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Biotransformation of Agricultural Waste and By-Products
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7�2�5 Substrates
7�3 Solid-State Fermentation
7�3�1 Biotechnological
7�3�2
7�3�5 Substrates
7�4 Solid-State Fermentation Versus Submerged Fermentation: General Considerations
7�5 Perspectives and Conclusions
Chapter 8: Composition of Plant Biomass Biotech
8�1
Pais, R. Franco-Duarte, P. Sampaio, J. Wildner, A. Carolas, D. Figueira and B.S. Ferreira
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Figure 11.4 Relationship between life cycle inventory, midpoint indicators, endpoint indicators, and single endpoint score in ReCiPe 2008 (from left to right).
Figure 11.5 Climate change impact of food waste valorization routes: dry feed production, wet feed production, composting, and landfilling.
Figure 11.6 Environmental impact of different composting technologies.
Figure 11.7 Landfilling everything or separating for 65% composting and 35% landfilling.
Figure 11.8 Climate change impact of composting, anaerobic digestion, and incineration technologies (over 100 years).
Figure 11.9 Endpoint impact of composting, anaerobic digestion, and incineration technologies (Eco-indicator 95+).
Figure 11.10 Environmental impact of municipal waste treatment with increasing diversion of food waste from incineration to anaerobic digestion with composting and small-scale composting.
Figure 11.11 Life cycle climate change impact of fuels derived from food waste, agricultural products, and fossil resources (per MJ energy).
Figure 11.12 Climate change impact ranges of electricity generation by renewable and nonrenewable sources.
Figure 11.13 Climate change impact ranges of heat production by renewable and nonrenewable sources.
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List of Tables
Table 1.3 Currently Used Carbohydrate Carbon Sources in Industrial Fermentation.
Table 2.1 Main Seven Exported Fruits Form Costa Rica for the Year 2014, Expressed in Thousands of US Dollars and in Tons.
Table 2.2 Agricultural Production in Tons for Central American Countries in the Year 2013.
Table 2.3 Physicochemical Composition of Cultivated and Exported Fruits From Costa Rica and Central America.
Table 2.4 Vitamin C Content (mg/100 g) of the Main Cultivated Fruits in Costa Rica and Central America.
Table 2.5 Phenolic Compounds Content (mg GAE/100 g) of the Main Cultivated Fruits.
Table 2.6 Antioxidant Capacity Assessed by ORAC Method (TE Micromol/g) of the Traditional Tropical Fruits. 35
Table 2.7 Composition of Green Coffee of Varieties Arabica and Robusta, Produced in Mexico. 36
Table 2.8 Physicochemical Characterization of Pomegranate Seeds and Husk in g/100 g of Fruit Produced in Mexico. 38
Table 3.1 Potential of Mango Waste Components. 51
Table 4.1 Recycling Targets for Biodegradable Waste as Prescribed by the Landfill Directive. 71
Table 4.2 Main Characteristics of Some Biodegradable Materials. 79
Table 4.3 Duration of Some Industrial Composting Processes (Large-scale Compost; Deyerling & Fuchs; Productie Van Compost; Offaly). 82
Table 4.4 Levels of Rottegrad Based on the Potential Heating Ability of Compost. 83
Table 4.5 Overview Baumuster Composting Categories. 84
Table 4.6 Theoretical Amounts of Methane in Biogas. 93
Table 4.7 Analysis Results of Biogas Potential Tests on Byproducts Before Bioproduct Extraction. 117
Table 4.8 Analysis Results of Sweet Corn Products. 118
Table 4.9 Analysis Results of Potato Products. 119
Table 5.1 Effect of Various Pretreatments Methods on Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass. 132
Table 5.2 List of Main Biorefinery Facilities, Status and Pretreatment Strategies. 150
Table 6.1 Content in Fatty Acids of Some Tobacco Varieties Selected. 180
List of Abbreviations
A4A Airlines for America
AFEX Ammonia fiber explosion
AG Agronomic trait
AHAS Acetohydroxy acid synthetase
ALH Acetolactate synthetase
AM Association mapping
AMIMCl 1-allyl-3-methylimidazonium chloride
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ATP Adenine trinucleotide phosphate
BDO 1,4-butanediol
BMIMCl 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium chloride
Bt Bacillus thuringensis
BTG Biomass Technology Group
C4H Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
CCoAOMT CoA O-methyltransferase
CCR Cinnamoyl CoA reductase
CDE Carbon dioxide explosion
CesA Cellulose synthase A
CESA Cellulose synthase catalytic subunit
cgRNA Chimeric guide RNAs
CHP Combined heat and power
CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
DM Dry Matter
DME Dimethyl ether
DP Degree of polymerization
DSBs DNA double-strand breaks
DSP Downstream processing
EBFPI European Biofuels FlightPath Initiative
EBTP European Biofuel Technology Platform
ECHA European Chemical Agency
EDTA Ethylene diamine tetracetic acid
EFSA European Food Safety Agency
E-LCA Environmental life cycle assessment
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
EMS Ethyl Methane Sulphonate
ENI Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
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