Bioremediationfor Environmental Sustainability
Toxicity,Mechanismsof ContaminantsDegradation, Detoxification,andChallenges
Editedby GauravSaxena
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofLifeand AlliedSciences,BabaFaridInstituteofTechnology,Dehradun, Uttarakhand,India
VineetKumar
EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory, SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences, JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology, SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences, BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(ACentral)University, Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
Researcher,EnvironmentalMicrobiologyLab,Gujarat,India
MaulinP.Shah
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Thisbookistrulydedicatedtoourparentsfortheirunfailing patience,contagiouslove,forgiveness,selflessness,endless supportandnurturingandeducatingmetothedate. Withoutthem,Iwouldn’tbethepersonIamtoday.
VineetKumar
MaulinP.Shah
GauravSaxena
Listofcontributors..............................................................................................xxiii
Editorbiographies.................................................................................................xxix
Preface...............................................................................................................xxxiii
CHAPTER1Bioremediation:principlesandapplicationsin environmentalmanagement ......................................... 3 BhawnaTyagiandNaveenKumar
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................3
1.2 Principlesofbioremediation..........................................................4
1.2.1Microorganismsusedinbioremediation............................5
1.3 Typesofbioremediation................................................................6
1.3.1Insitubioremediation.........................................................6
1.3.2Exsitubioremediation......................................................10
1.3.3Phytoremediation..............................................................12
1.4 Advantagesanddisadvantagesofbioremediation......................15
1.5 Factorsaffectingbioremediation.................................................15
1.5.1Scientificorenvironmentalfactors..................................16
1.5.2Nontechnicalfactors.........................................................18
1.6 Applicationofbioremediationinenvironmentalmanagement...18
1.6.1Bioremediationoforganicpollutant.................................18
1.6.2Bioremediationofmetal...................................................19
1.6.3Bioremediationofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons.....19
1.6.4Bioremediationofrubberwaste.......................................20
1.6.5Bioremediationofagriculturalwaste...............................20
1.7 Biotechnologyandbioremediation..............................................20
1.7.1Applicationofgeneticallyengineeredmicrobes..............21
1.7.2Applicationofmolecularprobeandbiosensors...............22
1.7.3Applicationofbiosurfactant.............................................22
1.8 Futureaspectsofthebioremediationtechnique..........................23
1.9 Conclusion....................................................................................23 References....................................................................................24
2.5
2.7.2Chelate-assistedphytoextraction......................................42
3.1 Chromium.....................................................................................55
3.2 Chromium(VI)anditsbiologicaleffects.....................................56
3.2.1Cytotoxicityandgenotoxicity...........................................56
3.3 Heavymetalsmitigationstrategies..............................................57
3.3.1Biosorptionmechanism....................................................58
3.4 Microbialremediationcapacityofhexavalentchromium..........60
3.4.1Bacterialremediation........................................................60
3.5 Futureoutlook..............................................................................64 Acknowledgments.......................................................................65 References....................................................................................65
CHAPTER4Arsenic:environmentalcontamination,health hazards,andbioremediationapproachesfor detoxification .............................................................. 73 IzharulHaq,AnshuSinghandAjaySKalamdhad
4.1 Introduction..................................................................................73
4.2 Sourcesofarsenic........................................................................74
4.2.1Naturalsources..................................................................74
4.2.2Anthropogenicsources......................................................75
4.3 Environmentalcontamination......................................................75
4.3.1Statusofarseniccontamination........................................76
4.4 Arsenictoxicity............................................................................78
4.4.1Healtheffects....................................................................78
4.5 Biologicalapproachesfortheremovalofarsenic.......................79
4.5.1Resistancetowardsarsenic...............................................79
4.5.2Microbialremovalofarsenic............................................80
4.6 Conclusion....................................................................................83 References....................................................................................84
CHAPTER5Potentialapplicationofendophytesin bioremediationofheavymetalsandorganic pollutantsandgrowthpromotion:mechanism, challenges,andfutureprospects .............................. 91 JaiPrakash
5.1 Introduction..................................................................................91
5.2 Phytoremediation..........................................................................93
5.3 Endophytes...................................................................................94
5.4 Remediationoforganicpollutantsbyendophytes......................95
5.5 Remediationofheavymetalpollutantsbyendophytes..............96
5.6 Mechanismsofendophytesinremediationofheavymetals andorganicpollutants..................................................................98
5.6.1Phytohormonesproduction...............................................99
5.6.2Siderophoreproduction...................................................108
5.6.31-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylicaciddeaminase.....109
5.7 Molecularapproachesforremediationofpollutantsby endophytes..................................................................................109
5.8 Advantagesanddisadvantages...................................................111
5.9 Challengesofendophytesinremediationofsoilpollutants.....111
5.10 Conclusionandfutureprospects................................................112
CHAPTER6Fungi:apromisingtoolforbioremediation
SurabhiSingh,PamelaJhaandRenittaJobby
6.1 Introduction................................................................................123
6.2 Heavymetals:types,sources,andeffects.................................125
6.2.1Sourcesofheavymetalsandtheirtoxiceffects.............125
6.3 Needforbioremediation............................................................127
6.4 Metal fungiinteractions...........................................................128
6.4.1Biosorption......................................................................132
6.4.2Bioaccumulation.............................................................132
6.4.3Biomineralization............................................................133
6.4.4Biotransformation...........................................................133
6.5 Useofdeadfungalbiomass.......................................................134
6.6 Fungalbioremediation:thefuture.............................................135
6.7 Conclusion..................................................................................135 References..................................................................................136
CHAPTER7Phytoremediationofmercuryinsoilsimpacted bygoldmining:acase-studyofColombia .............. 145 SidayMarrugo-Madrid,MartaTurull,GermanEnamorado Montes,MarioVin ˜ aPico,JoseLuisMarrugo-Negreteand SergiD´ıez
7.1 Introduction................................................................................145
7.2 Artisanalandsmall-scalegoldmininginColombia.................146
7.3 Phytoremediationofmercury-contaminatedsoils.....................147
7.3.1PhytoextractionstudiesinColombia..............................150
7.3.2Case-study:assessmentofaphytoremediation processofmercury-contaminatedsoilsbyartisanal andsmall-scalegoldminingusing Jatrophacurcas, innorthernColombia......................................................151 References..................................................................................155
SECTIONIIIBioremediationofOrganicContaminants
CHAPTER8Enzymaticdegradationoflignocellulosicwaste: bioremediationandindustrialimplementation 163 ManishKumar,V.VivekanandandNidhiPareek
8.1 Introduction................................................................................163
8.2 Lignocellulosicwaste.................................................................163
8.2.1Lignin..............................................................................164
8.2.2Cellulose..........................................................................165
8.2.3Hemicellulose..................................................................166
8.3 Lignocellulolyticenzymes.........................................................166
8.3.1Lignin-modifyingenzymes.............................................166
8.3.2Hemicellulase..................................................................172
8.3.3Arabinanase.....................................................................173
8.4 Recentadvancementinthebiodegradationof lignocellulosicwastes.................................................................175
8.5 Rotfungiinbiodegradationoflignocellulosicwaste...............176
8.6 Industrialapplication..................................................................177
8.6.1Enzymeproduction.........................................................177
8.6.2Animalfeed.....................................................................177
8.6.3Antioxidantproduction...................................................179
8.6.4Biofuelproduction..........................................................180
8.7 Conclusion..................................................................................182 References..................................................................................182
CHAPTER9Environmentalhazardsandbiodegradation ofplasticwaste:challengesandfuture prospects ................................................................... 193 RachanaSingh,Naveenkumar,TithiMehrotra, KavyaBisariaandSurbhiSinha
9.1 Introduction................................................................................193
9.2 Classificationofplastics............................................................195
9.2.1Nonbiodegradableplastics..............................................195
9.2.2Biodegradableplastics....................................................195
9.3 Environmentalpollutionandhealthhazardsfromplastic waste...........................................................................................197
9.4 Methodsforplasticdegradation................................................200
9.4.1Photooxidativedegradation............................................200
9.4.2Thermaldegradation.......................................................200
9.4.3Catalyticdegradation......................................................201
9.4.4Biodegradation................................................................201
CHAPTER10Biosurfactant-enhancedbioremediationof
CHAPTER11Halophilesinbioremediationofpetroleum contaminants:challengesandprospects ................ 251 MaryamRezaeiSomee,SeyedMohammadMehdi Dastgheib,MahmoudShavandi,MahdisZolfaghar,Nina Zamani,AntonioVentosaandMohammadAliAmoozegar
11.1 Anintroductiontotheoilindustry............................................251
11.2 Halophilesandtheirsignificanceinoilindustry.......................252
11.3 Microbialactivityinoilreservoirs............................................253
11.3.1Halophilicmicrobialcommunitythrivinginoil reservoirs.......................................................................255
11.3.2Microbial-enhancedoilrecovery..................................256
11.3.3Controllingdetrimentalmicrobialactivityinoil production......................................................................259
11.4 Biodegradationofhydrocarbonsathighsalinity......................260
11.4.1Hydrocarbonmetabolisminhalophiles........................261
11.4.2Bioremediationofoil-contaminatedsalinesoils..........263
11.4.3Biologicalcleanupofmarineoilspills........................267
11.4.4Wastemanagementofsalinedrillcuttings andfluids.......................................................................268
11.4.5Treatmentofsalineproducedwastewaterin oilplants........................................................................271
11.5 Oxidationofsulfurcompoundsinhaloalkaliphilic conditions(gasbiologicalsweetening,treatmentof sulfidicspentcaustic).................................................................271
11.6 Prospectsforhalophilesinoilindustry.....................................275
11.7 Finalconclusion.........................................................................276 ConflictofInterest.....................................................................277 Acknowledgments.....................................................................277 References..................................................................................277
CHAPTER12Microbe-drivengenerationofreactiveoxygen speciesforcontaminantdegradation ...................... 293 GuangfeiLiu,HualiYu,LingyuShen,YuanyuanZhang, RuofeiJin,JingWangandJitiZhou
12.1 Biologicalproductionofreactiveoxygenspeciesfor contaminanttreatment................................................................293
12.1.1Biologicalproductionofsuperoxide(radical)for contaminantremoval.....................................................294
12.1.2Biologicalproductionofhydrogenperoxide...............296
12.1.3Microbiallydrivenhydroxylradicalproductionfor pollutantdegradation....................................................300
12.2
12.3.2Freshwater.....................................................................309
SECTIONIVBioremediationofindustrialwastes
CHAPTER14Phytoremediationofdistilleryeffluent:current progress,challenges,andfutureopportunities 349 VineetKumar
14.1 Background.................................................................................349
14.2 Consumptionofwaterindistilleries..........................................355
14.3 Maillardreactionproductsandanalysisofdistillery effluentdecolourizationusingcharacteristiclight absorbanceofmelanoidins.........................................................355
14.4 Phytoremediationstrategiesforremediationof contaminatedenvironment.........................................................357
14.5 Successstoriesofphytoremediationofmelanoidins containingdistillerywaste.........................................................358
14.6 Challengesandfutureopportunities..........................................366
14.7 Conclusions................................................................................367 References..................................................................................368
CHAPTER15Environmentalcontamination,toxicity profileandbioremediationapproachesfor treatmentanddetoxificationofpulppaper industryeffluent ........................................................ 375 AdarshKumar,GauravSaxena,VineetKumar andRamChandra
15.1 Introduction................................................................................375
15.2 Paperproductionandchemicalsusedinthepulpingprocess...376
15.3 Characterizationandtoxicityprofileofpulppaper wastewater..................................................................................378
15.3.1Organicpollutantsofpulppaperindustryeffluent......378
15.3.2Inorganicmetallicandinorganicnonmetallic pollutants.......................................................................383
15.3.3Gaseouspollutantsandtheirhealthhazards................384
15.4 Treatmentapproachesforpaperindustryeffluent....................384
15.4.1Physicochemicaltreatmentapproaches(primary treatment)......................................................................384
15.4.2Biologicaltreatmentapproaches(secondary treatment)......................................................................386
15.4.3Emergingtreatmentapproaches(tertiarytreatment)....388
15.5 Managementanddischargelimitsofpulppaperindustry wastewater..................................................................................391
15.6 Challengesandfutureprospects................................................392
15.7 Summaryandconclusion...........................................................393 References..................................................................................394
CHAPTER16Machinelearningandartificialintelligence
PankajKumarGupta,BasantYadav,AjayKumar andSushilKumarHimanshu
16.1 Naturalandconstructedwetlands:“Wiseuse”concept............403
16.4
CHAPTER17Environmentalcontamination,toxicityprofileand
CHAPTER18Emerginggreentechnologiesforbiological treatmentofleathertannerychemicalsand wastewater ................................................................ 435 GauravSaxena,RoopKishor,RamNareshBharagava, PlabanDas,PankajKumarGuptaandNaveenKumar
18.1 Introduction................................................................................435
18.2 Pollutionandtoxicityprofileofcontaminantsintannery wastewater..................................................................................437
18.3 Emerginggreentechnologiesforbiologicaltreatmentofleather tannerychemicalsandwastewater.............................................441
18.3.1Bioremediation............................................................441
18.3.2Phytoremediation........................................................442
18.3.3Microbe-assistedphytoremediation............................443
18.3.4Electrobioremediation.................................................444
18.3.5Anammox....................................................................445
18.3.6Microbialfuelcell.......................................................446
18.3.7Bioflocculants.............................................................447
18.3.8Constructedwetland....................................................448
18.3.9Bioreactortechnology.................................................449
18.3.10Combinedadvancedoxidationandbiological treatment......................................................................449
18.4 Conclusion..................................................................................451 Acknowledgments.....................................................................451 References..................................................................................451
SECTIONVRecentadvancesandchallenges inbioremediation
CHAPTER19Bioremediationofenvironmentalcontaminants: asustainablealternativetoenvironmental management .............................................................. 461 KingsleyErhonsEnerijiofi
19.1 Introduction................................................................................461
19.2 Bioremediation...........................................................................462
19.3 Sometypesofenvironmentalcontaminants..............................462
19.3.1Heavymetals.................................................................462
19.4 Hydrocarbons.............................................................................462
19.5 Bioremediationofenvironmentalcontaminants........................463
19.5.1Heavymetalremediationmechanismsby microorganisms.............................................................463
20.3.3Heavymetalremediation..............................................488
20.3.4Remediationofagroindustrialwastewater...................492
20.3.5Phycoremediationoforganicpollutants.......................492
20.3.6Phycoremediationofmunicipalwastesand wastewater.....................................................................494
20.3.7Remediationofwastesandwastewatertreatment usingmicroalgalconsortia............................................498
20.4 Microalgalbiosorbentsforwastewatertreatmentand contaminantsremoval................................................................498
20.5 Cultivationandharvestingofmicroalgae..................................500
20.6 Microalgaeasanenvironmentalbiorefinery:productionof biofuelandbioactivecompounds..............................................501
20.6.1Processing,componentsextraction,andbiodiesel production......................................................................502
20.6.2Microalgalbioactivecompounds..................................504
20.7 Factorsaffectingphycoremediation(microalgal remediation)................................................................................504
20.7.1Nutrients........................................................................505
20.7.2Temperature..................................................................505
20.7.3Light..............................................................................506
20.7.4SalinityandpH.............................................................506
20.8 Opportunities,challenges,andfutureprospects........................507
20.9 Conclusion..................................................................................507 Acknowledgements....................................................................507 References..................................................................................508
CHAPTER21Applicationsofmicrobiallaccasesin bioremediationofenvironmentalpollutants: potentialissues,challenges,andprospects ........... 519 JohnOnolameUnuofin,AyodejiOsmundFaladeand OluwatosinJosephAladekoyi
21.1 Introduction................................................................................519
21.2 Emergingandreemergingenvironmentalpollutants................520
21.2.1Phthalates......................................................................521
21.2.2Polychlorinatedbiphenyls.............................................522
21.2.3Alkylphenolethoxylatesandalkylphenols...................523
21.2.4Plasticadditives:bisphenolA.......................................523
21.2.5Pharmaceuticalsandpersonalcareproducts................524
21.3 Bioremediationtechniques.........................................................524
21.3.1Laccase:sources,properties,andcatalytic mechanisms...................................................................526
21.3.2Applicationsofmicrobiallaccasesinbioremediationof environmentalpollutants...............................................527
21.4 Technicalconsiderationsinlarge-scaleenvironmental applicationsofmicrobiallaccases.............................................529
21.4.1Challenges:overcominganunfavorablelifecycle assessment.....................................................................530
21.5 Prospects:novellaccasesandcultureconditionsforoptimum laccaseactivity...........................................................................531
21.6 Conclusion..................................................................................533 References..................................................................................534
CHAPTER22Immobilizedfungaltechnology:anew perspectiveforbioremediationofheavymetals ..... 541
RajdipSen,PamelaJhaandRenittaJobby
22.1 Introduction................................................................................541
22.1.1Mechanismofheavymetalresistanceinfungi............542
22.1.2Factorsaffectingbiosorption........................................543
22.2 Immobilizationofbiosorbentsanditsadvantages....................544
22.2.1Immobilizationmethodsusedforfungi.......................545
22.2.2Fungalimmobilizationtechniquesusedfor heavymetalremoval.....................................................548
22.3 Challengestoovercome.............................................................555
22.4 Conclusion..................................................................................556 Acknowledgment.......................................................................556 References..................................................................................556
CHAPTER23Challengesinbioremediation:fromlabtoland ...... 561
SampurnaNandy,JayantaAndraskar, KrutikaLanjewarandAtyaKapley
23.1 Introduction................................................................................561
23.1.1Bioremediation..............................................................561
23.1.2TypesofBioremediation..............................................562
23.1.3Enhancedinsitubioremediation..................................564
23.2 Identificationofchallenges........................................................565
23.2.1Gapsinbioremediation.................................................565
23.2.2FactorsInfluencingBioremediation.............................569
23.3 Addressingchallengesandgaps................................................570
23.3.1Microbialcommunityanalysis.....................................571
23.3.2Applicationsofmetagenomicanalysisfromlabto land................................................................................574
23.4 IntegrationofremotesensingandGISforbioremediation......577
23.5 Conclusions................................................................................577
Acknowledgments.....................................................................578
References..................................................................................578
CHAPTER24Water-stablemetal organicframeworkfor environmentalremediation ....................................... 585
TayyabaNajam,SyedShoaibAhmadShahand MohammedM.Rahman
24.1 Introduction................................................................................585
24.2 Stablemetal organicframework..............................................586
24.2.1M41 carboxylate-basedmetal organicframeworks...586
24.2.2M31 carboxylate-basedmetal organicframeworks...590
24.2.3M21 azolate-basedmetal organicframeworks...........592
24.2.4M1 azolate-basedmetal organicframeworks............592
24.3 Metal organicframeworksasadsorbentsfor decontamination.........................................................................593
24.3.1Inorganiccontaminants.................................................595
24.3.2Metal organicframeworksfortheremovalof organicpollutantsinwastewater..................................603
24.4 Conclusions................................................................................611
References..................................................................................612
CHAPTER25Biogenicnanoparticlesforremovalofheavy metalsandorganicpollutantsfromwaterand wastewater:advances,challenges,andfuture prospects ................................................................... 623
SuryaPratapGoutamandGauravSaxena
25.1 Introduction................................................................................623
25.2 Nanoparticles:overviewandapplications.................................624
25.3 Greensynthesisofnanoparticles(biogenicnanoparticles).......625
25.4 Techniquesforcharacterizationofnanoparticles......................626
25.5 Nanoparticlesforheavymetalsremovalfromwaterand wastewater..................................................................................627
25.6 Nanoparticlesfororganicpollutants’removalfromwater andwastewater...........................................................................630
25.7 Adsorptionisothermsandkineticsofcontaminants removal.......................................................................................631
25.8 Advances,challenges,andfutureprospects..............................631
25.9 Conclusions................................................................................633
References..................................................................................633
Index......................................................................................................................637
Listofcontributors
OluwatosinJosephAladekoyi
EnvironmentalAppliedScienceandManagement,DepartmentofChemistry andBiology,RyersonUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada
MohammadAliAmoozegar
ExtremophilesLaboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofBiologyand CenterofExcellenceinPhylogenyofLivingOrganisms,CollegeofScience UniversityofTehran,Tehran,Iran
JayantaAndraskar
NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur, India
Anah´ıRominaBernal
PilotPlantforIndustrialMicrobiologicalProcesses(PROIMI-CONICET), Tucuman,Argentina
RamNareshBharagava
LaboratoryforBioremediationandMetagenomicsResearch(LBMR), DepartmentofMicrobiology(DM),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity (ACentralUniversity),Lucknow,India
KavyaBisaria
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,India
RamChandra
DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology,SchoolforEnvironmentalSciences, BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(ACentral)University,Lucknow,India
JayashankarDas
IMSandSUMHospital,Siksha“O”AnusandhanUniversity(Deemedtobe), Odisha,India
PlabanDas
LaboratoryforMicrobiology,DepartmentofMicrobiology,BabaFaridInstitute ofTechnology,Dehradun,India
SeyedMohammadMehdiDastgheib
BiotechnologyResearchgroup,ResearchInstituteofPetroleumIndustry, Tehran,Iran
SushmaDave
JodhpurInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Jodhpur,India
LuciaIne ´ sCastellanosdeFigueroa
PilotPlantforIndustrialMicrobiologicalProcesses(PROIMI-CONICET), Tucuman,Argentina;FacultyofBiochemistry,ChemistryandPharmacy, NationalUniversityofTucuman,Tucuman,Argentina
M.S.Dhanya
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciencesandTechnology,CentralUniversityof Punjab,Bathinda,India
SergiD´ıez
EnvironmentalChemistryDepartment,InstituteofEnvironmentalAssessment andWaterResearch,IDAEA-CSIC,Barcelona,Spain
KingsleyErhonsEnerijiofi
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,CollegeofBasicandAppliedSciences, SamuelAdegboyegaUniversity,Ogwa,Nigeria
AyodejiOsmundFalade
DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofMedicalSciences,OndoCity, Nigeria
PabloMarceloFerna ´ ndez
PilotPlantforIndustrialMicrobiologicalProcesses(PROIMI-CONICET), Tucuman,Argentina;FacultyofExactandNaturalSciences,National UniversityofCatarmaca,Catamarca,Argentina
SuryaPratapGoutam
DepartmentofAppliedScienceandHumanities,InvertisUniversity,Bareilly, India
PankajKumarGupta
FacultyofEnvironment,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,ON,UnitedStates
IzharulHaq
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati, Guwahati,India
SushilKumarHimanshu
TexasA&MAgrilifeResearch,TexasA&MUniversitySystem,Vernon,TX, UnitedStates
PamelaJha
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityMumbai,Mumbai,India
RuofeiJin
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
RenittaJobby
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityMumbai,Mumbai,India
AjaySKalamdhad
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati, Guwahati,India
AtyaKapley
NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur, India
RoopKishor
LaboratoryforBioremediationandMetagenomicsResearch(LBMR), DepartmentofMicrobiology(DM),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity (ACentralUniversity),Lucknow,India
AdarshKumar
DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology,SchoolforEnvironmentalSciences, BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(ACentral)University,Lucknow,India
AjayKumar
IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee,Roorkee,India
ManishKumar
DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofLifeSciences,CentralUniversityof Rajasthan,Bandarsindri,Ajmer,India
NaveenKumar
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,India;Biotechnology, Bioprocessing&BusinessManagement,SchoolofLifeSciences,The UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UnitedKingdom
VineetKumar
EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,Schoolof EnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India; DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology,SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences, BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(ACentral)University,Lucknow,India
KrutikaLanjewar
NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur, India
GuangfeiLiu
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
SidayMarrugo-Madrid
FacultyofBasicSciences,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofCo ´ rdoba, Monteria,Colombia;EnvironmentalChemistryDepartment,Instituteof EnvironmentalAssessmentandWaterResearch,IDAEA-CSIC,Barcelona, Spain
JoseLuisMarrugo-Negrete
FacultyofBasicSciences,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofCo ´ rdoba, Monteria,Colombia
TithiMehrotra
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,India
AmbujMishra
SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi, India
GermanEnamoradoMontes
FacultyofBasicSciences,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofCo ´ rdoba, Monteria,Colombia
TayyabaNajam
InstituteforAdvancedStudy,ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,China;College ofPhysicsandOptoelectronicEngineering,ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen, China
SampurnaNandy
NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur, India
NidhiPareek
DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofLifeSciences,CentralUniversityof Rajasthan,Bandarsindri,Ajmer,India
MarioVin ˜ aPico
FacultyofBasicSciences,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofCo ´ rdoba, Monteria,Colombia
JaiPrakash
DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology(DEM),SchoolforEnvironmental Sciences(SES),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity(ACentral University),Lucknow,India
MohammedM.Rahman
DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScience,KingAbdulazizUniversity, Jeddah,SaudiArabiaKingdom
GauravSaxena
LaboratoryofMicrobiology,DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofLifeand AlliedSciences,BabaFaridInstituteofTechnology,Dehradun,India; DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology(DEM),SchoolforEnvironmental Sciences(SES),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(Central)University,Lucknow, India;EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnologyLaboratory,Schoolof EnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India; LaboratoryforBioremediationandMetagenomicsResearch(LBMR), DepartmentofEnvironmentalMicrobiology(DEM),BabasahebBhimrao AmbedkarUniversity(ACentralUniversity),Lucknow,India
RajdipSen
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityMumbai,Mumbai,India
SyedShoaibAhmadShah
DepartmentofChemistry,TheIslamiaUniversityofBahawalpur,Bahawalpur, Pakistan
MahmoudShavandi
BiotechnologyResearchgroup,ResearchInstituteofPetroleumIndustry, Tehran,Iran
LingyuShen
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
AnshuSingh
DefenceInstituteofBio-energyResearch-DRDO,Haldwani,India
RachanaSingh
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,India
SurabhiSingh
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversityMumbai,Mumbai,India
SurbhiSinha
AmityInstituteofBiotechnology,AmityUniversity,Noida,India
MaryamRezaeiSomee
ExtremophilesLaboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofBiologyand CenterofExcellenceinPhylogenyofLivingOrganisms,CollegeofScience UniversityofTehran,Tehran,Iran
MartaTurull
EnvironmentalChemistryDepartment,InstituteofEnvironmentalAssessment andWaterResearch,IDAEA-CSIC,Barcelona,Spain
BhawnaTyagi
SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi, India
JohnOnolameUnuofin
WaterQualityandWastewaterManagementResearchCenter,Departmentof Environmental,Water&EarthSciences,TswhaneUniversityofTechnology, Pretoria,SouthAfrica;DepartmentofMicrobial,BiochemicalandFood Biotechnology,UniversityoftheFreeState,Bloemfontein,SouthAfrica
AntonioVentosa
DepartmentofMicrobiologyandParasitology,FacultyofPharmacy,University ofSevilla,Sevilla,Spain
SilvanaCarolinaVin ˜ arta
PilotPlantforIndustrialMicrobiologicalProcesses(PROIMI-CONICET), Tucuman,Argentina;FacultyofExactandNaturalSciences,National UniversityofCatarmaca,Catamarca,Argentina
V.Vivekanand
CentreforEnergyandEnvironment,MalaviyaNationalInstituteofTechnology, Jaipur,India
JingWang
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
BasantYadav
CranfieldWaterScienceInstitute,CranfieldUniversity,Cranfield,United Kingdom
HualiYu
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
SurabhiZainith
LaboratoryforBioremediationandMetagenomicsResearch(LBMR), DepartmentofMicrobiology(DM),BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity (ACentralUniversity),Lucknow,India
NinaZamani
ExtremophilesLaboratory,DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofBiologyand CenterofExcellenceinPhylogenyofLivingOrganisms,CollegeofScience UniversityofTehran,Tehran,Iran
YuanyuanZhang
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
JitiZhou
KeyLaboratoryofIndustrialEcologyandEnvironmentalEngineering(Ministry ofEducation),SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,Dalian UniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
MahdisZolfaghar
LaboratoryofGenomicsandEpigenomics,InstituteofBiochemistryand Biophysics,UniversityofTehran,Tehran,Iran
Editorbiographies
GauravSaxena hasbeenanAssistantProfessorof Microbiology,DepartmentofMicrobiology,School ofLifeandAlliedSciences(SLAS)andamemberof ProctorialBoardatBabaFaridInstituteofTechnology (BFIT),Dehradun,Indiasince2019.Hewasbornin1989 andcompletedschoolingfromGovernmentSchoolsat Shahjahanpur,UttarPradesh,India.HereceivedhisB.Sc. (2010)inIndustrialMicrobiology,Zoology,Botany,and ChemistryfromHemwatiNandanBahugunaGarhwal (Central)University(HNBGU),Srinagar(Garhwal), Uttarakhand,India.HereceivedhisM.Sc.(2013)in EnvironmentalMicrobiologyfromtheBabasahebBhimraoAmbedkar(Central) University,Lucknow,UP,India,wherehisinterestinenvironmentalissuesbegan withworkonenvironmentalremediationusingmicroorganisms.Atthesameuniversity,heearnedhisPhD(2020)inEnvironmentalMicrobiologyspecializingin MicrobialBioremediationandMetagenomicsResearch.HethenwenttoJawaharlal NehruUniversity(JNU),NewDelhi,India,wherehewastrainedonaDepartmentof Biotechnology(DBT)-sponsoredresearchprojectfortheproductionofbiofuelfrom oleaginousbacteriaunderthesupervisionofProf.InduShekharThakur.Hisresearch areasinclude:EnvironmentalMicrobiologyandBiotechnology,Biodegradation,and Bioremediation,Microbe-AssistedPhytoremediation,MicrobialWastewater Treatment,Nanoremediation,EnvironmentalMetagenomics,Environmental Chemistry,Ecotoxicology,andEnvironmentalWasteManagement.Healsoteaches coursesinGeneralMicrobiology,MolecularBiologyandMicrobialGenetics, Immunology,EnvironmentalMicrobiology,andlaboratorytechniquesin MicrobiologyandMolecularBiology.Currently,heisengagedinresearchto developsustainableenvironmentalremediationtechnologiesforpollutionprevention andcontrol.Hehasbeenqualified(2016)NationalEligibilityTest(NET)and receivedJuniorResearchFellowship(JRF)ofDepartmentofScienceand Technology(DST),GovernmentofIndia(GOI),India.Hehasbeenhonoredwith prestigiousawardssuchas“YoungEnvironmentalistAward-2018”and“Young AchieverAward-2019,”and“YoungScientistAward-2020”inrecognitionofhisscientificresearch.HehasalsoworkedontheDepartmentofBiotechnology(DBT)and DepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DST)-SponsoredIndiangovernment researchprojects.Heistheeditoroffivebooks, BioremediationforEnvironmental Sustainability:Toxicity,MechanismsofContaminantsDegradation,Detoxification andChallenges (Elsevier,UnitedStates), BioremediationforEnvironmental Sustainability:ApproachestoTacklePollutionforCleanerandGreenerSociety (Elsevier,TheNetherlands), BioremediationofIndustrialPollutants (WriteandPrint Publication,India), BioremediationofIndustrialWasteforEnvironmentalSafety: IndustrialWasteandItsManagement (SpringerNature,Singapore),and
