A Clinical Handbook
David X. Cifu, MD
Chairman
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Herman J. Flax, MD Professor
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Principal Investigator
Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Richmond, Virginia
Henry L. Lew, MD, PhD
Tenured Professor, University of Hawaii School of Medicine Chair, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Honolulu, Hawaii
Adjunct Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
BRADDOM’S REHABILITATION CARE: A CLINICAL HANDBOOK
Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-323-47904-2
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cifu, David X., editor. | Lew, Henry L., editor.
Title: Braddom’s rehabilitation care : a clinical handbook / [edited by] David X. Cifu, Henry L. Lew.
Other titles: Rehabilitation care | Supplement to (expression): Braddom’s physical medicine & rehabilitation. Fifth edition.
Description: Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017021675 | ISBN 9780323479042 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Rehabilitation—methods | Handbooks
Classification: LCC RM700 | NLM WB 39 | DDC 617.03—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017021675
Senior Acquisition Editor: Kristine Jones
Content Development Specialist: Meghan Andress
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Claire Kramer
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Printed in the United States of America
Contributors
Mohd Izmi Bin Ahmad, MBBS, MRehabMed, CIME (USA)
Rehabilitation Physician
Head, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Hospital Pulau Pinang
George Town, Penang, Malaysia
Eleftheria Antoniadou, MD, FEBPMR, PhDc Consultant
Rehabilitation Clinic for Spinal Cord Injury
Patras University Hospital
University of Patras Patras, Greece
Joseph Burris, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri
Maria Gabriella Ceravolo, MD, PhD
Professor of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
Politecnica delle Marche University
Director of Neurorehabilitation Clinic
University Hospital of Ancona
Ancona, Italy
Chein-Wei Chang, MD
Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
Shih-Chung Chang, MD, MS
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chung Shan Medical University
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung, Taiwan
Carl Chen, MD, PhD Director
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
Chih-Kuang Chen, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Taoyuan, Taiwan
Shih-Ching Chen, MD, PhD
Deputy Dean and Professor
School of Medicine
College of Medicine
Taipei Medical University
Professor and Attending Physician
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Taipei Medical University Hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
Chen-Liang Chou, MD
Director and Clinical Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Yang-Ming University
Taipei Veterans General Hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
Willy Chou, MD, HRMS
General Secretary, Superintendent Office
Chief Director, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chi Mei Medical Center
Associate Professor
Recreation and Health Care Management
Chia Nan University of Pharmacy
Tainan, Taiwan
Tze Yang Chung, MBBS, MRehabMed
Senior Lecturer, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya
Rehabilitation Physician
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
David X. Cifu, MD
Chairman
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Herman J. Flax, MD Professor
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Principal Investigator
Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium
Richmond, Virginia
Andrew Malcolm Dermot Cole, MBBS (Hons), FACRM, FAFRM
Chief Medical Officer
HammondCare
Sydney, Australia
Associate Professor (Conjoint)
Faculty of Medicine
University of New South Wales
Kensington, Australia
Senior Consultant Rehabilitation Medicine
Greenwich Hospital
Greenwich, Australia
Rochelle Coleen Tan Dy, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas
Blessen C. Eapen, MD
Section Chief, Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center
TBI/Polytrauma Fellowship Program Director
South Texas Veterans Health Care System
Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
UT Health San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Julia Patrick Engkasan, MBBS (Mal), MRehabMed (Mal)
Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Gerard E. Francisco, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth)
McGovern Medical School
NeuroRecovery Research Center
TIRR Memorial Hermann Houston, Texas
Francesca Gimigliano, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine
University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”
Naples, Italy
Elizabeth J. Halmai, DO
Medical Director, Section Chief
Division of Polytrauma
South Texas Veterans Health Care System
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
Nazirah Hasnan, MBBS, MRehabMed, PhD
Deputy Director (Clinical)
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Associate Professor and Rehabilitation Consultant
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ziad M. Hawamdeh, MD
Senior Fellowship of the European Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Jordanian Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Faculty of Medicine
University of Jordan
Amman, Jordan
Joseph E. Herrera, DO, FAAPMR
Chairman and Lucy G Moses Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Mount Sinai Health System
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
Ming-Yen Hsiao, MD
Lecturer
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital
College of Medicine
National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan
Lin-Fen Hsieh, MD
Professor
School of Medicine
Fu Jen Catholic University
New Taipei City, Taiwan
Director
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Shin Kong Wo Ho-Su Memorial Hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
Rashidah Ismail Ohnmar Htwe, MBBS, M MED Sc (Rehab Med), CMIA
Associate Professor
Rehabilitation Unit
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
Associate Research Fellow
Tissue Engineering Centre
Faculty of Medicine
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Consultant Rehabilitation Physician
Rehabilitation Unit
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Yu-Hui Huang, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
School of Medicine
Chung Shan Medical University Director
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
Taichung, Taiwan
Chen-Yu Hung, MD
Attending Physician
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital, Beihu Branch
Taipei, Taiwan
Norhayati Hussein, MBBS, MRehabMed, Fellowship in Neurorehabilitation
Rehabilitation Physician
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Cheras Rehabilitation Hospital
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Elena Milkova Ilieva, MD, PhD, Prof.
Head of Department
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Medical Faculty
Medical University of Plovdiv
Head of Department
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
“Sv Georgi” University Hospital
Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Lydia Abdul Latif, MBBS, MRM
Professor and Consultant Rehabilitation Physician
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Wai-Keung Lee, MD
Chief, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Tao Yuan General Hospital
Tao Yuan, Taiwan
Henry L. Lew, MD, PhD
Tenured Professor, University of Hawaii School of Medicine
Chair, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders
Honolulu, Hawaii
Adjunct Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Richmond, Virginia
Chia-Wei Lin, MD
Attending Physician
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin Chu Branch
Hsin Chu, Taiwan
Ding-Hao Liu, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuanshan Branch
Yilan, Taiwan
Mazlina Mazlan, MBBS, MRM
Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Matthew J. McLaughlin, MD, MSB
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
Children’s Mercy Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
Amaramalar Selvi Naicker, MBBS (Ind), MRehabMed (Mal)
Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine and Head of Rehabilitation Medicine Unit
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
Associate Research Fellow
Tissue Engineering Centre
Faculty of Medicine
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mooyeon Oh-Park, MD, MS
Director of Geriatric Rehabilitation
Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation
Vice Chair of Education
Research Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey
Vishwa S. Raj, MD
Director of Oncology Rehabilitation
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Carolinas Rehabilitation
Chief of Cancer Rehabilitation
Department of Supportive Care
Levine Cancer Institute
Carolinas Healthcare System
Charlotte, North Carolina
Renald Peter Ty Ramiro, MD
Dean, College of Rehabilitative Sciences
Cebu Doctors’ University
Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines,
Head, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Cebu Doctors’ University Hospital
Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines
Head, Rehabilitation Medicine
Mactan Doctors’ Hospital
Lapu-lapu City, Cebu, Philippines
Reynaldo R. Rey-Matias, PT, MD, MSHMS
Chair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
St. Luke’s Medical Center and College of Medicine
Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of the Philippines–College of Medicine
Manila, Philippines
Desiree L. Roge, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Baylor College of Medicine
Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Texas Children’s Hospital
Houston, Texas
Shaw-Gang Shyu, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
Clarice N. Sinn, DO, MHA
Assistant Professor
UT Southwestern Medical Center/Children’s Health
Dallas, Texas
Anwar Suhaimi, MBBS, MRehabMed (Malaya)
Rehabilitation Medicine Specialist
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Senior Lecturer
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
University of Malaya
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Yi-Chian Wang, MD, MSc
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital
Taipei, Taiwan
Chueh-Hung Wu, MD
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital
Taipei City, Taiwan
Yung-Tsan Wu, MD
Attending Physician and Assistant Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine
National Defense Medical Center
Taipei, Taiwan
Tian-Shin Yeh, MD, MMS
Attending Physician
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch
Yun-Lin, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine
National Taiwan University College of Medicine
Taipei, Taiwan
Mauro Zampolini, MD Chief
Department of Rehabilitation
Italian National Health Service, USL UMBRIA 2
Foligno, Perugia, Italy
Tunku Nor Taayah Tunku Zubir, MBBS
Consultant Rehabilitation Physician
Department of Rehabilitation
Gleneagles Hospital
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Foreword
There are more than 1 billion individuals with some degree of disability, physical or mental, in the world, and there are a growing number of practicing clinicians and trainees to assist them in achieving and maintaining their independence. However, there has not been a single, easy-to-use clinical guide to specifically assist these practitioners to optimize their care. This handbook brings together all the key elements of practical clinical care in physical and rehabilitation medicine found in the fifth edition of Braddom’s Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation into a single, convenient source. The compact size, clinical focus, and state-of-the-art online resources make it the must-have guide. It has been designed to be invaluable at the bedside, in the clinic, in the office, and even in the patient’s home. Written in a straightforward style, supported by online slides, and packed with clinical pearls, this handbook is perfect for the full range of professionals, from the beginning student to the advanced practitioner. Created by two of the leading international educators in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Drs. David Cifu and Henry Lew, this book was carefully compiled by more than 50 professionals in physical medicine and rehabilitation from more than 25 countries across the globe to reflect the latest in the field, while remaining consistent with the Braddom’s reference textbook. It is truly the must-have resource for all trainees and clinicians who see individuals with acute and chronic disabilities.
Jianan Li, MD, Immediate Past President, International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM)
Jorge Lains, MD, President, ISPRM
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Contents
SECTION I EVALUATION
1 The Physiatric History and Physical Examination, 3 Shaw-Gang Shyu
2 History and Examination of the Pediatric Patient, 14 Chia-Wei Lin
3 Adult Neurogenic Communication and Swallowing Disorders, 18
Ming-Yen Hsiao
4 Psychological Assessment and Intervention in Rehabilitation, 24 Willy Chou
5 Practical Aspects of Impairment Rating and Disability Determination, 28
Maria Gabriella Ceravolo
6 Employment of People with Disabilities, 34
Renald Peter Ty Ramiro
7 Quality and Outcome Measures for Medical Rehabilitation, 39
Elizabeth J. Halmai
8 Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 44
Chein-Wei Chang
SECTION II TREATMENT TECHNIQUES AND SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
9 Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Restoration in Upper Limb Amputation, 51
Joseph Burris
10 Lower Limb Amputation and Gait, 57
Matthew J. McLaughlin
11 Upper Limb Orthoses, 66
Chih-Kuang Chen
12 Lower Limb Orthoses, 75
Tze Yang Chung
13 Spinal Orthoses, 85
Wai-Keung Lee
14 Wheelchairs and Seating Systems, 92
Nazirah Hasnan
15 Therapeutic Exercise, 102
Rochelle Coleen Tan Dy
16 Manipulation, Traction, and Massage, 111
Reynaldo R. Rey-Matias
17 Physical Agent Modalities, 119
Chueh-Hung Wu
18 Integrative Medicine in Rehabilitation, 126
Tian-Shin Yeh
19 Computer Assistive Devices and Environmental Controls, 129
Shih-Ching Chen
SECTION III COMMON CLINICAL PROBLEMS
20 Bladder Dysfunction, 137
Shih-Chung Chang
21 Neurogenic Bowel: Dysfunction and Rehabilitation, 143
Yu-Hui Huang
22 Sexual Dysfunction and Disability, 150
Tunku Nor Taayah Tunku Zubir
23 Spasticity, 157
Gerard E. Francisco
24 Chronic Wounds, 164
Julia Patrick Engkasan
25 Vascular Diseases, 173
Blessen C. Eapen
26 Burns, 178
Amaramalar Selvi Naicker
27 Acute Medical Conditions, 183
Norhayati Hussein
28 Chronic Medical Conditions: Pulmonary Disease, Organ Transplantation, and Diabetes, 190
Chen-Liang Chou
29 Cancer Rehabilitation, 197
Vishwa S. Raj
30 The Geriatric Patient, 204
Mooyeon Oh-Park
31 Rheumatologic Rehabilitation, 208
Lin-Fen Hsieh
SECTION IV ISSUES IN SPECIFIC DIAGNOSES
32 Common Neck Problems, 216
Carl Chen
33 Low Back Pain, 228
Anwar Suhaimi
34 Osteoporosis, 238
Francesca Gimigliano
35 Upper Limb Pain and Dysfunction, 244
Eleftheria Antoniadou
36 Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Lower Limb, 248
Elena Milkova Ilieva
37 Chronic Pain, 257
Yung-Tsan Wu
38 Pelvic Floor Disorders, 264
Clarice N. Sinn
39 Sports Medicine and Adaptive Sports, 270
Joseph E. Herrera
40 Motor Neuron Diseases, 279
Lydia Abdul Latif
41 Rehabilitation of Patients With Neuropathies, 287
Yi-Chian Wang
42 Myopathy, 299
Ziad M. Hawamdeh
43 Traumatic Brain Injury, 305
Mazlina Mazlan
44 Stroke Syndromes, 315
Mauro Zampolini
45 Degenerative Movement Disorders of the Central Nervous System, 319
Andrew Malcolm Dermot Cole
46 Multiple Sclerosis, 324
Mohd Izmi Bin Ahmad
47 Cerebral Palsy, 331
Desiree L. Roge
48 Myelomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms, 338
Rashidah Ismail Ohnmar Htwe
49 Spinal Cord Injury, 345
Chen-Yu Hung
50 Auditory, Vestibular, and Visual Impairments, 355
Ding-Hao Liu
