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BY THE PEOPLE DEBATING AMERICAN GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE JAMES A. MORONE Brown University
ROGAN KERSH Wake Forest University
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© 2019, 2018, 2016, 2014 by Oxford University Press
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Morone, James A., 1951- author. | Kersh, Rogan, author.
Title: By the people: debating American government / James A. Morone, Brown University, Rogan Kersh, Wake Forest University.
Description: Fourth Edition. | New York: Oxford University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018049760 (print) | LCCN 2018050653 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190928629 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190928711 (Paperback) | ISBN 9780190928636 (Looseleaf)
Subjects: LCSH: United States—Politics and government—Textbooks. | United States. Constitution.
Classification: LCC JK276 (ebook) | LCC JK276 .M67 2019 (print) | DDC 320.473—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018049760
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America
Many teachers and colleagues inspired us. We dedicate this book to four who changed our lives. Their passion for learning and teaching set the standard we aim for every day—and on every page that follows.
Richard O’Donnell
Murray Dry
Jim Barefield
Rogers Smith
FBy the People comes from the Gettysburg Address. Standing on the battlefield at Gettysburg, President Abraham Lincoln delivered what may be the most memorable presidential address in American history— defining American government as a government “of the people, by the people, for the people.” Here is the full address. our score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
APPENDIX I
The Declaration of Independence
APPENDIX II
The Constitution of the United States of America
APPENDIX III
The Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10, and 51
Glossary
Notes
Credits
Index
Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789–2019
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Dedication
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics Who Governs?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO GOVERNS?
How Does American Politics Work?
Ideas Institutions Interests Individuals History
What Does Government Do?
Context: Government in Society
No Big Government!
What Government Does A Chronic Problem
COMPARING NATIONS 1.1 U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened Than Other Advanced Countries
The Hidden Government
The Best of Government
Who Are We?
COMPARING NATIONS 1.2 Aging Populations
INFO DATA Demographics in America: How Are Race and Ethnicity Changing Over Time?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? GETTING ENGAGED IN POLITICS—OR NOT
Conclusion: Your Turn
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
2 The Ideas That Shape America A Nation of Ideas
BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas
Liberty
“The Land of the Free”
The Two Sides of Liberty
WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE LIBERTY
The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing
Self-Rule
One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy
Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic
A Mixed System
Limited Government
The Origins of Limited Government
And Yet Americans Keep Demanding More Government
COMPARING NATIONS 2.1 Satisfaction With How Democracies Are Working Limits on Government Action
When Ideas Clash: Democracy and Limited Government
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DEMOCRACY VERSUS LIMITED GOVERNMENT
Individualism
Community Versus Individualism
COMPARING NATIONS 2.2 Should Government Take Care of the Poor?
The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord
Golden Opportunity
Social Conflict
Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOLIDARITY
The American Dream
Spreading the Dream
Challenging the Dream
Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy?
Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values?
COMPARING NATIONS 2.3 Social Mobility Around the World
Equality
3 Three Types of Equality
INFO DATA
Most Americans Believe: There Is “Opportunity to Get Ahead”
How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much?
Opportunity or Outcome?
Religion
Still a Religious Country
So Many Religions
Politics of Religion
How Do Ideas Affect Politics?
Ideas in American Culture
Ideas in Political Institutions
Culture or Institutions?
Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
The Constitution BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution
The Colonial Roots of the Constitution
COMPARING NATIONS 3.1 The U.S. Constitution in Comparative Context
Why the Colonists Revolted
The Colonial Complaint: Representation
The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier
The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence
The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict
The Boston Tea Party Revolution!
A Long Legacy
The Declaration of Independence
The Principle: “We Hold These Truths . . .”
Grievances
The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation
Independent States
The National Government
Some Success . . . . And Some Problems
Secrecy
WHAT DO YOU THINK? YOUR ADVICE IS NEEDED
The Constitutional Convention
1. How Much Power to the People?
2. National Government Versus State Government
3. Big States Versus Small States
The Virginia Plan
The New Jersey Plan
The Connecticut Compromise
4. The President Committee or Individual?
The Electoral College
The President: Too Strong or Too Weak?
5. Separation of Powers
6. “A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed”
The Three-Fifths Compromise
The Slave Trade
Fugitive Slaves
“The National Calamity”
An Overview of the Constitution
Preamble
Article 1: Congress
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HAVE WE ACHIEVED THESE NATIONAL GOALS TODAY?
Article 2: The President
COMPARING NATIONS 3.2 The U.S. Government Is Different from Most Democracies
Article 3: The Courts
Article 4: Relations Between the States
Article 5: Amendments
Article 6: The Law of the Land
Article 7: Ratification
The Missing Articles
Ratification
The Anti-Federalists
The Federalists
Two Strong Arguments
A Very Close Vote
A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics
Changing the Constitution
The Bill of Rights
The Seventeen Amendments
The Constitution Today
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW STRICTLY SHOULD WE INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION?
INFO DATA Amend the Constitution Today? On What Issue?
Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work?
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
BY
THE NUMBERS Federalism and Nationalism Forging Federalism
Who Holds Government Authority?
Advantages of State-Level Policy
The Advantages of National Policy
INFO DATA Regulatory Policies: Differ by State
WHAT DO YOU THINK? PRESERVING LOCAL VALUES OR PROMOTING CONSISTENT NATIONAL POLICY?
How Federalism Works
The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules
The Constitution Empowers National Authority
The Constitution Protects State Authority
The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power
Dual Federalism (1789–1933)
Cooperative Federalism (1933–1981)
New Federalism
Progressive Federalism
Education
Healthcare
Federalism Today
Issues in Federalism
Unfunded Mandates
The Problems We Face: How Government Grows
Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal Government
On Both Sides of the Issue
In a Nutshell: Our Three-Dimensional Political Chess Federalism in the Courts
Nationalism, American Style
The Rise of American Nationalism
America’s Weak National Government Size
COMPARING NATIONS 4.1 Government Spending as a Proportion of Gross Domestic Product Authority
Independence
Conclusion: Who Are We?
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
The Rise of Civil Liberties
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
BY THE NUMBERS Civil Liberties
The Purpose of Civil Liberties
The Slow Rise of Civil Liberties
Privacy
“Penumbras” and “Emanations”
Roe v. Wade
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THERE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY?
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Sex Between Consenting Adults
Clashing Principles
Freedom of Religion
The Establishment Clause
Free Exercise of Religion
WHAT DO YOU THINK? MAY THE CHRISTIAN YOUTH CLUB MEET IN SCHOOL?
Freedom of Speech
A Preferred Position
Political Speech
COMPARING NATIONS 5.1 Civil Liberties Around the World
Symbolic Speech
Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words
WHAT DO YOU THINK? FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS
Limited Protections: Student Speech
Freedom of the Press
Prior Restraint
Obscenity
Libel
The Right to Bear Arms
A Relic of the Revolution?
The Palladium of All Liberties?
INFO DATA Guns on Campus: Should Colleges Allow Concealed Carry?
The Rights of the Accused
The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure
The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials
The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel
The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty
WHAT DO YOU THINK? END THE DEATH PENALTY?
Terrorism, Non-Citizens, and Civil Liberties
Contacts with Forbidden Groups
Surveillance
The Rights of Non-Citizens
Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties
Key Terms
Study Questions
6 The Struggle for Civil Rights Winning Rights: The Political Process
Seven Steps to Political Equality
BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights
How the Courts Review Cases
Suspect Categories
Quasi-Suspect Categories
Nonsuspect Categories
Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery
The Clash over Slavery
Abolition
Economics
Politics
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? Freedom Fails
The Fight for Racial Equality
Two Types of Discrimination
The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins
The Courts
The Civil Rights Movement
Congress and the Civil Rights Act Divisions in the Movement
The Post Civil Rights Era
Affirmative Action in the Workplace
Affirmative Action in Education
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HIGHER EDUCATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Women’s Rights
Suffrage
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
COMPARING NATIONS 6.1 Percentage of Women in National Legislatures: Selected Countries
Equal Rights Amendment
The Courts
Progress for Women—But How Much?
Hispanics
Challenging Discrimination
The Politics of Immigration
Ancient Fears
Three Categories
Undocumented Individuals
Language Controversy: Speak English!
Political Mobilization
Asian Americans
Native Americans
The Lost Way of Life
Indians and the Federal Government
Social Problems and Politics
Native Americans and the Courts
Groups Without Special Protection
People with Disabilities
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
INFO DATA Protections for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: How Do Employment Laws Vary by State?
The Fight for Civil Rights Goes On
Voting Rights Today
Economic and Social Rights Today
Health
Income
Incarceration
Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 7 Public Opinion
BY THE NUMBERS Public Opinion
Sources of Public Opinion
Political Socialization
Parents and Friends
Education
Gender
Race
Religion
Life Events
Party
Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks
Elite Influence
Wars and Other Focusing Events
Measuring Public Opinion
Polling Bloopers
Polling 101
The Random Sample Sampling Frame
Refining the Sample Timing
INFO DATA Pollsters Face Growing Challenge: How Can They Persuade Americans to Participate in Polls? Wording Lies, Damn Lies, and Polls
Technology and Error
Sampling Error and Response Bias
COMPARING NATIONS 7.1 Top Global Threats: Polling Around the World How Did They Do?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS POLLING BAD FOR DEMOCRACY?
Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us?
Public Opinion in a Democracy
Ignorant Masses
The Rational Public
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW CLOSELY SHOULD ELECTED OFFICIALS FOLLOW PUBLIC OPINION?
Public Opinion and Governing
Do the People Know What They Want?
How Do the People Communicate Their Desires?
Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion?
Conclusion: Government by the People
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
8 Political Participation
How We Participate
Traditional Participation BY THE NUMBERS Political Participation
Voting
Electoral Activities
Political Voice
Civic Voluntarism
Direct Action
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WOULD YOU HAVE PROTESTED?
The Participation Puzzle
Why People Get Involved
Background: Age, Wealth, and Education
Age
Wealth
Education
INFO DATA Public Rallies: What Issues Draw People to Protest?
Race
Friends and Family
Community
Political Mobilization
Government
Beneficiaries
Historical Context
What Discourages Political Participation?
Alienation
COMPARING NATIONS 8.1 Voter Turnout in Selected Countries
Institutional Barriers
COMPARING NATIONS 8.2 Trust in Government
Complacency
Shifting Mobilization Patterns
New Avenues for Participation: The Internet, Social Media, and the Millennial Generation
Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy
Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance
Does Social Media Increase Political Participation?
How the Millennial Generation Participates
Conclusion
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
9 Media, Technology, and Government
BY THE NUMBERS The Media
Media and American Democracy
Providing Information
Watching Political Leaders
Shaping the Political Agenda
U.S. Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining
Where People Go for News
Newspapers and Magazines: Rise and Decline
Radio Holds Steady
Television: From News to Infotainment
The Rise of Cable Infotainment
The Rise of the New Media
Is the Media Biased? Are Reporters Politically Biased?
Profits Drive the News Industry
Drama Delivers Audiences
Investigative “Bias”
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THE MEDIA OBJECTIVE? SHOULD IT BE?
The Fairness Bias
How Governments Shape the Media
The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation
Regulating Broadcasters
Protecting Competition
Media Around the World
INFO DATA Media Consolidation: Who Produces, Distributes, and Owns the Media?
Government-Owned Stations
Censorship
COMPARING NATIONS 9.1 Censorship Under Pressure?
American Media in the World
Understanding the Media in Context: War, Terrorism, and U.S. Elections
Covering Wars and Terrorism
The Campaign as Drama Candidate Profiles
Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
10 Campaigns and Elections How Democratic Are American Elections?
Frequent and Fixed Elections
BY THE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections
COMPARING NATIONS 10.1 Election Timetables for National Government
Over 520,000 Elected Officials
WHAT DO YOU THINK? ELECTED APPOINTED POSITIONS?
Barriers to Voting
Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? Too Much Money?
Democracy for the Rich?
Major Donors: Easier to Give
INFO DATA Money in Elections: The New Rules
Presidential Campaigns and Elections
Who Runs for President?
The Three Phases of Presidential Elections
Winning the Nomination
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHY LOWA AND NEW HAMPSHIRE?
Organizing the Convention
The General Election
Winning Presidential Elections
The Economy
Demographics
War and Foreign Policy
Domestic Issues
The Campaign Organization
Parties Matter
The Electoral College and Swing States
That Elusive Winning Recipe
Predicting Presidential Elections
Congressional Elections
Candidates: Who Runs for Congress?
The Power of Incumbency
Patterns in Congressional Elections
Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander
Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation
Congressional Campaigns
Candidate-Centered Elections
How to Run for Congress
Key 1: Money
Key 2: Organization
Key 3: Strategy
Key 4: Message
Conclusion: Reforming American Elections
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
11 Political Parties
Political Parties and U.S. Government
BY THE NUMBERS Political Parties
What the Parties Do
Parties Champion Ideas
Parties Select Candidates
Parties Mobilize the Voters
Parties Organize Governing Activity After the Election
Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process
Two-Party America
COMPARING
Third Parties in American Politics
America’s Party Systems: Origins and Change
Beginnings: First Party System (1789–1828)
Rise: Second Party System (1828–1860)
War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860–1896)
Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896–1932)
Depression and the New Deal: Fifth Party System (1933–1968)
The Sixth Party System: Parties at Parity (1969–Present)
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DO THE 2016 AND 2018 ELECTIONS SUGGEST A NEW PARTY SYSTEM?
Why the Party Period Matters
Party Identification . . . and Ideas
Building Party Identification
WHAT DO YOU THINK? PERSONALITY AND PARTY
The Power of Party Attachment
Voting/Participation
Filtering
Ideology
Republican Factions
Populists or Trumpists
INFO DATA Growing Partisanship—On Core Issues: How Do Republicans and Democrats Divide?
Religious Traditionalists
Fiscal Conservatives
Libertarians
Neoconservatives
Moderates
Democratic Factions
Progressives
The Civil Rights Caucus
Organized Labor
Centrists
Organizing the Parties
The Party Bureaucracy
Party in Government
Party in the Electorate
The Big Tent
Party Competition . . . and Partisanship
Parties Rise Again
Competition and Partisanship Intensifies
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD WE BE TRYING TO DIMINISH PARTISANSHIP?
Conclusion: A Party System Ripe for Reform?
1. Proportional Representation
2. Reduce the Barriers to Third-Party Competition in Elections
3. Reduce Partisanship in Government
Chapter Summary
Key Terms 12 Interest Groups Interest-Group Roles in American Politics
BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups
Informing Members
Communicating Members’ Views
Mobilizing the Public
What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy?
Types of Interest Groups
Economic Groups
Citizen or Public Interest Groups
Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying
Interest Groups Past and Present
1960s Advocacy Explosion
Young and Plugged In
COMPARING NATIONS 12.1 The Spread of American-Style Lobbying
Interest-Group Lobbyists in Action
The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists
Researchers
Witnesses
Position Takers
Coalition Builders
Social Butterflies
Grassroots Campaign Builders
Three Types of Group Representatives
Nonprofits Don’t Lobby?
Interest Groups and the Federal Branches of Government
Rise of the Issue Network
Interest Groups and the Courts
Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations
Filing Amicus Curiae (“Friend of Court”) Briefs
Sponsoring Litigation
Interest Groups and Power
Interest Group Spending
Regulating Interest Groups
INFO DATA Amazon’s Lobbying Interests: How Do Interests Expand as Companies Grow?
Are Interest Groups Bad or Good for America?
Four Concerns About Interest Groups
1. Corruption
2. Division and Hyperpluralism
3. Accountability
4. Restricted Access
Four Defenses of Interest Groups
1. More Democratic Representation
2. Communication and Information
3. Mobilizing and Organizing the Public
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW MUCH INFLUENCE SHOULD INTEREST GROUPS HAVE IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT?
4. Stability
Conclusion: Interest-Group Influence Revisited
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 13 Congress Introducing Congress BY THE NUMBERS Congress
Two Chambers, Different Styles
The House and Senate Each Has Unique Roles
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SENATE FILIBUSTERS AND LEGISLATIVE HOLDS
Congressional Representation
Does Congress Reflect America?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO REALLY REPRESENTS YOU?
Trustees and Delegates Do the Right Thing
Do What the People Want
WHAT DO YOU THINK? TWO VIEWS OF REPRESENTATION
Getting to Congress—and Staying There
The Permanent Campaign
Home Style: Back in the District
A Government of Strangers
Congress at Work
The City on the Hill
Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership
House Leadership
Senate Leadership
Committees: Workhorses of Congress
The Enduring Power of Committees
Leadership and Assignments
COMPARING NATIONS 13.1 A Unique U.S. System
Legislative Policymaking
Drafting a Bill
Submitting the Bill
Committee Action
1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics
2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor Consideration
3. Committees Also Kill Legislation
4. Committees Exercise Oversight Floor Action
Getting to the Floor On the Floor
The Vote Conference Committee
Presidential Action: Separated Powers Revisited
Why Is Congress So Unpopular?
Partisan Polarization in Congress
INFO DATA Partisan Polarization: How Has It Changed Over Time?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS A PARTISAN CONGRESS A GOOD THING?
Divided Government
Some Popular Reforms—and Their Limits
Limit Lobbyists
Educate the Public
The Real World of Democracy
Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
14 The Presidency
Defining the Presidency
BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency
Defined by Controversy
The President’s Powers COMPARING NATIONS 14.1 Chief Executives’ Power
Is the Presidency Too Powerful?
An Imperial Presidency? A Weak Office?
What Presidents Do Commander in Chief
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO SHOULD DEPLOY AMERICAN TROOPS?
Top Diplomat
The First Legislator
Recommending Measures
State of the Union
Presidential “Batting Average”
Veto
Signing Statements
Chief Bureaucrat
Appointments
Executive Orders
INFO DATA Executive Orders Issued, Per Day: Which Presidents Relied Most on This Power?
Economist in Chief
The Head of State
Party Leader
The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas
The Impossible Job
Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office
Managing the Public Approval Ratings
Presidential Greatness
Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders
Step 1: A New Order Rises
Step 2: The Order Refreshed
Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles
The Personal Presidency
Presidential Style
WHAT DO YOU THINK? GO PUBLIC OR PLAY THE INSIDE GAME
The Burden of the Office
The President’s Team: A Tour of the White House
The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments
The Vice President
The Cabinet
The Executive Office of the President
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
The National Security Council (NSC)
The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO)
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DO PRESIDENTS NEED SUCH A LARGE STAFF?
The First Spouse
Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth?
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
How the Bureaucracy Grew
Birth of the Bureaucracy
War
Morality
Economics
Geography
Race/Ethnicity
The Bureaucratic Model
Hierarchy
Division of Labor
Fixed Routines
Equal Rules for All
Technical Qualifications
Bureaucratic Pathologies
The Democratic Dilemma
How Bureaucracies Work
Rulemaking
Implementation
INFOR DATA Regulating Health Systems: Do We Have Too Many Regulations?
How the Bureaucracy Is Organized
The Cabinet Departments
The Challenge of Governing
COMPARING NATIONS 15.1 Parliamentary Systems
Cabinet Meetings
The Rotating Bureaucracy
The Cabinet and Diversity
Other Agencies
Executive Agencies
Independent Regulatory Commissions
An Army of Their Own
Private Contractors
Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy?
The People
The President
Congress
WHAT DO YOU THINK? CHANGE VERSUS STABILITY: SHOULD WE HAVE MORE POLITICALLY APPOINTED BUREAUCRATS?
Interest Groups
Bureaucratic Autonomy
Democracy Revisited
Reforming the Bureaucracy
Critiques
Cost
Inertia
Public Mistrust
