Breast 2nd edition susan c. lester - Download the ebook today and own the complete version

Page 1


https://ebookmass.com/product/breast-2nd-edition-susan-clester/

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you

Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Diagnostic Pathology: Intraoperative Consultation 2nd Edition Susan C. Lester

https://ebookmass.com/product/diagnostic-pathology-intraoperativeconsultation-2nd-edition-susan-c-lester/

ebookmass.com

Breast Pathology 2nd Edition David J Dabbs

https://ebookmass.com/product/breast-pathology-2nd-edition-david-jdabbs/

ebookmass.com

Taylor and Kelly’s Dermatology for Skin of Color 2nd Edition Susan C. Taylor

https://ebookmass.com/product/taylor-and-kellys-dermatology-for-skinof-color-2nd-edition-susan-c-taylor/

ebookmass.com

The Visegrad Group and Democracy Promotion: Transition Experience and Beyond Jan Hornat

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-visegrad-group-and-democracypromotion-transition-experience-and-beyond-jan-hornat/

ebookmass.com

https://ebookmass.com/product/unexpected-love-love-in-lockdownchronicles-book-3-l-s-pullen/

ebookmass.com

A Game of Retribution Scarlett St. Clair

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-game-of-retribution-scarlett-stclair-7/

ebookmass.com

Handbook

of

Corporate Finance David J. Denis

https://ebookmass.com/product/handbook-of-corporate-finance-david-jdenis/

ebookmass.com

(eBook PDF) Inside Social Life: Readings in Sociological Psychology and Microsociology 8th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-pdf-inside-social-life-readingsin-sociological-psychology-and-microsociology-8th-edition/

ebookmass.com

A Nefarious Plot 1st Edition Steve Deace

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-nefarious-plot-1st-edition-stevedeace/

ebookmass.com

SECOND EDITION

HICKS | LESTER

Dedications

To my lovely wife Patti—my best friend, companion, and golfing partner—and to the amazing children (James, Matthew, Patrick, Amanda, Ian, and Joanna) and grandchildren (Alexandra, Juliana, Grace, Logan, and Carter) that we share. I will forever be grateful to all of you for your love and support.

And to my parents, Herman and Maralee Hicks, who were my first teachers. Your encouragement and unwavering belief in me has made all the difference.

DGH

To my wonderful former chairman, Ramzi Cotran, who stopped me in the hall one day when I was a senior resident, slapped his hands in his classic fashion, and said, “Susan, Susan, where can I find a breast pathologist?” I said, “I could be a breast pathologist.” And only 20 years later, here is this book.

SCL

Preface

It is truly amazing how rapidly medicine is progressing and how quickly the field of pathology is advancing. Nothing makes this pace of change more readily apparent than attempting to write and update a second edition of a textbook! When we were asked to write the first edition of this book as part of the Diagnostic Pathology series from Amirsys, we both had the same thought, “What can we contribute that hasn’t already been done?” There are several breast pathology texts by excellent authors currently in print. As we thought about it further, however, valuable resources specific to this project became evident. For example, both of us have many years of experience as surgical pathologists and have developed complementary specific areas of expertise. Two authors working closely together are able to maintain a consistent approach and style and can provide different, but reinforcing, points of view. With the publication of the first edition, we were first pleased with the final results but then flooded with ideas about how the book could be improved. We began to make plans in anticipation of having an opportunity to incorporate these ideas into a second edition. We truly wanted to create a resource that we wish we could have taken advantage of when we were first struggling to learn these topics so many years ago.

One of the things that excited us was the knowledge that our breast pathology book and all of its updated content would become part of a larger online diagnostic support tool available to pathologists and clinicians alike—not just a paper book read off a computer screen. With the release of ExpertPath, the Amirsys/Elsevier online collection of all of the books in their Diagnostic Pathology series, this real-time diagnostic support tool is a reality, allowing the user to access this excellent material, which is updated quarterly, user friendly, and contains additional content and photographs not found in the print version. While working on the second edition, we have made extensive updates of new information from the literature and integrated into almost every chapter the new technologies and molecular approaches rapidly making their way from the basic science laboratory into clinical diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making. In addition, there are a number of new chapters that did not appear in the first edition covering a wide variety of topics, including commonly seen histologic patterns (e.g., spindle cell and papillary lesions), familial cancer syndromes (e.g., BRCA1 and 2 and Li-Fraumeni), unusual tumors (e.g., carcinomas with osteoclast-like giant cells), and newly described entities (e.g., IgG4-related sclerosing mastitis). Another important goal was to make sure that information was consistently presented and easily accessible. We were supported by an excellent team of medical artists, and together we created unique illustrations to illuminate difficult areas in diagnosis and classification. Photographs of cases from both of our institutions, including many additional outstanding and unusual cases we observed in the interval since the first edition, and the vast array of images from the publisher’s image bank were available.

Preparing this material has been a very long and challenging, but rewarding, process. We would not have completed the book without the outstanding assistance of the Amirsys staff—especially Arthur Gelsinger, Rebecca Hutchinson, Angela Terry, Laura Sesto, Andrea Mayo, and Sarah J. Connor—who guided us through this complicated process with helping hands and gentle humor. Dave Chance, the editor for the first edition, must also be gratefully acknowledged, as we would not have gotten this far without him. We are also tremendously

SECTION 1: Normal Breast

SECTION 2: Breast Specimens, Processing

SECTION 3: Diagnostic Patterns

SECTION 4: Disorders of Development

SECTION 5: Benign Epithelial Lesions

SECTION 6: Carcinomas

SECTION 7: Stromal Lesions

SECTION 8: Inflammatory Lesions

SECTION 9: Other Types of Malignancies

SECTION 10: Hereditary Breast Disease

SECTION 11: Unusual Presentations of Breast Lesions

SECOND EDITION

HICKS

| LESTER

SECTION 1

Histology of Normal Breast

○SomebutnotallluminalcellsexpressERα&/orPRatany giventime

–Hormonereceptorsarenotexpressedinnormal proliferatingluminalcells

–Receptor(+)cellsarepresentinbothlargeduct systemandTDLUbutmaybemorefrequentinlatter

○CellsexpressE-cadherinandothercatenins

○Someluminalcellsexpressmammaglobin&/orgross cysticdiseasefluidprotein15(GCDFP-15)

○Luminalcellsarethoughttobeprecursorcellsfor majorityofbreastcarcinomas

MyoepithelialCells

•Formoutermostlayerbetweenluminalcellsandbasement membrane

•Cellsformcontractilemeshworkthatdoesnotcoverentire basementmembrane

○Incrosssection,myoepithelial cells(MEC)layeris incomplete

•Multiplefunctions

○Helpproduceandmaintainbasementmembrane

–Lesionsofmyoepithelialcellsoftenassociatedwith matrixproduction

○Aidinluminalcellpolarity

○Inhibitangiogenesis

○Contractformilkejectionduringbreastfeeding

•Oftenflattenedwithsmall,roundnuclei

○Cytoplasmcanbeabundantandclear;maymimiclobular neoplasia

○Withaging,cellscanbecomeprominentandspindledin shape(MECatrophy)

• Myoepithelialcellphenotype

○Usuallyexpresshighmolecularweightbasalkeratins5/6, 14,17

–Mayalsoexpressluminalkeratins

○Expresscontractileproteins:Smoothmuscleactin, calponin,smoothmusclemyosinheavychain

○Alsoexpressp63,CD10,P-cadherin,S100,mapsin

○Donotexpresshormonereceptors

○MECassociatedwithcarcinomainsitumaydiminishin numberandbecomedisplacedfrombasement membrane

–OftenfailtoexpresssomeMECmarkers

○CompletelossofMECisusefuldiagnosticfeaturetohelp recognizeinvasivecarcinoma

○Maybeprecursorsofsomehormonereceptornegative carcinomas

–Basalusedtodescribecarcinomasthatmayarisefrom MECorMEC-likecell

–Manyofthesecarcinomasexpressproteinsfoundin MECs

MetaplasticChanges

•Epithelialcellscantakeondifferentappearancesdueto injury,hormonalinfluences,orotherunknownfactors

•Cellslookmonomorphicduetometaplasia

○Itcanbeverydifficulttodistinguishsomecasesof metaplasiafromcarcinomaswithmetaplastic appearance

• Squamousmetaplasia

○Breastepithelialcellscantakeonsquamousphenotype inresponsetoinjuryorinflammation

○Differentappearancecanoftenraiseconcernforatypia orneoplasia

○Raresquamouscarcinomasarisefromareasof squamousmetaplasiaincysts

–Presenceofspindledpopulationofepithelialcellsin stromaisgenerallydiagnosticofcarcinoma

• Apocrinemetaplasia

○Verycommonchangeincellsliningcysticspacesandin papillomas

–Resembleapocrinesweatglands

–Apocrinecellsoftenexpressandrogenreceptorand showimmunoreactivityforHER2

○Mixedapocrineandnonapocrinepopulationsfavor benignlesion

○Nucleiarelargeandroundwithprominentsingle nucleoli

○Cytoplasmisabundantandeosinophilic

–Redcytoplasmicgranulesoftenpresent

–Apocrinesnoutscommon

• Clearcellchange

○Cytoplasmisabundantandclear

○Nucleioftensmall,hyperchromatic,andround

○Canbepresentineitherluminalcellsormyoepithelial cells

• Columnarcellchange

○Luminalcellshaveatallcolumnarshaperatherthan beingcuboidal

○Ifmorethan1celllayerispresent,termedcolumnarcell hyperplasia

• Panethcell-likechange

○Luminalcellshavebrightlyeosinophiliccytoplasmic granules

–Mayberelatedtoapocrinemetaplasia

○Associatedwitheosinophiliccolloid-likesecretions

○Canbeassociatedwithmicroglandularadenosisandrare carcinomas

MAMMARYSTROMA Composition

•Breaststromalcompositiondependsonage,menstrual status,pregnancyhistory,andlactation

○Composedofvaryingamountoffibrousconnectiveand adiposetissue

○Ratioofductal/fibroustissuetotoadiposetissuevaries betweenindividualsandchangesovertime

–Importantdeterminantofmammographicdensity

○Mammographicappearance

–Inyoungwomen,breasttissueispredominantly fibrous(radiodenseorwhite)

□Mammographyhaslowsensitivityduetodifficulty detectinglesions

–Withage,fibrousstromaisreplacedbyadiposetissue

–Inolderwomen,breastmaybepredominantly adiposetissue(radiolucentorblack)

□Mammographyhasgreatersensitivityas calcificationsandsmallmassesaredetectedmore easily

Histology of Normal Breast

AnatomicStructuresandAssociatedLesions

AnatomicStructure

Nipple/areola Milkejection

Largeductsystem

Conduitformilk

Terminalductallobularunit(TDLU) Luminalcells:Milkproduction; myoepithelialcells:Contractionfor milkejection

Interlobularstroma

Intralobularstroma

CellTypesofBreast

Cell

Luminalcells

Myoepithelialcells

Stromalfibroblastsand myofibroblasts

Squamousmetaplasiaoflactiferous ducts(SMOLD)

Ductectasia

Cysts(rupture),granulomatous lobularmastitis,lymphocytic mastopathy

Nippleadenoma,leiomyoma, syringomatousadenoma,Paget disease

Papilloma,encapsulatedpapillary carcinoma,

Epithelialhyperplasia,sclerosing adenosis,carcinomas

Size,shape,motilityofbreast Fatnecrosis,bacterialinfection Lipoma,angiolipoma,hemangioma, fibromatosis,nodularfascitis, fibroustumors,myofibroblastoma, pseudoangiomatousstromal hyperplasia,sarcoma

FunctionandsupportofTDLU

Granulomatouslobularmastitis, lymphocyticmastopathy

Fibroadenoma,phyllodestumor

TDLU:Milkproduction;Ducts: Conduitformilk

Supportbasementmembrane, maintenanceofluminalcell polarity,contractionformilk ejection

Supportofepithelialcells,provide majorityofbreastvolume

□Obesityandpostmenopausalhormoneusecanact tomaintainbreasttissuedensity

• Interlobularstroma

○Responsibleformajorityofbreastvolume

○Increaseinbreastsizeatpubertyisprimarilydueto increaseininterlobularstroma

–Hormonalinfluencesonthisstromaarepoorly understood

○Cellularcomponentsofstromaincludefibroblasts, myofibroblasts,adipocytes,bloodandlymphaticvessels

–MajorityoffibroblastsandmyofibroblastsCD34(+)

–SomemyofibroblastsareER&/orPR(+)

–Large,hyperchromatic,multinucleatedstromalcells canbeseenandmaybeduetodegenerativechanges

○Varietyoflesionsthatcanoccurinandoutsideofbreast arisefromthisstroma

–Breastandothersites:Lipoma,angiolipoma, hemangioma,nodularfasciitis,fibromatosis

–Mostcommoninbreast:Myofibroblastomaand angiosarcoma

–Onlybreast:Pseudoangiomatousstromalhyperplasia (PASH)

IntralobularStroma

•SurroundsandsupportsaciniofTDLU

Luminalkeratins7,8,18,Ecadherin,estrogenand progesteronereceptor

Basalkeratins5/6,14,17,Pcadherin,musclemarkers,p63, CD10,podoplanin(D2-40)

CD34(majority),musclemarkers (myofibroblasts),estrogenand progesteronereceptors (myofibroblasts)

Epithelialhyperplasia,atypical hyperplasia,majorityofcarcinomas

Myoepitheliomas,collagenous spherulosis,possiblesubsetof triple-negativecarcinomas

Pseudoangiomatousstromal hyperplasia(PASH),fibroustumors, desmoidfibromatosis, myofibroblastoma, fibroadenoma/phyllodestumors

•Loosermorecellularappearancecomparedwith interlobularstroma

•Oftenhasscatteredlymphocytesandplasmacells

○Maybemyxoidinappearance

•Lesionsofthisstromaarespecifictobreastandarebiphasic

○Hyperplasiasareduetoincreasedgrowthofbothstroma andepithelium

○Neoplasiasareduetoproliferationofclonalstromal populationthatstimulatesgrowthofnonclonal epithelium

–Fibroadenomasandphyllodestumors

SELECTEDREFERENCES

1. TwelvesDetal:Theanatomyoffluid-yieldingductsinbreastcancer.Breast CancerResTreat.132(2):555-64,2012

2. HuoLetal:Panethcell-likeeosinophiliccytoplasmicgranulesinbreast carcinoma.AnnDiagnPathol.15(2):84-92,2011

3. RusbyJEetal:Breastductanatomyinthehumannipple:three-dimensional patternsandclinicalimplications.BreastCancerResTreat.106(2):171-9, 2007

4. GoingJJetal:Humanbreastductanatomy,the'sicklobe'hypothesisand intraductalapproachestobreastcancer.BreastCancerResTreat.97(3):28591,2006

5. LoveSMetal:Anatomyofthenippleandbreastductsrevisited.Cancer. 101(9):1947-57,2004

(Left)Theterminalduct lobularunit(TDLU)isthe functionalunitofthebreast wheremilkisproducedby luminalcellsſt.The myoepithelialcellsforma meshworkonthebasement membrane﬈andcontractto expelmilkduringlactation. Thebranchingsystemof interlobularducts﬇connect thelobulestothenipple. (Right)Normalductsand lobulesareformedby2cell layersconsistingofanouter discontinuous,mesh-likelayer ofmyoepithelialcells﬉and aninnerlayerofluminalcells thatlinetheluminalspace﬈.

Histology of Normal Breast

TerminalDuctLobularUnit

(Left)TDLUshavean architecturalorganization similartoatreeifthetrunk andbrancheswerehollow. Theterminalduct(trunk)﬊ opensintotheacini(branches) ﬈ofthelobule.This lobulocentricorganizationisa keymicroscopicfeaturein recognizingnormalbreast structure.(Right)Thereare2 typesofepithelialcells. Luminalcellsexpress cytoplasmickeratins7,8,and 18(redcytoplasmic chromogen﬉).Myoepithelial cellsexpressnuclearp63﬊ (brownnuclearchromogen).

(Left)Luminalcellsareoften positiveforestrogenreceptor (ER)﬈.Thisproteinisdown regulatedduringproliferation andsomeluminalcellscanbe negative.Incontrast, myoepithelialcellsarealways negativeforERſt.The myoepithelialcellsarepositive forsmoothmusclemyosin﬈. (Right)Notallluminalcells expressER﬉.Thecontentof ERandPRinthenormal luminalcellsvarieswiththe degreeoflobular development,inparallelwith cellproliferation.Normal proliferatingcellsdonot expressER.

InterlobularMammaryDucts

TerminalDuctLobularUnit
Lobule:Cytokeratin7andp63
Lobule,EstrogenReceptor,andSmooth MuscleMyosin
Lobule:EstrogenReceptor

Histology of Normal Breast

TerminalDuctLobularUnit:Alcian Blue/PAS

Lobule:Ki-67

(Left)Thebasement membranesurroundingthe ductsandlobulescontains typeIVcollagenandlaminin andappearsasabrightpink layeronAlcianblue/PAS staining﬈.Thisbasement membraneiscontiguouswith thatofthelargeductsand skin.(Right)Proliferationisan importantpartofbreast growthanddevelopment. ScatteredKi-67positivecells ﬉canbefoundinthenormal TDLU;however,thesecellsare negativeforER.Differentcell populationsinthebreastmay interactinaparacrinefashion.

(Left)Ochrocytesare histiocyteswithbrown granularcytoplasmduetothe uptakeoflipids﬈.Theyare usuallyseenadjacenttocysts orectaticducts.(Right) Luminalcellsexpressthecell adhesionproteinE-cadherinin amembranepattern﬈.In contrast,myoepithelialcells arenegative,orshowonly weakgranular immunoreactivity,asthey expressarelatedprotein,Pcadherin﬇.

(Left)Lymphatics﬈course betweenlobulesandforma cuffaroundbloodvessels﬊ Thispatternisimportantto recognizewhenlookingfor lymph-vascularinvasionby carcinomas.(Right)Thecells lininglymphaticsareoften, butnotalways,positivefor podoplanin(D2-40)﬈.The endothelialcellsofblood vesselsarenegative﬈. Myoepithelialcellsarealso positiveforpodoplanin﬊.

Ochrocytes
NormalAcini:E-Cadherin
NormalLymphatics
NormalBreast:Podoplanin

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.