancescallforanoverallreview.In thisedition,Ihaveendeavoredtoupdatetheinformationinallrelated aspectsoffreshfruit.Theinformationonbiochemicalcompoundsandqualitativechangesisvitalforstudentsofpostharvestscience.Thephysicalattributesoffruitdeterminetheirresponsetohandlingmachines;therefore machineshavetobedeveloped,keepinginmindphysicalandchemicalattributesofcitrus.Postharvestmanagementrequirestheproperblendingofbiologyandengineering/technologyknowledge.Thiseditioncontains533 additionalreferencesapartfromtheprevious1400references,andthusit becomesaverycomprehensivesinglesourceonthesubject.Mostofthe colorplatesarenewwithadditionsofnewtablesanddiagrams,makingthis editionarichsourceofeducationtostudentsofhorticultureatlargeandcitricultureinparticular.Thefundamentalscoveredinthebookarethesameas formosthorticulturecommodities.
Theentiresubjectmatterispresentedin24chapterscomparedto22 chaptersinthepreviousedition.Thenewchapters—“Impactofclimate changeandCOVID-19pandemiconcitrusindustry”and“Alternativestrategiesforpostharvestdiseasemanagement”havebeenadded.Allthechapters includenewinformationwhichappearedinvariousresearchjournals, reports,andbooksduringthepast14years.Thebasicandappliedscientific informationisinterwoventomakethereadinginterestingandcomprehensible.Effortshavebeenmadetoprovideinformationintotality.Allthestakeholdersincitrusfruitindustryincludingstudents,teachers,nutritionists, trainers,qualityinspectors,fruithandlers,transporters,exporters,growers, postharvesttechnologists,managers,andgeneralreaderswillfinditvery useful.
Ihavetriedtopresentexistingscenarioofcitrusfruitinthedeveloped worldandalsodevelopingcountries.Thissubjectmatterisveryvastand includesbasicandappliedscience;pagelimitationsdonotallowmetocover allthefundamentalandappliedaspectsineachtopic.Nevertheless,Ihave triedtodojusticewiththesubjectandmadeiteasiertounderstandandinterestingtoreadandcomprehend.
Thefirstchapterhasbeencompletelyrevisedandpresentsfreshdataand statisticsonproduction,includingtheoverviewofpostharvestbiology,technology,andqualityevaluation.Manynewvarietieshavebeendevelopedand beinggrownnowindifferentgrowingregions.Manynewvarietiesdevelopedduringthepastdecadehavebeenaddedinthisedition.Theharvesting periodofthesevarietiesisimportantfromaninternationaltradepointof viewwhichiscoveredinthesecondchapter.Theinsightaboutreasonsof fruitlosses,theextentandtypesoflossesatvariousstagesofhandlingin
Preface xxi
developingandlessdevelopedcountriesisnecessarytoevolveeffective postharvestpractices.
Separatechaptersaredevotedtopreharvestfactors,fruitmorphology, anatomy,physiology,andbiochemistrybecausetheseareprerequisitesfora thoroughunderstandingofpostharvestscience.Properfruitgrowthandphysiologicalmaturitydeterminefruitcharacteristicsandalsoinfluencegrade andinternalquality.Thereforeseparatechaptersaredevotedtothese aspects.
Preparationoffreshfruitformarketrequiresdegreening,mechanicalhandlingoperations,andvarioustypesofcoatingstobeappliedtofruit.With growingawarenessamongtheconsumersandnewinformationontoxicologicalaspectsemerging,thesyntheticcoatingsarebeingreplacedwithedible coatingsmadeofcellulose,chitosan,lipids,polysaccharides,proteins,and alsocomposites.Packagingcontainersandprepackagingfortheretailmarket (shrink-filmpackingandMAP)arediscussedindetail.Precoolingstudies arebeingundertakenusingcomputationalfluiddynamicsandmodelingso thatcostsandeffortsarereduced.Storagesystemsandtransportationare bothvitalaspectsthatarecoveredinseparatechapters.Therearedevelopmentsinethylenescrubbinganduseofsolarsystemsinlow-costcold storages.
Differentcitrus-growingcountrieshavetheirowndomesticsystemsof fruitdistributionand,hence,domesticmarketchainsandtheroleof intermediaries/functionariesarepresentedseparately.
Thereisvoluminousscientificdataandinformationavailabletoreplace hazardoussyntheticfungicides.Severalproductsforbiologicalcontrolof postharvestdiseasesandmanyotherphysicalmethodsandalternativestrategiesareavailable.Theorganicallygrowncitrusfruitneedsorganicpostharvestmanagement,anditisaburningtopictoday.Inanewlyaddedchapter 17inthisedition,thegreen,nonhazardous,andeco-friendlymanagement strategiestomanagepostharvestspoilagearediscussedindetail.Newerfungicidemoleculeswhicharerelativelylesstoxicarecontinuouslybeing developed,andthesewillbeimplementeduntilorganicpracticesarefully established;hence,chemicalmethodsofpostharvestdiseasemanagementare discussedinaseparatechapter.Fruitflies,falsecodlingmoth,citrusblack spot,citrusgreening,andcitruscankerareimportantfromaquarantinepoint ofview.Pre-andpostharvestintegratedstrategyisnecessarytomanage thesepestsanddiseases.Gamma,ultraviolet,andx-rayandelectronbeam radiationsarebeingtriedforquarantineofpests;theseaspectsarealsocoveredextensively.
Forreal-timehigh-speedqualityevaluationinpackinghouses,thereare greattechnologicaladvancessothatthesortingandgradingcanbedone,utilizingnondestructivetechniques.Theadvancesintheseareasalsohavetheir dueplaceinthebook.Thequalityassuranceandcontrolsystemsbeingused forfreshcitrusfruit,aswellasfood-safetyissues,arediscussed.Analytical
methodsandinstrumentsrequiredinpostharvestmanagementoffreshcitrus aregiven.WiththeestablishmentoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO) regime,thefreshfruittradehasbecomemorecompetitiveandSPS(sanitary andphytosanitary)requirementsandquarantinetreatmentshavegained importance.Thetradepotentials,varietalpreferences,andfutureprospects areoutlinedintheseparatechapter.
Citrusfruitsplayanimportantroleinpreventingordelayingcardiovasculardiseases,reducingobesity,andalsobiologicalactivitytodelayinvasive cancergrowth.Flavonoidshavebeenshowntoattenuatehyperglycemiaand dyslipidemia.Health-promotingeffectsofcitrusfruitshavealsobeenshown inimprovingcognitionandpreventingurinarydisorders.Citrusoilshave antidepressanteffectsandareusedinaromatherapytoreduceanxiety.New researchfindingsontheseaspectsarecoveredinChapter21onnutritiveand medicinalvalueofcitrus.
Biotechnologicalapplicationstodevelopvarietieswithimprovedfruit qualityincitrushavegainedmomentum,andattributeslikeseedlessness, pigmentationinfruitpeelandflesh,resistancetoinsects-pest,anddiseases arebeingincorporatedinnewvarieties.Thestudiesinproteomicsandmetabolomicsmayleadtoidentifyinggenesandtheiractionsothattechnologies likegenesilencingorgeneeditingcanbeutilized.Thisinformationisdealt inthissecondeditionalbeitbriefly.
Climatechangeisacontinuousphenomenonimpactingcitrusproduction andfruitqualityindifferentpartsoftheworld,andsometimesitsimpacts aredisastrouslikeinfreezes,droughts,andhurricanes/cyclones.The COVID-19pandemichasdisruptedproduction,postharvestactivities,and internationaltrade.Italsohassomepositiveeffectsonthecitrusindustry. Thelastandnewlyincludedchapterinthesecondeditioncoversthese aspects.
Forpostharvestmanagement,commercialproductssuchascoatingsand plasticfilms,andtheirsourcesalongwithpracticaltips,aregiveninrespectivechapters.AnupdatedexhaustiveGlossaryoftermsisalsogivenasa sourceofrelevantinformation.Thermalpropertiesofcitrusfruits,andinsulatingandconstructionmaterialswillbeaninstantsourceofinformationfor users.Theunitconversiontablesaregiveninappendices.
Theconstructivecommentstoimprovethisbookfurtherwouldbegreatly appreciated.
Acknowledgments
IamthankfultoDr.B.S.Patil,RegentsProfessorandLeonardPike InauguralUniversityProfessor,InterimHead,DepartmentofFoodScience andTechnology,TexasA&MUniversity,Texas,USA,forgenerouslysendingthereprintsofresearcharticles.IalsothankDr.RonPorat,Headof InstituteofPostharvestandFoodSciences,ARO,TheVolcaniCenter,Israel, forprovidinginformationonthestatusofwaxcoatingsandalternativepostharvesttreatmentsandalsosendingthereprintsofsomeofhisimportant researcharticles.IherebyacknowledgethesupportofDr.ZoraSingh,ViceChair,DivisionTropicalandSubtropicalFruitandNutsofInternational SocietyforHorticulturalScience,EdithCowanUniversity,WA,Australia, forprovidingreprintsofthelatestresearchworkandaphotographofnavel orangecreasingdisorder.IamgratefultoProf.PaulCronje(PhD),Portfolio Manager(Citriculture),CitrusResearchInternational,Departmentof HorticulturalScience,UniversityofStellenbosch,SouthAfrica,forsharing someofhisresearchpapersandgoodphotographsofphysiologicaldisorders suchasPetecaoflemonandsplittinginthenavelorange.Iamthankfulto Dr.MarioSchirra,Professor,C.N.R.InstitutodiScienzedelleProduzioni Alimentari,Sassari,Italy,forsharingdataonstorageaspectsofTarocco sweetorange.
IamgratefultoDr.ManojKarkeeandhisresearchteamatWashington StateUniversity,CenterforPrecisionandAutomatedAgriculturalSystems, Washington,USA,forsharingaphotographofaroboticarmusedforapple harvestingandDr.NachiketKotwaliwale,Director,ICAR-CentralInstitute ofPostHarvestEngineeringandTechnology,Ludhiana,India,fortaking effortstoreceiveandsendthatphotographtome.
IalsothankPaulaTaranco ´ n(PhD),PostharvestTechnologyCenter, InstitutoValencianodeInvestigacionesAgrarias,Valencia,Spain,forsparingphotographsofnewfruitvarietiesandfruitrinddisorder.IthankDr. TracyL.Kahn(PhD),Curator,andGivaudanCitrusVarietyCollection EndowedChair,California,USA,forsharingherviewsonareasofnewvarietiesandguidanceabouttheavailabilityofphotographsofShahaniRed (red-fleshednavelorange).
ItakethisopportunitytothankDr.SudhakarRao,PrincipalScientist, IndianInstituteofHorticulturalResearch,Bengaluru,forprovidingthephotographonshrink-wrappedsweetorangefruits.Ialsogratefullyacknowledge
thehelpprovidedbyDr.G.T.Behere,PrincipalScientistatICAR-CCRIand Dr.AnjithaGeorge,Scientist,ICAR,forsparingphotographsofmitedamageonorangefruitsandafruitfly.
Iamthankfultothetechnicaleditorsofthisbookfortheirvaluableand constructivecommentsonthetext.
IamgreatlyindebtedtomyteachersandguideDr.B.S.Dhillon, ProfessorofHorticultureandformerDean,postgraduatestudies,PAU, Ludhiana;Dr.DarylRichardson,ProfessorofHorticulture(Postharvest Technology),OSU,Oregon,USA,andDr.K.L.Chadha,formerDDG, Horticulture,ICAR,India,whoalwayshavebeenthesourceofguidanceand inspirationformeintheprofessionofhorticulture.
Icouldcompletetheworkofthissecondeditionofthebooksinglehandedlyduetotheconstantsupportbymyfamily—mywifeMamta,mysons MakrandandMayur,andespeciallymymother Sau.SunderLadaniyawho isalsomyidealforperseverance,sacrifice,andhighvaluesinlife.
Iexpressmygratitudefortheeditingadviceandassistanceinpublication givenbyNancyMaragioglio,SeniorAcquisitionsEditor,AcademicPress. Shewasassociatedwiththisprojectsincethebeginningandinstrumentalin completinginitialformalitiesoftheproject.IalsothankElaineDesamero, EditorialProjectManager,Elsevier,whoplayedamajorroleintheshaping thisbook.
IthankAnbazhaganKumar,ProjectManager,Production,forallthesupportinproofreadingandprinting,andShri.MohanrajRajendranforrights permission.IalsothankallthoseconcernedwiththisprojectinElsevier/ AcademicPressforproducingthisbookwithcareandhighstandards.
MilindS.Ladaniya ICAR-CentralCitrusResearchInstitute (IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch),Nagpur,India xxiv Acknowledgments
Chapter1
Introduction
Chapteroutline
I.Historyandnutritivevalue1
II.Areaandproduction2
III.Consumption5
IV.Internationaltrade6
V.Varieties7
VI.Futureprojections8
I.Historyandnutritivevalue
VII.Majorthreatstoproductionand supply10
VIII.Postharvestoverview12
IX.Conclusion18 References19 Furtherreading21
Citrusfruit,whichbelongtogenus Citrus oftheRutaceaefamily,mainly includesweetorange(Citrussinensis Osbeck),mandarin(C.reticulata Blanco),grapefruit(C.paradisi Macf.),pummelo(C.maxima Burm.),lime (C.aurantifolia Christm.)andlemon[C.limon (L)Burm.]andformasignificantpartoftotalfruitproductionintheworldwithaconsiderableshareinthe tradeandeconomyofmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.Duetotherichness andvarietyofcolor,flavorandfragrance,thesefruitsarepartofhumanhistory,cultureanddietinAsia,America,Europe,AfricaandAustralia.Citrus fruitsoriginatedintheEasternpartofIndia,China,EastAsiaandPacific region(Australia)andplayanimportantroleinthenutritionofhumanbeings worldwide.MentionofthesefruitscanbefoundinancientliteratureofChina andIndiawrittenseveralmillenniaago(Webber,1967).Tribalsandaboriginalshavebeenusingcitrons,lemonsofdifferentspecies,orangesandpummelostotreatcomplaintslikehypertension,cough,cold,depression,stressand digestivedisordersforcenturiesinIndiaandmanyotherpartsoftheworld. Thesefruitshaveasoothingandcoolingeffectandrefreshthemind.
InthetimesofCOVID 19pandemic,citrusfruitsassumedsignificant importanceasimmunityboostersduetoampleamountofvitamin‘C’and manyhealthpromotingsubstances(phytochemicals).Citrusfruitsarealso thesourceofseveralminerals(potassium,calcium,phosphorus,magnesium, copper),vitamin-Bcomplex(thiamine,riboflavin,nicotinicacid/niacin,pantothenicacid,pyridoxine,folicacid,biotin,cholineandinositol),dietaryfiber andsecondaryphytochemicals(carotenoids,phenols,includingflavonoids, coumarins,limonoids,alkaloidsandessentialoils)whichareabletoprevent
CitrusFruit.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99306-7.00011-6 © 2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
