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BiogenicSustainable Nanotechnology
BiogenicSustainable Nanotechnology TrendsandProgress
Editedby
RaghvendraPratapSingh DepartmentofResearch&Development,Biotechnology, UttaranchalUniversity,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India
AlokR.Rai
DepartmentofMicrobiology,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeofArts, Commerce,andScience,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
AhmedAbdala ChemicalEngineeringProgram, TexasA&MUniversityatQatar,Doha,Qatar
RatiramG.Chaudhary DepartmentofChemistry,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeofArts, ScienceandCommerce,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
Elsevier
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Listofcontributorsxvii
Prefacexxiii
1.Buildingnanomaterialswithmicrobialfactories1
PABLOE.ANTEZANA,SOFIAMUNICOYANDMARTINF.DESIMONE
1.1Introduction1
1.2Mechanismsofmetalnanoparticlessynthesisbybacteria3
1.3Nanoparticlebiosynthesis7
1.3.1Silvernanoparticles7
1.3.2Goldnanoparticles11
1.3.3Magnetitenanoparticles14
1.3.4Coppernanoparticles19
1.3.5Seleniumnanoparticles21
1.3.6Quantumdots24
1.4Conclusion29
1.5Futureprospects29 Acknowledgments30 References30
2.Phytofabricationofnickel-basednanoparticles: focusonenvironmentalbenigntechnologyand therapeuticperspectives41
KANHAIYAM.DADURE,DEBARSHIKARMAHAPATRA, ANIMESHCHANDRAG.M.HALDAR,RATIRAMG.CHAUDHARYAND AJAYK.POTBHARE
2.1Introduction41
2.2CurrentstatusofNi-basednanoparticles44 v
2.3FabricationofNi-basednanoparticles47
2.3.1FabricationofNiOnanoparticlesusingplantextracts47
2.3.2FabricationofNiOnanoparticlesusingmicrobes47
2.4ConclusionandfutureperspectivesofNi-basednanoparticles51 References51
3.Bacterialcellularmechanismsforsynthesisof greennanostructuredcompounds59
SIMPALKUMARI,ZHIFENGLIANDMIANNABEELANWAR
3.1Introduction60
3.2Microorganisminvolvedinthesynthesisofnanoparticles60 3.2.1Bacteria61
3.2.2Fungi62
3.2.3Cyanobacteria64
3.2.4Others64
3.3Synthesisofbacterialnanoparticlesbyusingcellular mechanism65
3.3.1Extracellularmechanism65
3.3.2Intracellularmechanism67
3.4Applicationofbiologicallysynthesizednanoparticles67
3.4.1Food68
3.4.2Agriculture68
3.4.3Environment68
3.4.4Biomedical68
3.4.5Textiles69
3.4.6Renewableenergy69
3.4.7Electronics69 3.5Conclusion69 References69
4.Ecofriendlymicroorganismassistedfabricationof metalnanoparticlesandtheirapplications77
SUDIPMONDAL,MANJIRIS.NAGMOTE,SURAJV.KOMBE,BARUNK.DUTTA, TRIMURTIL.LAMBAT,PRASHANTB.CHOUKEANDANIRUDDHAMONDAL
4.1Introduction77
4.2Bacteria-mediatedsynthesis79
4.2.1Coppernanoparticlessynthesisbybacterialfont79
4.2.2Silvernanoparticlessynthesisbybacterialfont81
4.2.3Goldnanoparticlessynthesisusingdifferentbacterial font86
4.3Fungi-mediatedsynthesis91
4.3.1Coppernanoparticlessynthesisbyfungifont91
4.3.2Silvernanoparticlessynthesisbyfungifont94
4.3.3Goldnanoparticlessynthesisbyfungifont98
4.4Conclusion99
References100
5.Herbalspicesandnanotechnologyforthebenefitof humanhealth107
SHALINIJIWANCHAHANDE,RASHMIJACHAK,RAGINICHAHANDE ANDPALLAVIPANTAWANE
5.1Introduction107
5.2Complementaryroleofspicesandnanotechnologyin developmentofherbalmedicine108
5.3Journeyofspicesforthebettermentofhumanlife111
5.3.1Spicesfromkitchentoclinic111
5.4Ancienttocurrentstatusoftheuseofherbalspicesand nanotechnology112
5.5Useofspicesasasourceofnaturalcolor115
5.6Useasanaturalsourceofantioxidantandantimicrobial agents116
5.7Needforbioprospectionofherbsandspices117
5.7.1Medicinalbioprospecting118
5.7.2Bioprospectionofessentialoilsformedicinaluses118
5.7.3Bioprospectionofproductsfromherbsandspices119
5.7.4Bioprospectingofspicesandherbsfordrugdiscovery121
5.8Issuesandchallengeswithherbalnanomedicines121
5.9Conclusionandfutureperspectives123 References123
6.Nanoparticlesforsustainableagriculture:innovative potentialwithcurrentandfutureperspectives131
SUBHASHRUPCHANDSOMKUWAR,RATNNADEEPC.SAWANT, PRASHANTP.INGALE,DHANRAJT.MASRAMAND RUPALIRAMESHCHAUDHARY
6.1Introduction131
6.2Nanopesticides:agro-basedformulationsforpestcontrol132
6.3Nanofertilizers:recenttrendsandprospectinagriculture system134
6.4Nanoparticles:uptake,translocations,andplantgrowth136
6.5Recentadvancesinnanoparticlesforplantprotection137
6.6Nanomaterialsasagentstosmartmonitoring138
6.7Nanoparticlesformanagingtheagriculturalpostharvest waste139
6.8Futureperspective140
6.9Conclusion140 References140
7.Fabricationsandapplicationsof polymer graphenenanocompositesforsustainability149
AJAYK.POTBHARE,TRUPTIS.SHRIRAME,VIDYASAGARDEVTHADE, SACHINT.YERPUDE,MAYURIS.UMEKAR,RATIRAMG.CHAUDHARYAND GANESHS.BHUSARI
7.1Introduction150
7.2Historybackgroundofpolymer graphenenanocomposites152
7.3Overviewofpolymer graphenenanocomposites154
7.4Preparationmethodspolymer graphenenanocomposites155
7.4.1Solutioncasttechnique155
7.4.2Meltmixingtechnique156
7.4.3Insitupolymerization157
7.4.4Electrospinningtechnique157
7.4.5Electrodeposition158
7.5Modificationtechniquesforgrapheneandgrapheneoxide158
7.5.1Grafting158
7.5.2Atomtransferradicalpolymerization158
7.5.3Radicalpolymerizationtechniques159
7.5.4Condensationtechniques159
7.6Interactionsofgrapheneoxideandgraphenewithpolymers160
7.6.1Interactionsofgrapheneoxideinpolymermatrices160
7.6.2Interactionsofgrapheneinpolymermatrices160
7.7Naturalpolymersnanocomposites161
7.7.1Chitosan/graphene/grapheneoxidenanocomposites161
7.7.2Cellulose/graphene/grapheneoxidenanocomposites162
7.8Syntheticpolymersnanocomposites162
7.8.1Polyvinylidenefluoride/graphene/grapheneoxide nanocomposites162
7.8.2Polyurethane/graphene/grapheneoxide nanocomposites163
7.9Conductivepolymersnanocomposites164
7.9.1Polypyrrole/graphene/grapheneoxide nanocomposites164
7.9.2Polyaniline/graphene/grapheneoxidenanocomposites165
7.10Applicationsofgraphene/polymernanocomposites166
7.10.1Antibacterialactivity166
7.10.2Sensors167
7.10.3Energystoragedevices168
7.10.4High-performancematerials169
7.10.5Drugdelivery170
7.10.6Biomedical171
7.10.7Waterpurification171
7.11Conclusion173 References174
8.Phytofabricationofmetaloxide/iron-based andtheirtherapeuticandtheirtherapeuticpotentials: in-depthinsightsintotherecentprogress185
ANIMESHCHANDRAG.M.HALDAR,DEBARSHIKARMAHAPATRA, KANHAIYAM.DADUREANDRATIRAMG.CHAUDHARY
8.1Introduction186
8.1.1DifferentwaystodefineNPs186
8.1.2Developmentfromancienttoscientificage187
8.2Methodsfornanoparticlesfabrication187
8.2.1Mechanicalgrinding/milling189
8.2.2Laserablation189
8.2.3Electro-explosion190
8.2.4Chemicalvapordeposition190
8.2.5Sol gelprocess190
8.2.6Biologicalfabrication190
8.3BiofabricationofNPs191
8.4PhytofabricationofNPs192
8.4.1Stem-basedphytofabrication193
8.4.2Fruit-basedphytofabrication193
8.4.3Seed/seedcoats-basedphytofabrication193
8.4.4Flower-basedphytofabrication194
8.4.5Root-basedphytofabrication194
8.4.6Leaves-basedphytofabrication194
8.5MechanismofphytofabricationofNPs194
8.6Therapeuticpotentialsofiron-basedNPs197
8.7Conclusion204 References204
9.Highlightsofdecadelongprogressofnano-selenium fabricatedfromplantbiomass:insightsintotechniques andmechanisms217
DEBARSHIKARMAHAPATRA,ANIMESHCHANDRAG.M.HALDARAND KANHAIYAM.DADURE
9.1Introduction217
9.2Seleniumnanoparticles219
9.3Synthesis219
9.4MechanismofformationofSeNPs220
9.5RecentreportsofSeNPsformation221
9.6ApplicationsinSeNPsinfoodpacking222
9.7ToxicityofSeNPs223
9.8Conclusion224 References224
10.Strategiesofnanotechnologyasadefense systeminplants227
RASHMIJACHAK,SHALINICHAHANDE,JAYSHREETHAWAREAND RUPALIMAHAKHODE
10.1Introduction227
10.2Nanotechnologyinplantdefensemechanism229
10.2.1Nanobiosensors229
10.2.2Nanoencapsulation231
10.2.3Metal-basednanoparticles232
10.2.4Nanohybrid234
10.2.5Nanoantioxidantmechanism236
10.3Nanotoxicityandnanobusiness237
10.3.1Nanotoxicity monitoredtoxicityandpotential healthrisksofnanomaterials237
10.3.2Nanobusinessanditsriskypath239 10.4Conclusion239 Futurelineofwork240 References240 Furtherreading248
11.Nanocompositesfordyeremediationfrom aqueoussolutions249
N.B.SINGH,N.P.SINGH,A.K.SINGHANDLELLOUCHEJEAN-PAUL
11.1Introduction249 11.2Dyes251 11.3Nanocomposites251
11.3.1Magneticnanocomposites253
11.3.2Metal/metaloxide-basednanocomposites253
11.3.3Polymernanocomposites255
11.3.4Hydroxyapatitenanocomposites257
11.3.5Carbon-basednanocomposites257
11.3.6Ash-basednanocomposites258
11.3.7Hydrogel-basednanocomposites258
11.3.8Chitosan-basednanocomposites261
11.3.9Othertypesofnanocomposites261
11.4Photocatalyticdegradationofdyes261 11.5Conclusion265 References265
12.Sustainablehybridnanomaterialsfor environmentalremediationandagricultural advancement267
PRERNAKHAGAR,SANGESHZODAPE,UMESHPRATAP,ATULMALDHURE, GAYATRIGAIKWADANDATULWANKHADE
12.1Introduction267
12.1.1Hybridnanomaterials269
12.1.2Designingstrategyandpropertiesofhybrid nanomaterials269
12.2Applicationsofhybridnanomaterials272
12.2.1Polymer-basedhybridnanomaterial272
12.2.2Metal organicframework274
12.2.3Phytochemical-basedhybridnanomaterials279
12.3Futureaspects283
12.4Concludingremarks283 References283
13.Bacterialsynthesisofzincoxidenanoparticles andtheirapplications293
LEKSHMIGANGADHAR,NALLURIABHISHEK,MADUTHURIVENKATESH, V.V.S.PRASAD,PENTAKOTASURYANAGENDRA,MADAKKAMEKAPOGU, AMARP.GARGANDSIVASANKARSANA
13.1Introduction294
13.2Synthesisofnanoparticles294
13.2.1Top-downapproach294
13.2.2Bottom-upapproach295
13.3Classificationofnanomaterials296
13.3.1Basedonsource296
13.3.2Basedondimension296
13.3.3Basedonchemicalcomposition297
13.3.4Basedontoxicity297
13.4Greennanotechnology297
13.5Schemingofgreennanomaterials297
13.5.1Approachesforgreennanomaterialsynthesis299
13.6Zincoxide300
13.7Applicationsofzincoxidenanoparticles301
13.8Biosynthesisofnanoparticles303
13.9BacterialsynthesisofZnOnanoparticlesandits applications304
13.10Conclusions310 References310
14.Environmentalimpactontoxicityofnanomaterials315
J.PRAKASHARULJOSE,LAITHA.YOUNUS,KESAVANBHASKARREDDY, SIVASANKARSANA,LEKSHMIGANGADHAR,TIANYUHOU, ARGHYACHAKRAVORTYANDPREETAMBHARDWAJ
14.1Introduction316
14.2Abriefwalktonanomaterialsandtheirproperties318
14.3Thehistoryofnanomaterialsandtheircreation318
14.4Nanomaterialsources320
14.5Typesandclassificationofnanomaterials321
14.5.1Nanomaterials-basedcategories321
14.6Applicationsofnanoparticles324
14.6.1Applicationsindrugsandmedications324
14.6.2Fabricationandmaterialsapplications326
14.6.3Applicationsintheenvironment326
14.6.4Applicationsinelectronics327
14.6.5Applicationsinenergyharvesting327
14.6.6Applicationsinmechanicalindustries328
14.7Nanomaterialregulations328
14.8Nanomaterialsproblemsandriskvaluation329
14.8.1Nanomaterialtoxicity329
14.8.2Toxicityofnanoparticles330
14.9Thepotentialforinteractionsbetweennanoparticlesand livingsystemssourcesandhealtheffectsofnanoparticles331
14.10Mechanismsofnanoparticletoxicity332
14.11Nanoparticlesinlivingsystems thesurfaceeffects336
14.12Toxicologyofnanoparticles338
14.13Nanomaterialsofdifferentsubstancesandtheirtoxicity341
14.14Solvingtoxicproblem346
14.15Conclusion346 References347
15.Sustainablenanotechnologyforhuman resourcedevelopment357
DIPTISINGHANDRAGHVENDRAPRATAPSINGH
15.1Introduction358
15.2Thenano-agroparticles358
15.3Nanotechnologyforsustainablepractice359
15.3.1Chitosanincropproduction359
15.3.2Chitosanpreventsdeficiencyofmicronutrientin desiredcrops360
15.3.3Chitosanvectorforgenedelivery360
15.3.4Nanotechnologytoimprovethewaterqualityfor sustainableagriculture361
15.3.5Nano-oligodynamicmetalparticles361
15.3.6Nanotechnologyforcropyieldenhancement362
15.3.7Applicationsofnanotechnologyinfoodindustries363
15.4Chitosannanoparticlessynthesis365
15.4.1Ionotropicgelation365
15.4.2Coacervation365
15.4.3Coprecipitation366
15.4.4Microemulsionmethod366
15.4.5Spraydryingmethod366
15.5Howtoloadactiveprincipleintochitosannanoparticles367 15.6Functionofchitosannanoparticles367
15.7Conclusionandfutureperspectives367 References369
16.Rationaleandtrendsofappliednanotechnology373
RAGHVENDRAPRATAPSINGH,ALOKR.RAI,RAJSHREEB.JOTANIA, RATIRAMG.CHAUDHARYANDAHMEDABDALA
16.1Introduction373
16.2Rulesandregulationsfornanotechnology374 16.3Globalnanotechnologysectors376
16.3.1Nanotechnologyindustryintheworld377 16.4Typesofnanotechnology379
16.4.1Materialsnanotechnology379
16.4.2Greennanotechnology380
16.5Nanotechnologyapplications383
16.6Societalacceptanceofnanotechnology385 References385
Index391
Listofcontributors
AhmedAbdala ChemicalEngineeringProgram,TexasA&MUniversityat Qatar,Doha,Qatar
NalluriAbhishek DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering, HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTe chnology,Wuhan,Taiyuan,P.R.China
PabloE.Antezana UniversidaddeBuenosAires,ConsejoNacionalde InvestigacionesCientíficasyTécnicas(CONICET).InstitutodeQuímicay MetabolismodelFármaco(IQUIMEFA),F acultaddeFarmaciayBioquímica, BuenosAires,Argentina
MianNabeelAnwar DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering, UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
PreetamBhardwaj SchoolofElectronicsEngineering,VelloreInstituteof TechnologyUniversity,Vellore,TamilNadu,India
GaneshS.Bhusari ResearchandDevelopmentDivision,AppleChemieIndia PrivateLimited,Nagpur,India
RaginiChahande DepartmentofBotany,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeof ArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
ShaliniChahande DepartmentofBiochemistry,SethKesarimalPorwal CollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
ArghyaChakravorty SchoolofBioSciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstitute ofTechnology,Vellore,TamilNadu,India
RatiramG.Chaudhary PostGraduateDepartmentofChemistry,Seth KesarimalPorwalCollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee, Maharashtra,India
RupaliRameshChaudhary DepartmentofBotany,SantGadgeMaharaj CollegeHingna,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
PrashantB.Chouke PostGraduateDepartmentof Chemistry,SethKesarimal PorwalCollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra, India
KanhaiyaM.Dadure DepartmentofChemistry,BajajCollegeofScience, Wardha,Maharashtra,India
MartinF.Desimone UniversidaddeBuenosAires,ConsejoNacionalde InvestigacionesCientíficasyTécnicas(CONICET).InstitutodeQuímicay MetabolismodelFármaco(IQUIMEFA),F acultaddeFarmaciayBioquímica, BuenosAires,Argentina
VidyasagarDevthade MaterialScienceandEngineeringDepartment, KyungpookNationalUniversity,Daegu,RepublicofKorea
BarunK.Dutta DepartmentofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,Xiamen University,Xiamen,P.R.China
GayatriGaikwad DepartmentofChemistry,PriyadarshiniJ.L.Collegeof Engineering,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
LekshmiGangadhar DepartmentofNanotechnology,NanoDotResearch PrivateLimited,Nagercoil,TamilNadu,India
AmarP.Garg ShobhitInstituteofEngineering&Technology,Meerut,Uttar Pradesh,India
AnimeshchandraG.M.Haldar DepartmentofAppliedChemistry, PriyadarshiniBhagwatiCollegeofEngineering,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
TianyuHou SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,North UniversityofChina,Taiyuan,P.R.China
PrashantP.Ingale DepartmentofZoology,SaibabaCollegeParseoni, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
RashmiJachak DepartmentofBotany,SethKes arimalPorwalCollegeofArts andScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
LelloucheJean-Paul DepartmentofChemistry&InstituteofNanotechnology &AdvancedMaterials(BINA),B ar-IlanUniversity,Israel
ShaliniJiwanChahande DepartmentofBotany,SethKesarimalPorwal CollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
RajshreeB.Jotania DepartmentofPhysics,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeof Arts,Commerce,andScience,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
PrernaKhagar DepartmentofChemistry,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteof Technology,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
SurajV.Kombe PostGraduateDepartmentof Microbiology,S.K.Porwal CollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
SimpalKumari Dr.ShakuntalaMisraNationalRehabilitationUniversity, Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
TrimurtiL.Lambat DepartmentofChemistry,ManoharbhaiPatelCollegeof Arts,CommerceandScience,Deori,India
ZhiFengLi StateKeyLaboratoryofMicrobialTechnology,Shandong University,Jinan,P.R.China
RupaliMahakhode DepartmentofBotany,ShriShivajiScienceCollege, CongressNagar,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
DebarshiKarMahapatra DepartmentofPharmaceuticalChemistry, DadasahebBalpandeCollegeofPharm acy,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
AtulMaldhure WaterTechnologyandManagementDivision,CSIR-National EnvironmentalEngineeringResearchIn stitute,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
DhanrajT.Masram DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofDelhi,Delhi, India
MadakkaMekapogu DepartmentofBiotechnologyandBioinformatics,Yogi VemanaUniversity,Kadapa,AndhraPradesh,India
AniruddhaMondal DivisionofMaterialsScience,DepartmentofEngineering SciencesandMathematics,LuleaUniv ersityofTechnology,Lulea,Sweden
SudipMondal PostGraduateDepartmentofChemistry,SethKesarimalPorwal CollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
SofiaMunicoy UniversidaddeBuenosAires,ConsejoNacionalde InvestigacionesCientíficasyTécnicas(CONICET).InstitutodeQuímicay MetabolismodelFármaco(IQUIMEFA),F acultaddeFarmaciayBioquímica, BuenosAires,Argentina
PentakotaSuryaNagendra DepartmentofMarineEngineering,Andhra UniversityCollegeofEngineering,Vis akhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India
ManjiriS.Nagmote PostGraduateDepartmentofChemistry,SethKesarimal PorwalCollegeofArtsandSciencea ndCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra, India
PallaviPantawane Dr.AmbedkarCollege,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
AjayK.Potbhare PostGraduateDepartmentof Chemistry,SethKesarimal PorwalCollegeofArtsandSciencea ndCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra, India
J.PrakashArulJose DepartmentofCivilEngineering,PaavaiEngineering College,Namakkal,TamilNadu,India
V.V.S.Prasad DepartmentofMarineEngineering,AndhraUniversity, Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India
UmeshPratap DepartmentofChemistry,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteof Technology,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
AlokR.Rai DepartmentofMicrobiology,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeof ArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
KesavanBhaskarReddy CentreforPharmaceuticalNanotechnology,Sri VenkateswraCollegeofPharmacy,Chittoor,AndhraPradesh,India
SivaSankarSana SchoolofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,North UniversityofChina,Taiyuan,Taiyuan,P.R.China
RatnnadeepC.Sawant DepartmentofBotany,Dr.AmbedkarCollege Deekshabhoomi,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India;DepartmentofChemistry,Dr. AmbedkarCollegeDeekshabhoomi,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
TruptiS.Shrirame PostGraduateDepartmentof Chemistry,SethKesarimal PorwalCollegeofArtsandSciencea ndCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra, India;DepartmentofChemistry,ShriShiv ajiScienceandArtsCollege,Chikhli, India
A.K.Singh DepartmentofChemistry,Govt .VYTPGAutonomousCollege, Durg,Chhattisgarh,India
DiptiSingh DepartmentofMicrobiology ,VBSPurvanchalUniversity, Jaunpur,India
N.B.Singh DepartmentofChemistryandBioc hemistry,SBSRand,Research DevelopmentCell,ShardaUniversity,GreaterNoida,UttarPradesh,India
N.P.Singh DepartmentofChemistry,U.P.AutonomousCollege,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
RaghvendraPratapSingh AzothBiotechPvt.Ltd.,Noida,UttarPradesh, India;DepartmentofResearchandDevel opment,Biotechnology,Uttaranchal University,Dehradun,India
SubhashRupchandSomkuwar DepartmentofBotany,Dr.Ambedkar CollegeDeekshabhoomi,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
JayshreeThaware DepartmentofBotany,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeof ArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
MayuriS.Umekar PostGraduateDepartmentofChemistry,SethKesarimal PorwalCollegeofArtsandScienceandCommerce,Kamptee,Maharashtra, India
MaduthuriVenkatesh DepartmentofMarineEngineering,Andhra University,Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India
AtulWankhade DepartmentofChemistry,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteof Technology,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
SachinT.Yerpude DepartmentofMicrobiolo gy,SethKesarimalPorwal CollegeofArts,ScienceandCommerc e,Kamptee,Maharashtra,India
LaithA.Younus DepartmentofClinicalLaboratorySciences,Facultyof Pharmacy,JabirIbnHayyanMedicalU niversity,AlNajafAlAshraf,Iraq
SangeshZodape DepartmentofChemistry,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteof Technology,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
Preface
Withtheemergenceofinterestinthedevelopmentofeco-friendly,green-synthesized,costeffective,andstraightforwardmethods,thenanotechnologyhasemergedasaforemost researchtopicthathasglimmeredextensivecuriosity.Nanotechnologysignifiesaradical pathforhigh-techexpansionoflivingaswellasnonlivingmaterialatthenanometerscale (reducedtobilliontimesfromameter).
Itcomprehendstheassemblyandapplicationofbiological,chemical,andphysicalsystemsrangingfromsingleatomsormoleculestosubmicrondimensions,andfurtheranactive andsustainableintegrationofitintothelargersystems.
Thedrivingforceofthisinterestisthepossibilitytoavoidhazardouschemicalsandlower energyconsumption.Ingreensynthesismethodsdifferentmaterialsfrombiologicalorigins suchasmicroorganism,cells,plants,ortheirenzymesorextractareemployedwiththefocus onagreenerenvironmentminimizingwastegenerationandimplementingsustainableprocesses.Thegreensynthesisofnanostructuredmaterialisanextremelychallenging approachesforalltheresearchersduetotheexistenceofphytochemicalagentsinthe extractssuchasvarioussugars,flavones,saponins,proteins,aminoacids,chromone,steroids,phytol,andterpenoids.Thephytochemicalspresentintheplantextractsplayakeyrole intheimprovementofreductionrate,size,andstabilizationbyactingasgoodreducingsurfactantsandstructuredirectingandcappingagents.Thereforethisthemedissueisacompilationofarticlesreviewingthegreensynthesisofnanomaterialswithvariousbiological systems,especiallytheemphasisisplacedonthemechanismsofnanomaterialsynthesis, spectroscopiccharacterization,andtheirapplicationsindifferentfields.Thesesynthesized nanomaterialshavewidepotentialitytochangeourperceptionsandexpectationsbyprovidingusthecompetencetoresolvecomprehensivemankindissues.
Nowadays,nanotechnologyisavitalpartofourresearchandreality.Asundryofdomains ofhumanresourceactivitieshasreachedfromfoodproductiontoitsconservation,medicine productiontoitsefficientapplication,biologytobiotechnology,computingtocommunications,transporttospaceinvestigation.Thechemicalmediatednanotechnologyinevitably contributestohazardousecologicalcontamination.Hence,theeditorshaveplannedto upsurgethefactsandflawsofnanotechnologyandtriedtodisplaytheradicalsolutionwith thecompilationofglobalintellectualideasinabook.
Thisbookexpressesthecumulativeeffortsofhandpickedspecificscientistandprofessors havingexpertiseinnanotechnology,biotechnology,andmicrobiologyandthenobleeffortof themhasbeensummarizedasthebiogenicnanotechnologyorgreennanomaterialsandits relatedareas.
Theauthoredchapterspreciselytouchuponfacetssuchasmicrobialfactory-basedenvironment-friendlynanosynthesisandtheircharacterizationandtheuseofvariousbiological
itemssuchasplantsanditspart,bacteria,fungi,etc.tosynthesizeanefficientandhighfunctionalmaterialscomparedtotraditionalchemicalsynthesisofnanoparticles.Moreover,the historicalbackgroundsandfutureprospectiveshavealsobeenelaboratednicelyandfinally theeconomicaidsofgreennanotechnologytohumanresourcedevelopmenthavebeen shown.
Editorsarehighlygratefultoalltheeminentauthorsfortheiroutstandingcontribution, whoaretoberecognizednotonlyfortheircontributionbut,mostnotably,forkeepingtheir promisetimelywhichhasfacilitatedustofinalizethisprojectinthegiventimeline.
WewouldalsoliketothankCloeHolland-Borosh,EditorialProjectManageratElsevier, whofortifiedustocommenceeditingofthepresentproject;RachelPomery,Editorial ProjectManager;EmilyJoyGraceThomson,SeniorEditorialProjectManagerofthebook project;andtheentireElsevierteamparticipatedintoitspublication,fortheirfirmwork, skillfulhandling,sustenance,andpatience.Finally,wethanktheresearchersandreaders, whoperceivedthisbook,read,andfounditmotivatingfornanoresearch.Editorsarealways welcomeforanytypeofcommentsregardingitscontentandpresentationmanners.
Buildingnanomaterialswith microbialfactories
PabloE.Antezana,SofiaMunicoy,MartinF.Desimone
UNIVERSIDADDEBUENOSAIRES,CONSEJONAC IONALDEINVESTIGACIONESCIENTÍFICAS YTÉCNICAS(CONICET).INSTITUTODEQUÍMICAYMETABOLISMODELFÁRMACO (IQUIMEFA),FACULTADDEFARMACIAYBIOQUÍMICA,BUENOSAIRES,ARGENTINA
Chapteroutline
1.1Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
1.1Introduction
Nanomaterialsarecommonlydefinedasmaterialswith,atleast,onedimensionbetween1 and100nm.Theyhavegainedincreasedinterestoverthelastdecadesduetotheparticularity ofexhibitingdistinctivephysical,electrical,mechanical,andopticalpropertiesthatdifferfrom thoseobservedinthemacroandmicroscopicscale(Hassanienetal.,2019;Husain&Khan, 2016;Thangaduraietal.,2020).Amongthegreatdiversityofnanomaterials,nanoparticles (NPs)havebeenwidelyexploredbecauseoftheiruniquecharacteristicsandinnovativeapplicationsinbiochemicalsensors,electronicequipment,catalysts,bioassay,tumor-imaging,drug delivery,biomedical,andpharmaceuticaluses(Mebertetal.,2017;Mitarotondaetal.,2019;
Schröfeletal.,2014).Inaddition,NPspossessnewpropertiesnotcompletelyknownyet.For example,theycancausetoxicitythroughmechanismsnotdescribedsofar,rangingfromthe simplephysicaluniontothecellstothetriggeringofcomplexprocessesthatleadtoanelevationofoxidativestress(Desimone,2019).
Inrecenttimes,demandandproductionofNPsincreasedsignificantly(MarketsandMarketsTM, 2018)asaconsequenceoftheirremarkableantibacterial,antioxidantandopticalproperties, largesurfaceareatovolumeratio,andhigherefficacy(Chaudharyetal.,2019; Choukeetal., 2022; Potbhareetal.,2020).Ingeneral,NPsaresynthesizedthroughdifferentconventional physicalandchemicalmethodsastheyusuallyprovidetheconditionstoobtainuniform,ultrafine,andwell-dispersedNPs(Dhandetal.,2015).Moreover,nanomaterialscanbesubjected tovarioussurfacefunctionalizationprocedures(Alvarezetal.,2014;Mebertetal.,2016). However,thesemethodspresentmanydisadvantages(Salem&Fouda,2020).Forexample, somephysicalapproaches,suchaslaserablation,ionsputtering,andgamma-rayirradiation, needhigh-energyconsumptionandhighcapitalcosts(Balasooriyaetal.,2017;Irfanetal., 2020).Similarly,thechemicalmethodsareconsideredunfavorableduetotheuseoftoxicchemicalsreagentsandcappingagentsaswellasthegenerationofharmfulwastesthatmake theseprocessesenvironmentallyhazardous(Aleetal.,2018;Ayechetal.,2020; Tannaetal., 2017).
Moreover,theapplicationofchemicallysynthesizedNPshasbeenrestrictedbecauseof theirlessbiocompatibility,adsorptionofperiloussubstances,andlackofstability.Considering theconcernsmentionedabove,nowadaysthereisagrowingglobalefforttouseenvironmentfriendlyapproachesforNPsproduction.Greennanotechnologyisgainingmoreacceptanceas combinegreenchemistryandgreenengineeringtodevelopsustainablemethodsthatovercomeproblemsrelatedwithcontemporaryecosystemcontamination(Devatha&Thalla, 2018).Takingintoaccountthelong-andshort-termimpactontheenvironmentandclimate, greentechnologyinvolveseco-friendly,nontoxic,economical,andbiocompatibleprocedures (Ajayetal.,2019).Theysaveenergyandwater,decreasetheuseoffuelsandnonrenewable rawmaterials,andreducegreenhousegasesemissionandhazardouswastes.Inthissense, researchinterestingreensynthesisofNPsusingdifferentbiologicalsystemssuchasplant extractsandmicroorganismshasincreasedsignificantly.However,whileseveraldifferent nanoscalematerialsandtheirassociatedgreenconstructionmethodologyarebeingdeveloped, anexhaustivecharacterizationofnewnanomaterialsandthedevelopmentofvalidatedgreen synthesisproceduresisrequired(Nicolásetal.,2021).
Theplantextractsarewellknownfortheirabilitytoreducemetalionsandproduce stableNPsbyanonpathogenic,ecofriendly,andcost-effectiveapproach(Jadounetal.,2021). Theplantextractsareobtainedfromtheirflowers,stems,roots,fruits,leaves,barks,and seedsandpresentmanyfunctionalbiomolecule s,suchaspolysaccharides,tannins,amino acids,phenols,carboxylicacids,terpenoids,a lkaloids,proteins,flav onoids,andalcoholic compoundsthatalleviatethemet alionsandstabilizetheNPs( Alietal.,2020 ).Thegreen synthesisofNPsbyplantextractspresentssomeadvantageslikethehighkineticsofthis route,theeaseofscalinguptheprocesses,andthelow-energyrequirements.Somerecent examplesofplant-mediatedNPssynthesisincludethepreparationofsilverNPs(AgNPs)
( Masumetal.,2019;Tailoretal.,2020),cooperoxideNPs( Chowdhuryetal.,2020; Potbhareetal.,2019 ),zincoxideNPs( Naseeretal.,2020 ),andfluorescentcarbonNPs ( ChaudharyandBhowmick,2015).
Ontheotherhand,themicrobialsynthesisofmetalNPs(MNPs)hasalsoevolvedasa promisingalternativetotraditionalmethods,leadingatthesametimetoanimportantlinkagebetweenbiotechnology,microbiology,andnanotechnology(Marooufpouretal.,2019; Ovaisetal.,2018).Diversemicroorganisms,suchasbacteria,fungi,andyeasts,arepotential nanofactoriesforthesynthesisofMNPs,suchasgold,silver,platinum,zirconium,palladium, cupper,titanium,titaniumdioxide,magnetite,andzincoxide,withdifferentmorphologies, sizes,andcompositions,andinterestingphysicochemicalandbiologicalproperties.Dueto theuniqueabilitytoreducemetalsaltstoNPs,bacteriaaremostlypreferredforMNPssynthesisduetotheirfastproliferationrate,theirabilitytogrowatspecificconditionsofpH, temperature,andpressure,theireasycultivation,low-energyrequirements,andminimum costs(Iravani&Varma,2020).ThemostusedbacterialspeciesforthesynthesisofMNPs include,forexample, Acinetobacter sp., Escherichiacoli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Actinomyces sp., Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcusaureus,and Pseudomonas sp.(Marooufpouretal.,2019).Bacteriaknownasthefactoryofnanomaterials areoneofthemoststudiedmicroorganismsforNPsbiosynthesis.Thischapterprovidesa broadoverviewofthebiosynthesisofMNPsbybacterialmachineries.Further,themost importantfeaturesofthebiogenicnanosizedmaterialsaredescribed,andthebacterialproducedMNPs’ currentapplicationsaresummarizes.Finally,thelimitationsofthemicrobialsynthesisapproachesandrelatedperspectivesforfuturestudiesarediscussed.
1.2Mechanismsofmetalnanoparticlessynthesisbybacteria
Bacteriapossessaremarkableabilitytoadaptcontinuouslytoharshandtoxicenvironmental conditionscharacterizedbyhighconcentrationsofheavymetalions(Prabhakaranetal., 2016).ThereforethebiosynthesisofNPsbybacteriaisduetotheirnaturaldefensemechanismtocopewiththesestressconditionsandsurvive.Owningtothisresistancemechanism, prokaryoticbacteriahavetheintrinsicpotentialtosynthesizenontoxicMNPsfordifferent kindsofapplicationsbyfollowingdifferentmechanismsviaintracellularandextracellular redoxreactions(Fig.1 1)(Gahlawat&Choudhury,2019).
Intheintracellularapproach,ionsaretransportedintothemicrobialcelltoproduceMNPs. Duetoelectrostaticinteractions,negativecarboxylgroupslocatedonthebacterialcellwall attractpositivelychargedmetalandmetalloidionsofthemedium.Thustheionsenterthe cellsandinteractwithintracellularproteins,reductaseenzymes,andcofactors,suchasnicotinamideadeninedinucleotide(NADH)andreducedformofNADHphosphate.Asaconsequenceofthisinteraction,NPsareformedandaccumulatedintheperiplasmicspace,the cytoplasmicmembrane,andthecellwall.Forthisprocess,itisnecessarytoincubatethe microorganismswiththemetalionsolutionunderoptimumconditionstillavisualcolor changeisobservedasaresultofthecharacteristicsurfaceplasmonresonance(SPR)ofNPs.
