Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Synthetic strategies toward developing carbon dots via top-down approach
Abstract
1.1 Carbon dots—introduction
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Bo om-up approaches for the preparation of carbon dots
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bottom-up approaches for the fabrication of CDs
2.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 3. An overview of optical, physical, biological, and catalytic properties of carbon dots
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Optical properties of CDs
3.3 Physical properties of CDs
3.4 Biological properties of CDs
3.5 Catalytic properties
3.6 Effect of doping
3.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 4. Characterization of carbon dots
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of CDs
4.3 Surface passivation and functionalization of CDs
4.4 Doping in CDs
4.5 Purification of CDs
4.6 Characterization techniques of CDs
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Carbon dots in sample preparation
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Applications of carbon dots in sample preparation
5.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Carbon dots in separation science
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Properties of carbon dots related to separation processes
6.3 Applications
6.4 Conclusion and future prospects
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 7. Carbon dots for electrochemical analytical methods
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carbon dots: synthesis and properties
7.3 Carbon dots for electrochemical measurements
7.4 Electrochemical sensing for metal and anionic ions using carbon dots–based materials
7.5 Electrochemical sensing for H2O2 using carbon dots–based materials
7.6 Electrochemical sensing for organic-based analytes using carbon dots–based materials
7.7 Advantages of carbon dots–based electrodes
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Carbon dots-based fluorescence spectroscopy for metal ion sensing
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
8.3 Metal ions detection
8.4 Carbon dots as fluorescence probe for the detection of biological metal ions
8 5 Carbon dots as fluorescence probe for toxic metal ions
8.6 Carbon dots as fluorescence probe for precious metal ions
8.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9. Carbon dots-based fluorescence spectrometry for pesticides sensing
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon dots–based fluorescence spectrometry for pesticides sensing
9.3 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 10. Carbon dots-based electrochemical sensors
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10 2 Properties of graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots
10.3 Applications to biosensing
10.4 Conclusions and key challenges to address
10.5 Future signs
References
Chapter 11. Recent advancements of carbon dots in analytical techniques
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Carbon dot–assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
11.3 Carbon dot–assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
11.4 Carbon dot–assisted paper-based analytical devices
11.5 Carbon dots in chemiluminescence
11 6 Carbon dots for pH-responsive fluorescence sensors
11.7 Carbon dot–based nanothermometers to sense temperature
11.8 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
11.9 Summary and future perspectives
References
Chapter 12. Carbon dots in hydrogels and their applications
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation of carbon dots composite hydrogel
12.3 Properties of carbon dots composite hydrogel
12.4 Emerging applications of carbon dots composite hydrogel
12.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13. Carbon dots as adsorbents for removal of toxic chemicals
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis methods of carbon dots
13.3 Purification methods of carbon dots
13.4 Characterization techniques for identification of carbon dots and implication of them for various applications
13.5 Applications of carbon dots
13.6 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14. Heteroatom/metal ion-doped carbon dots for sensing applications
Graphical abstract
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthesis of heteroatom-doped carbon dots
14.3 Dopant
14.4 Single atom doping
14.5 Multiatom co-doping
14.6 Properties of heteroatom-doped carbon dots
14.7 Heteroatom-doped carbon dots as sensors
14.8 Conclusion and future challenges
References
Chapter 15. Analytical applications of carbon dots in forensics, security, and other related fields
Abstract
15.1 Forensic science
15.2 Techniques involved in forensic analysis
15.3 Nanoforensics
15.4 Carbon quantum dots: forensic applications
15.5 Challenges on the carbon dot-based analytical methods for forensic analysis
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Carbon dots as smart optical sensors
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fluorescence-based sensing of trace amount of water
16.3 Carbon dots with red emission for dual sensing of In3+ and Pd2+ in water
16.4 Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for sensing synthetic food colorant
16.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 17. Synthesis of carbon dots from waste materials: analytical applications
Abstract
17 1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and methodologies
17.3 Characterization
17 4 Applications
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Carbon dots as an effective material in enzyme immobilization for sensing applications
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methods of enzyme immobilization
18.3 Enzyme–carbon dots physiochemical mechanisms: a synergistic effect
18.4 CDs-based enzymatic biosensors
18 5 Advantages of enzyme immobilization
18.6 Enzyme immobilized carbon dots for sensing applications
18.7 Current challenges
18 8 Conclusion Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 19. Ultra-small carbon dots for sensing and imaging of chemical species
Abstract
19 1 Introduction
19.2 Ultra-small CDs for sensing chemical species
19.3 Ultra-small CDs: functionalization and imaging applications
References
Chapter 20. Carbon dot-based microscopic techniques for cell imaging
Abstract
20.1 Fluorescence microscopic techniques for carbon dot–based cell imaging
20.2 Carbon dots as fluorescent nanoprobes for cell imaging
20.3 Carbon dots as smart nanoprobes for diverse targeted cell imaging
20.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21. Carbon nanomaterials-based diagnostic tools
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21 2 Carbon nanotubes
21.3 Carbon dots
21.4 Other carbon-based nanomaterials
21 5 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 22. Carbon dots in food analysis
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Analytical applications of carbon dots in food matrix
22.3 Summary and trends
References
Chapter 23. Multicolor carbon dots for imaging applications
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Bioimaging
23.3 Quantum yield
23.4 Bioimaging agents for in vivo and in vitro imaging
23.5 Bioimaging applications
23.6 Conclusion and futuristic roadmap
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 24. Synthesis and applications of carbon dots from waste biomass
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 C-dot synthesis from waste biomass
24.3 Methods for the synthesis of C-dots from biomass waste
24.4 Properties of C-dots derived from biomass waste
24.5 Factors affecting properties of C-dots
24.6 Biosynthesis of CDs from waste biomass
24.7 Conclusions and future outlook
References
Chapter 25. White light generation and fabrication of warm lightemi ing diodes using carbon nanodots and their composites: a brief overview in this odyssey
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 White light generation and warm white light-emitting diodes
25 3 Designing white light-emitting diodes with carbon nanodots and their composites
25.4 Applications of white light-emitting diodes in analytical/ biomedical sciences
25.5 Challenges in white light-emitting diode–based carbon nanodots
25.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 26. Catalytic applications of carbon dots
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Carbon dot photocatalysts
26.3 Catalytic applications
26.4 Summary and future prospects
References
Index
Copyright
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List of contributors
Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
Advanced Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical Research and Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Nanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
V.L.N. Balaji Gupta Tiruveedhi, Department of Basic Science, Vishnu Institute of Technology, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Jigna R. Bhamore, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, USDA National Center of Excellence, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
More Bhikhu, Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Yoon-Young Chang, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Theodoros Cha imitakos, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Anila Rose Cherian, Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Joydeep Chowdhury, Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Flávia Oliveira Monteiro da Silva Abreu
Doctoral Program in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Natural Polymers Laboratory, Science and Techonology Center, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Deepthi Priyanka Damera, Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Sobhi Daniel
Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, T.M. Jacob Memorial Government College, Manimalakunnu, Kootha ukulam, Kerala, India
Postgraduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
Mi al L. Desai
School of Science, P. P. Savani University, Kosamba, Surat, Gujarat, India
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
Khemchand Dewangan, Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India
Rohant S. Dhabbe, Department of Chemistry, Jaysingpur College, Jaysingpur, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Pravin R. Dongare, Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Gollavelli Ganesh, Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Chemistry, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
D. Gangadharan, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Shah Gaurav, Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Gangaraju Gedda, Department of Basic Science, Vishnu Institute of Technology, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Anil H. Gore, Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat, India
Da a B. Gunjal
Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Satara, Maharashtra, India
Nitin Kumar Jaiswal, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Research, ITM University, Raipur, Chha isgarh, India
Suresh Kumar Kailasa, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
Tushar Kant, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chha isgarh, India
Janardhan Reddy Koduru, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Govind B. Kolekar, Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
R. Krishnaveni, Independent Researcher, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Manju Kurian, Department of Chemistry, Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India
Urvi M. Lad, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Lakshmi Prasanna Lingamdinne, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Shweta J. Malode, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
Mehta Mansi, Department of Biotechnology, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Chetan K. Modi, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Pranjal D. Modi, ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Amit Nag, Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Durgadevi Nagarajan, Department of Chemistry, Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Vaibhav M. Naik, Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Omkar S. Nille, Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Bruno Peixoto de Oliveira
Doctoral Program in Natural Sciences, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Educators Training Institute, Federal University of Cariri (UFCA), Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brazil
Chandrika Ashwinikumar Pal, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Amit B. Patel, Department of Chemistry, Government College Daman, Daman, Daman and Diu, India
Swati Patel, ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, Gujarat, India
Bhimanagouda S. Patil, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, USDA National Center of Excellence, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
Anju Paul
Department of Chemistry, Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India
Department of Chemistry, Sree Sankara Vidyapeetom College, Valayanchirangara, Kerala, India
Shweta Pawar, Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Keerthana Ponmudi, Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Vimalkumar S. Prajapati, ASPEE SHAKILAM Biotechnology Institute, Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, Gujarat, India
C. Ramalechume, PG Department of Chemistry, Women’s Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Juhi B. Raval, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India
Ankita G. Ravani
School of Science, P. P. Savani University, Kosamba, Surat, Gujarat, India
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
Jigneshkumar V. Rohit, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ashima Sharma, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chha isgarh, India
Rajendra V. Shejwal, Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Satara, Maharashtra, India
Nagaraj P. She i, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India
Kamlesh Shrivas, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chha isgarh, India
T. Sivaramakrishnan, Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Gourav Spolia, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Constantine Stalikas, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Joga Suribabu, Department of Basic Science, Vishnu Institute of Technology, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Caroline Mercy Andrew Swamidoss, Department of International Affairs, India Graduate School of Missiology, Tiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India
Humairah Tabasum, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Kavita Tapadia, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chha isgarh, India
Le Minh Tu Phan, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang, Vietnam
Anitha Varghese, Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Swarnalatha Venkatanarasimhan, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
P. Vijayarohini
, Climate Change Energy Research Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Preface
Suresh Kumar Kailasa and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Carbon dots are a new class of water dispersible multicolor emissive carbon nanostructure materials with outstanding applications in multidisciplinary research area. Analytical applications of carbon dots have rapidly expanded into various disciplines including environmental, pharmaceutical, forensic, food, and biomedical sciences in the last few years. This is a very timely book that will prove to be a valuable one both for those working in materials chemistry and analytical chemistry and for those entering in this field. The organizational approach we take in this book builds from the synthetic approaches, properties, characterization, and analytical applications of carbon dots. Our challenge has been to provide a comprehensive description on synthetic routes (top-down and bo om-up) and analytical tools for the characterization of carbon dots, and their integration with a wide variety of analytical techniques for the development of green analytical strategies for sensing of trace level chemical species and imaging of cells. The main object of this book is to report on new studies of carbon dots in analytical technologies for molecular sensing and cell imaging. Further, to address the increasing emphasis in nanoanalytical sciences to integrating carbon dots with various analytical techniques, and creation of awareness on analytical chemistry of carbon dots, we organized the book into 26 chapters that provide a comprehensive description on four aspects of carbon dots including different synthetic approaches for the preparation of carbon dots, properties of carbon dots, analytical techniques for the characterization of carbon dots, and their integration with different
