Part II: Hepatobiliary system in heart failure
Chapter 6. Epidemiology of liver diseases in heart failure
Abstract
Introduction
The liver diseases in patients with heart failure
Diseases leading to heart failure and affecting the liver
References
Chapter 7. Cardio-hepatology: liver function tests in heart failure
Abstract
Liver function tests
Blood supply of the liver and its anatomy
Pathophysiology of abnormal liver function tests in heart failure
Bilirubin metabolism in the liver
Association between abnormal liver function tests and impaired hemodynamics
Liver function tests and prognosis in heart failure
References
Chapter 8. Prognostic value of liver assessment (including liver stiffness measurement) in cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Heart failure and liver impairment
Liver disease is associated with poor outcome of heart failure
Liver disease is associated with poor outcomes of cardiovascular diseases
Liver function tests and prognosis of HF
Markers of hepatic fibrosis and prognosis of HF
Imaging markers of hepatic fibrosis in HF
Summary
References
Chapter 9. Passive liver congestion and hypoxic hepatitis
Abstract
Introduction
Passive liver congestion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Histopathology of the liver in heart failure
Abstract
Introduction
Natural history
Pathological analysis
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. The Fontan procedure and liver disease
Abstract
Introduction
Fontan procedure
Physiology and prevalence of Fontan-associated liver disease
Examination to detect Fontan-associated liver disease
Recommendation
References
Part III: Cardiovascular system in liver failure
Chapter 12. Sepsis and the liver
Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis in the general population
Sepsis in patients with cirrhosis
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Bleeding and thrombosis in cirrhosis
Abstract
Introduction to hemostasis
Hemostatic changes in liver diseases
Pitfalls of routine diagnostic tests of hemostasis
The concept of rebalanced hemostasis
Hemostatic balance in different types and severities of liver diseases
Bleeding in liver diseases
Thrombosis in liver diseases
Intrahepatic thrombosis and disease progression
Hemostasis and liver regeneration
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Peripheral vasculature in portal hypertension
Abstract
Introduction
Hyperdynamic circulation
Increased blood and plasma volume/decreased effective circulating volume
Peripheral venous “sump” effect due to venous pooling
Abnormalities of arterial vascular tone
Nervous system and peripheral vascular changes
Management of hyperdynamic circulation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Clinical significance
Morbidity/mortality after cardiovascular challenges
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and prognosis
Pathogenic mechanisms
TNFα
β-Adrenergic signaling
Membrane fluidity
Bile acids
Nitric oxide
Carbon monoxide
Myosin heavy chain isoform shift
The role of ion channels in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy
Titin and collagen isoforms
Endocannabinoids
Management
Liver transplantation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Cardiovascular dysfunction in liver diseases: pediatric perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiovascular consequences of structural congenital heart diseases coexisting with diseases of the liver
Cardiovascular complications of pediatric cirrhosis
Mechanistic insights into bile acid-myocardial interaction
Cardiovascular consequences of inherited metabolic liver failure and failure of energy metabolism
Cardiovascular consequences of acute liver failure
Cardiovascular consequences of chronic cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and portosystemic shunts
Cardiovascular consequences of immunotherapy used in liver transplants
Evaluation of the cardiovascular status before liver transplantation
Future directions and opportunities for research
References
Chapter 17. Hepatorenal syndrome and acute kidney injury in cirrhosis
Abstract
Introduction
The evolving concept of renal dysfunction in cirrhosis
Definition and diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury in cirrhosis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Hemodynamic changes in cirrhosis
Cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis
The role of inflammation
Predictive factors for the development of hepatorenal syndromeacute kidney injury
Diagnosis
Biomarkers
Management
General measures
Albumin
Vasoconstrictors
Renal replacement therapy
Liver transplantation
Combined liver kidney transplant
Prognosis
Prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Cardiopulmonary considerations for the anesthetic management of liver transplantation
Abstract
Perioperative cardiovascular management in the liver transplant patient
Perioperative pulmonary management in the liver transplant recipient
References
Chapter 19. Cardiovascular assessment before liver transplantation
Abstract
Introduction
References
Chapter 20. Predicting cardiovascular complications after liver transplantation
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and established risk factors for cardiovascular complications in liver transplantation
Natural history and timing of cardiovascular events in liver transplantation
Algorithms and risk calculators for prediction of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation
Conclusions
References
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List of contributors
Juan Gonzalez Abraldes, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Mario Altieri, Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Unité de Transplantation Hépatique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen, France
Vicente Arroyo, EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
Dina A ia, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Diseases Departments, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
Anna Baiges, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Soon Koo Baik
Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Fabian Betancourt, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques
August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Ryan Chadha, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Daljeet Chahal, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Po-Hung Chen, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Moreshwar S. Desai, Pediatric Liver Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Iliana Doycheva, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Javier Fernandez
EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
Yasser Fouad, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Diseases Departments, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Juan Carlos García-Pagán, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Madrid, Spain
Noelle Gorgis, Pediatric Liver Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Harini Gurram, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Virginia Hernández-Gea, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions
Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN-Liver), Madrid, Spain
Shaz Iqbal, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
Manhal Izzy, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutritions, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
Jennifer Jo, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Seong Hee Kang
Department of Internal Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University
Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Rofida Khalifa, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Diseases Departments, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Masahiro Koseki, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Masanari Kuwabara
Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan
Samuel S. Lee, Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Ton Lisman, Surgical Research Laboratory, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Hongqun Liu, Liver Unit, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Xuefeng Luo, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August
Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Marta Magaz, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August
Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Vladimir Marquez, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Richard Moreau
EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
INSERM et Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
Service d’Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France
Oana Nicoar-Farcu, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques
August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Koichiro Niwa, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan
Atsushi Okada, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
P. Timothy Pollak, Department of Medicine and Cardiac Sciences, Amiodarone Monitoring Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Yuki Saito, Department of Cardiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
Bonifasius S. Singu, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
Guillem Soy, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Tatsunori Taniguchi, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
Fanny Turon, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut de Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Invetsigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad de Barcelona, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERNLiver), Madrid, Spain
Paradis Valérie, Pathology Department, Beaujon Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
Lisa B. VanWagner
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Roger K. Verbeeck, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
Kymberly D. Wa , Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Florence Wong, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Christopher L. Wray, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
