BIOFUELSANDBIOENERGY
ATechno-EconomicApproach
Editedby
BASKARGURUNATHAN
DepartmentofBiotechnology,St.Joseph’sCollegeofEngineering, Chennai,TamilNadu,India
RENGANATHANSAHADEVAN
CentreforBiotechnology,AnnaUniversity,Chennai,TamilNadu,India
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Listofcontributors xxv Preface xxxiii
SectionIBiorefineryapproachesinbiofuelsand bioenergyproduction
1.Boundariesandopeningsofbiorefineriestowardssustainablebiofuel production3
M.Rajamehala,RenugaaSu,B.Gopalakrishnan,A.MuthuKumaraPandian, M.VijayPradhapSinghandS.Chozhavendhan
1.1 Introduction3
1.1.1 Biorefinery4
1.2 Sourcesofbiorefinery4
1.2.1 PhaseIbiorefinery6
1.2.2 PhaseIIbiorefinery6
1.2.3 PhaseIIIbiorefinery6
1.3 Classificationofbiofuelsbasedonbiomass6
1.3.1 First-generationfuels7
1.3.2 Second-generationfuels7
1.3.3 Third-generationfuels7
1.3.4 Fourth-generationfuels7
1.4 Productionmethodsofbiofuel8
1.5 Pretreatments8
1.5.1 Mechanicalmethods9
1.5.2 Thermochemicalmethods9
1.5.3 Chemicalpretreatment10
1.5.4 Biologicalpretreatment10
1.6 Productionofdifferentbiofuels11
1.6.1 Bioelectricitygeneration11
1.7 Productionofethanolandelectricity11
1.8 Productionofethanol,lacticacid,andelectricity12
1.9 Furfural,ethanolandelectricityproduction12
1.10 Coproductionofbutanolandelectricity12
1.11 Productionofmethanolandelectricity13
1.12 Purificationprocess13
1.13 Biogas biomethaneproduction14
1.14 Applications15
1.15 Limitationsofbiorefineries16
1.16 Futureperspectivesofbiorefineries16 1.17 Conclusion16
2.Aperspectiveonthebiorefineryapproachesforbioenergyproduction inacircularbioeconomyprocess23
AbiramKaranamRathankumar,KongkonaSaikia,SenthilKumarPonnusamy, JenetGeorge,PriyankaSaravanan,AnnaShaji,UpasanaMohantyand VinothKumarVaidyanathan
2.1 Introduction23
2.2 Bioenergy 24
2.2.1 Biorefinery25
2.2.2 Valorizationofbiomass28
2.3 Bioeconomy,circulareconomy,andgreeneconomy31
2.3.1 Circularbioeconomy32
2.3.2 Biorefineryandcircularbioeconomics33
2.4 Limitationsandfutureperspectiveofcircularbioeconomy38
2.5 Conclusion
3.Acomprehensiveintegrationofbiorefineryconceptsfortheproduction ofbiofuelsfromlignocellulosicbiomass45
KongkonaSaikia,AbiramKaranamRathankumar,SenthilKumarPonnusamy, JenetGeorge,AnnaShaji,PriyankaSaravanan,UpasanaMohantyand VinothKumarVaidyanathan
3.1 Introduction45
3.2 Biomassforbiorefinery46
3.2.1 Algalbiorefinery46
3.2.2 Lignocellulosicbiorefinery48
3.3 Biofuelsfromlignocellulosicbiomass51
3.4 Strategiesforthetreatmentoflignocellulosicbiomass55
3.4.1 Pretreatment55
3.4.2 Separatehydrolysisandfermentation58
3.4.3 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation59
3.5 Metabolicengineeringapproachesforbiofuelproduction60
3.6 Integratedbiorefinery61
3.7 Constrainsandchallenges63
3.8 Economicaspectsandfutureoflignocellulosicbiorefinery63
3.9 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgments65 References 65
4.Evaluationofactivatedsludgederivedfromwastewatertreatment processasapotentialbiorefineryplatform71
JyotikaThakurandShyamKumarMasakapalli
4.1 Introduction71
4.2 Activatedsludgeasapotentialresourceforfermentativeproducts72
4.2.1 Analyticaltechniquestocharacterizeorganicvaluablesinsludgefermentation73
4.2.2 Organicmoleculescharacterizedinsludgefermentation75
4.3 Activatedsludgeasrefineryforbiogases(methaneandhydrogen)76
4.3.1 Physicochemicalparametersforactivatedsludgeasbiorefinery76
4.3.2 Biogasyieldsobtainedusingsludgefermentation77
4.3.3 Limitationsofsludgebioprocessingandrefinements78
4.4 Activatedsludgeasasourceofotherorganicby-products (fertilizer,refuse-derivedfuel)79
4.4.1 Reducedsludgeforagriculturaluse79
4.4.2 Otherbiorefineryperspectivesforreducedsludge80
4.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments80 References 81
5.Insightsintotheimpactofbiorefineriesandsustainablegreen technologiesoncircularbioeconomy85
R.Kheerthivasan,NadeemSiddiqui,E.NakkeeranandK.Divakar
5.1 Introduction85
5.2 Bioeconomyandcirculareconomycollideinthecircularbioeconomy86
5.3 Impactofbiorefineryprocessesoncircularbioeconomy88
5.4 Productusagestrategiesforcircularbioeconomy90
5.4.1 Biomimicryandwastebiorefinery91
5.4.2 Metabolicapproach91
5.4.3 Lignocellulosicbiorefinery91
5.4.4 Municipalwastebiorefinery92
5.5 Reusingbio-basedhigh-valueproducts93
5.6 Effectofbiomassutilizationoncircularbioeconomy94
5.6.1 Cascadingtheuseofbiomass94
5.6.2 Waste-to-energytechnologies96
5.7 Agriculturemanagementforsustainablecircularbioeconomy97
5.8 Industrialandenvironmentalpolicyforpromotingcircularbioeconomy97
5.9 Conclusion 99 References 99
SectionIIBiofuelsandbioenergyproduction-I
6.Fermentationtechnologyforethanolproduction:currenttrendsand challenges105
ManiJayakumar,SelvakumarKuppusamyVaithilingam,NatchimuthuKarmegam, KaleabBizunehGebeyehu,MariaSusaiBoobalanandBaskarGurunathan
6.1 Introduction105
6.2 Lignocellulosicbiomass105
6.3 Theelectronicstructurechemistryofcellulose,hemicellulose,andlignin108
6.4 Pretreatmentoflignocellulosicbiomass110
6.5 Fermentationtechnology111
6.5.1 Separatehydrolysisandfermentation111
6.5.2 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation117
6.6 Ethanolproductionusingnativemicrobes117
6.6.1 C5sugarfermentativemicrobes118
6.6.2 C6sugarfermentativemicrobes119
6.7 Fermentationtechnologyforethanolproductionusingrecombinant engineeredmicrobes119
6.7.1 Yeast(Saccharomycescerevisiae)120
6.7.2 Zymomonasmobilis 120
6.7.3 Escherichiacoli 121
6.8 Trends,challenges,andfutureprospectsinthebioethanolproduction121
6.8.1 Trends121
6.8.2 Challengesandprospects122
6.9 Conclusion123 References 123
7.Improvedenzymatichydrolysisoflignocellulosicwastebiomass: mostessentialstagetodevelopcost-effectivesecond-generation biofuelproduction133
PinakiDey,GeetikaGupta,JayatoNayakandKevinJosephDilip
7.1 Introduction133
7.2 Enzymaticsaccharificationoflignocellulosicfeedstocks135
7.2.1 Differentmodesofenzymaticsaccharificationandtheirtechnicalaspects139
7.3 Factorsinfluencesinefficientenzymaticsaccharificationoflignocellulosicbiomass141
7.3.1 Idealpretreatmentofbiomass141
7.3.2 Utilizationofpotentenzymes,producedfromwastebiomassesand high-yieldmicrobes144
7.3.3 Reactionconditionsinfluencingenzymatichydrolysisprocess148
7.4 Reusabilityofcellulaseenzymetodevelopcost-effectiveenzymaticsaccharification process 152
7.5 Economicaspectsandfutureprospectiveofenzymaticsaccharification-based lignocellulosicbiofuelproduction156
7.6 Conclusion157
References 158
8.Advancesandsustainableconversionofwastelignocellulosicbiomass intobiofuels167
J.Iyyappan,BaskarGurunathan,M.Gopinath,A.Vaishnavi,S.Prathiba, V.Kanishka,K.GomathiandV.Dhithya
8.1 Introduction167
8.2 Biofuel:asustainablefuelforfuture168
8.3 Lignocellulose:apotentialsubstrateforthebiofuelproduct169
8.4 Pretreatmentmethodsforlignocellulosebiomass171
8.4.1 Physicalmethods172
8.4.2 Mechanicalpretreatmentmethods173
8.4.3 Irradiationpretreatmentmethod173
8.4.4 Pyrolysis174
8.4.5 Chemicalmethods175
8.4.6 Biologicalpretreatmentmethods177
8.4.7 Microbialpretreatmentmethod178
8.5 Sourcesoflignocellulosebiomass178
8.5.1 Agriculturalbiomass178
8.5.2 Forestrybiomass181
8.5.3 Industrialandmunicipalbiomass184
8.5.4 Wastelandbiomass187
8.6 Analysis 190
8.6.1 Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy/X-ray190
8.7 Potentialmicrobialstrainsinvolvedinbiofuelproductions190
8.8 Fermentationmethodsforbiofuelproduction194
8.8.1 Separatedhydrolysisandfermentation194
8.8.2 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation195
8.9 Reactorconfiguration195
8.10 Futureperspectives196
8.11 Challenges198
8.12 Conclusion199
References 200
9.Lignocellulosicbiomassasanalternatesourcefornext-generationbiofuel207
M.Rajamehala,A.Kaviprabha,A.MuthuKumaraPandian,M.VijayPradhapSingh, S.Karthikadevi,B.GopalakrishnanandS.Chozhavendhan
9.1 Introduction207
Contents
9.2 Rawmaterials209
9.2.1 Wheat209
9.2.2 Corn209
9.2.3 Sugarcane210
9.2.4 Wood/strawdust211
9.3 Lignocellulosicmaterial211
9.3.1 Compositionoflignocellulosicfeedstocks211
9.4 Processforconvertingthelignocellulosetobiofuels212
9.4.1 Biologicalprocess213
9.4.2 Thermochemicalprocess217
9.5 Conclusion218 References 218
10.Processintensificationinbiobutanolproduction223 KailasL.Wasewar
10.1 Introduction223
10.2 Biobutanol225
10.2.1 Needofbiobutanol225
10.2.2 Characteristicsofbiobutanol226
10.2.3 Applicationsofbutanol227
10.3 Productionofbiobutanol228
10.3.1 Prefaceforbiobutanolproduction228
10.3.2 Historyofbiobutanolproduction229
10.3.3 Categoriesofbiobutanol231
10.3.4 Microorganismforbiobutanolproduction231
10.3.5 Challengesinbiobutanolproduction232
10.4 Processintensification232
10.5 Processintensificationinproductionofbiobutanol233
10.5.1 Bioreactors234
10.5.2 Continuousbiofilmfixedbedreactor235
10.5.3 Membranemethods236
10.5.4 Distillationmethods242
10.5.5 Fermentationwithgasstripping242
10.5.6 Liquid liquidextractionmethods245
10.5.7 Adsorptionmethods246
10.5.8 Hybridmethods248
10.5.9 Othermethods250
10.6 Conclusion253 References 253
11.Productionofcellulosicbutanolbyclostridialfermentation: asuperioralternativerenewableliquidfuel263
GobinathRajagopalanandChandrarajKrishnan
11.1 Introduction263
11.2 Productionofbutanolby Clostridium sp264
11.2.1 ABEfermentation264
11.2.2 IBEfermentation266
11.3 Factorsaffectingbutanolproduction268
11.4 EnhancementofABEfermentation269
11.4.1 Cocultureof Clostridium sp269
11.4.2 Metabolicengineering272
11.5 ButanolproductionfromLCB273
11.5.1 Separatehydrolysisandfermentation273
11.5.2 ConsolidatedbioprocessingofLCB277
11.6 Technoeconomicanalysis279
11.7 Conclusion280 References 280
12.Biobutanolseparationusingionicliquidsasagreensolvent291
KailasL.Wasewar
12.1 Introduction291
12.2 Butanol 292
12.2.1 Background292
12.2.2 Characteristics292
12.2.3 Applications293
12.2.4 Production293
12.2.5 Separation296
12.3 Liquid liquidextractionandionicliquids297
12.3.1 Separation297
12.3.2 Liquid liquidextraction297
12.3.3 Ionicliquids298
12.4 Butanolseparationbyionicliquids300
12.4.1 Imidazolium-basedionicliquids302
12.4.2 Phosphonium-basedionicliquids305
12.4.3 Piperidinium-basedionicliquids306
12.4.4 Pyrrolidinium-basedionicliquids306
12.4.5 Morpholinium-basedionicliquids306
12.4.6 Ammonium-basedionicliquids307
12.4.7 Supportedionicliquidmembrane307
12.4.8 Perstractionusingionicliquids310
12.5 Toxicityandbiocompatibilityofionicliquids310
12.5.1 Biocompatibility310
12.5.2 Toxicity311
12.6 Recoveryandreuseofionicliquids312
12.7 Futureperspectives313
12.8 Conclusion317 References 318
13.Synergisticprospectsofmicroalgaeafterwastewatertreatmenttobe usedforbiofuelproduction323
LouisAntoNirmal,SholinghurAsuriBhakthochidan,RavichandranVishal, VeeraraghavanBabuluRoshiniandSamuelJacob
13.1 Introduction323
13.2 Appropriateselectionmethodsforeffectivebiofuelproduction324
13.2.1 Potentialmicroalgaeforbiofuelproductionthroughwastewater treatment324
13.2.2 Selectionofappropriatemediaforenhancedmicroalgalbiomassand lipidyield325
13.2.3 Selectionofwastewaterformicroalgalgrowth326
13.2.4 Selectionofwastewaterpretreatment327
13.2.5 Freecellversusimmobilizedcell327
13.3 Typesofmicroalgaecultivation328
13.3.1 Highratealgalponds328
13.3.2 Photobioreactor329
13.3.3 Hybridsystem330
13.3.4 Microalgaeturfscrubber331
13.4 Harvestingmicroalgalbiomass331
13.4.1 Chemicalextraction331
13.4.2 Mechanicalextraction332
13.4.3 Electricalextraction332
13.4.4 Biologicalmethodofextraction332
13.5 Biofuelproductionfromwastewaterusingmicroalgae333
13.5.1 Biodiesel333
13.5.2 Bioethanolandbiohydrogen335
13.5.3 Syngas336
13.5.4 Biomethane337
13.5.5 Jetfuel337
13.6 Greenhousegasmitigation338
13.7 Futureperspectives339
13.8 Conclusion341 References 341
14.ConcurrentreductionofCO2 andgenerationofbiofuelsby electrifiedmicrobialsystems conceptsandperspectives347
BhargaviGunturu,AdamShahulHameedandRenganathanSahadevan
14.1 Introduction347
14.1.1 Electrodeandpossibleeffectsonmicrobialelectrosynthesis354
14.1.2 Membraneconfigurations360
14.2 Bacterialelectrotrophs360
14.3 Mechanismofelectronuptake363
14.3.1 Indirectextracellularelectrontransferormediator-dependenttransfer364
14.3.2 Directextracellularelectrontransferormediator-freetransfer365
14.4 Carbondioxidereductionandbiofuelsgeneration365
14.5 Challengesandfutureprospects371
14.6 Conclusion372
References 372 SectionIIIBiofuelsandbioenergyproduction
15.Challengesandopportunitiesinlarge-scaleproductionofbiodiesel385
UmaiyambikaNeduvelAnnal,ArunodhayaNatarajan,BaskarGurunathan, VijayManiandRenganathanSahadevan
15.1 Introduction385
15.2 Assessmentfromsmall-scaletolarge-scaleproduction387
15.2.1 Supplychainandlogistics387
15.2.2 Storageofoilseed388
15.3 Commercial-scaleproductionoftriglycerides389
15.3.1 Sourceoftriglycerides389
15.3.2 Largescaleoilproduction389
15.3.3 Vegetableoilrefiningprocess390
15.3.4 Degumming391
15.3.5 Deacidificationprocess391
15.3.6 Bleaching392
15.3.7 Deodorizationprocess392
15.4 Large-scaleproductionstructureofbiodieselplant393
15.4.1 Refiningprocessforbiodieselproduction394
15.4.2 Esterificationprocess394
15.4.3 Transesterificationprocess394
15.4.4 Pumpsandpipelinesused395
15.4.5 Reactorsused396
15.4.6 Productseparation397
15.4.7 Neutralization398
15.4.8 Methanolrecovery398
15.4.9 Biodieselpurification398
15.4.10 Biodieseldrying399
15.4.11 Recoveryofmethanol399
15.5 Glycerolpurification400
15.5.1 Freefattyacidtreatment400
15.6 Wastewatertreatment401
15.6.1 Generationofwastewater401
15.6.2 Significanceofwastewatertreatmentmethod401
15.6.3 Physicalmethods403
15.6.4 Electrochemicalmethod403
15.6.5 Biologicalmethods404
15.7 Costanalysisofwastewatertreatment404
15.7.1 Economicanalysisofbiodieselproduction404
15.8 Conclusion405
References 406
16.Lipid-derivedbiofuel:productionmethodologies409 UmaiyambikaNeduvelAnnal,ArunodhayaNatarajan,BaskarGurunathanand RenganathanSahadevan
16.1 Introduction409
16.2 Propertiesofbiodiesel410
16.3 Biodieselproductionmethodologies410
16.3.1 Directuseandblending410
16.3.2 Microemulsion411
16.3.3 Pyrolysis413
16.4 Transesterificationprocess416
16.4.1 Parametersaffectingtransesterificationprocess417
16.4.2 Typesoftransesterificationprocess419
16.5 Overviewofproductionmethods430
16.6 Conclusion431
References 431
17.Interesterificationreactionofvegetableoilandalkylacetateas alternativerouteforglycerol-freebiodieselsynthesis435 RatnaDewiKusumaningtyas,IndahPurnamasari,RirinMahmudatiand HaniifPrasetiawan
17.1 Introduction435
17.2 Biodiesel 436
17.3 Interesterificationreaction439
17.4 Kineticmodelofinteresterificationreaction440
17.5 Casestudy:kineticstudyonthebiodieselsynthesisfromJatropha (Jatrophacurcas L.)withmethylacetateinthepresenceofsodiummethoxide catalyst 442
17.5.1 Methods442
17.5.2 Kineticmodel443
17.5.3 CharacterizationofJatrophaoil443
17.5.4 Effectofcatalystconcentration444
17.5.5 EffectofJatrophaoiltomethylacetatemolarratio445
17.5.6 Effectofreactiontimeandtemperature447
17.5.7 Kineticstudy448 17.6 Conclusion450
Acknowledgment450
References 450
18.Recentadvancesoflipase-catalyzedgreenerproductionofbiodiesel inorganicreactionmedia:economicandsustainableviewpoint453
KirtikumarC.Badgujar,VivekC.BadgujarandBhalchandraM.Bhanage
18.1 Introduction453
18.2 Recentliteraturesurveyoflipase-catalyzedsynthesisofbiodiesel454
18.3 Reactionparameters461
18.3.1 Biocatalystscreening461
18.3.2 Effectofoil-to-alcoholmoleratio463
18.3.3 Effectofstepwiseadditionofalcohol463
18.3.4 Effectofsolventandcosolvent466
18.3.5 Effectoftemperature467
18.3.6 Effectofwatercontent469
18.3.7 Effectofbiocatalystamount471
18.3.8 Effectofmasstransfer473
18.3.9 Effectofadsorbent473
18.3.10 Effectalcoholchainlength473
18.3.11 Effectoffeedstock(wasteorfreshoils)fromvarioussources474
18.3.12 Effectofrecycle474
18.4 Economicandsustainableviewpoint475
18.4.1 Catalystlipaseandimmobilization475
18.4.2 Useofwastefeedstock475
18.4.3 Processingparametersandoptimization476
18.4.4 Scale-upsynthesis476
18.4.5 Greennessoftheprocess477
18.5 Conclusion477
References 477
19.Efficientutilizationofseedbiomassanditsby-productforthebiodiesel production483
PraveenaNagarajan,BaskarGurunathan,SivakumarPandian,IlangoKaruppasamy, GeethalakshmiRamakrishnanandRenganathanSahadevan
19.1 Introduction483
19.2 Second-generationfeedstockforbiodieselproduction484
19.2.1 Advantagesofnonedibleoils484
19.3 Problemsintheexploitationofnonedibleoils485
19.4 Deoiledseedmealafteroilextraction485
19.4.1 Sulfonation486
19.4.2 Carbonizationfollowedbysulfonation486
19.4.3 Hydrothermalcarbonization486
19.4.4 Pyrolyzationfollowedbysulfonation486
19.5 Seedcakeasacatalystforesterificationprocess486
19.6 Factorsinfluencingseedcakecatalystpreparation487
19.6.1 Reusabilityofcatalyst490
19.7 Characterizationofcatalyst491
19.8 Conclusion491 References
20.Catalyticpyrolysisforupgradingofbiooilobtainedfrombiomass495
NidhiAgnihotriandMonojKumarMondal
20.1 Introduction495
20.2 Catalyticfastpyrolysisofbiomass496
20.2.1 Advantagesofcatalyticpyrolysis498
20.3 Commercial-scalepyrolysisplant498
20.4 Typesofcatalystsusedinpyrolysis499
20.4.1 Zeolites499
20.4.2 Mesoporouscatalyst500
20.5 Chemicalreactionsincatalyticfastpyrolysis501
20.5.1 Deoxygenation501
20.5.2 Cracking501
20.5.3 Dehydration501
20.5.4 Decarboxylation502
20.6 Reactorsforcatalyticpyrolysis502
20.7 Processparameters504
20.7.1 Temperature505
20.7.2 Ratioofbiomasstocatalyst505
20.7.3 Catalystcontacttime505
20.7.4 Vaporresidencetime506
20.8 Challengesandrecommendations506
20.9 Futureperspectives507
20.10 Conclusion507 Acknowledgments508
References 508
21.Recenttrendsinthepyrolysisandgasificationoflignocellulosicbiomass511 VinojKurian,ManjotGill,BijayDhakalandAmitKumar
21.1 Introduction511
21.1.1 Background511
21.1.2 Potentialfeedstocksforpyrolysisandgasification513
21.1.3 Pretreatmentoflignocellulosicbiomass517
21.2 Pyrolysis 518
21.2.1 Typesofpyrolysis519
21.2.2 Reactorconfiguration521
21.2.3 Factorsaffectingpyrolysisproducts527
21.2.4 Recentdevelopmentsinpyrolysis530
21.2.5 Currentstatusandchallengesofpyrolysis532
21.3 Gasification533
21.3.1 Gasificationtheory533
21.3.2 Gasifiertypes536
21.3.3 Currentstatusandchallengesofgasification541
21.4 Futureofpyrolysisandgasification542
21.4.1 Biomass-basedhydrogen542
21.4.2 Bioethanol545
21.5 Conclusion546 References 547
22.Experimentalinvestigationofperformanceofbiodieselwithdifferent blendsindieselengine553
P.Saranya,R.Anantharaj,D.GnanaPrakashandM.Vichitra
22.1 Introduction553
22.1.1 Needforalternativegreenfuel553
22.1.2 Cashewnutshellliquid553
22.1.3 Cardanol554
22.2 Experimentalsection555
22.2.1 Materials555
22.2.2 Measurements555
22.2.3 Blendingofauxiliarieswithcardanol556
22.2.4 Engineperformanceanalysis558
22.3 Resultsanddiscussion560
22.3.1 Densityofpurecomponents560
22.3.2 Performanceandemissioncharacteristicsofalternativegreenfuel560
22.4 Conclusion566
References 567
SectionIVTechnoeconomicandenvironmentalimpact analysisofbiofuelsandbioenergy
23.Technoeconomicevaluationof2Gethanolproductionwithcoproducts fromricestraw571
PanneerselvamRanganathan
23.1 Introduction571
23.2 Processdescriptionofricestrawtoethanolandcoproducts576
23.2.1 Pretreatmentofricestraw577
23.2.2 Enzymatichydrolysis577
23.2.3 Glucose(C6)fermentation577
23.2.4 Xylose(C5)fermentation578
23.2.5 Coproductsfromricestraw578
23.3 Processdesign578
23.3.1 Variouscases578
23.3.2 Simulationmethodology582
23.4 Resultsanddiscussion583
23.4.1 Materialflow583
23.4.2 Economicanalysis585
23.4.3 Sensitivityanalysis586
23.5 Futureperspective587
23.6 Conclusion587
References 588
24.Technoeconomicanalysisofbiodieselproductionusingnoncatalytic transesterification591
E.Yuvanashree,RenganathanSahadevanandBaskarGurunathan
24.1 Introduction591
24.2 Characteristicsofsupercriticalmethanol593
24.3 Reactionkineticsoftransesterification594
24.4 UpshotsofoperatingparametersonbiodieselusingSCM595
24.4.1 Temperature595
24.4.2 Pressure596
24.4.3 Alcohol/oilratio597
24.4.4 Feedstockhandling597
24.5 TechnoeconomicanalysisofSCMmethod597
24.5.1 Casestudy598
24.5.2 Processresults598
24.5.3 Economicreview598
24.6 Conclusion599
References 599
25.Techno-economicanalysisofbiodieselproductionfromnonedible biooilusingcatalytictransesterification601
NaveenkumarRajendran,AshokPandey,EdgardGnansounou,BaskarGurunathan andJeehoonHan
25.1 Introduction601
25.2 Nonediblesourceforbiodieselproduction602
25.2.1 Gossypium602
25.2.2 Jatrophacurcas602
25.2.3 Simmondsiachinensis603
25.2.4 Millettiapinnata603
25.2.5 Linumusitatissimum603
25.2.6 Madhucalongifolia603
25.2.7 Azadirachtaindica604
25.2.8 Heveabrasiliensis604
25.2.9 Nicotianatabacum604
25.2.10 Callophylluminophyllum604
25.3 Catalystforbiodieselproduction605
25.3.1 HomogeneousCatalyst605
25.3.2 HeterogeneousCatalyst606
25.4 Techno-economicanalysis611
25.4.1 Stepsinvolvedintechno-economicanalysis613
25.4.2 Economicfactors613
25.5 Techno-economicanalysisofbiodieselproduction615
25.6 Conclusion618
Reference 619
26.Technoeconomicanalysisofbiofuelproductionfrommarinealgae627
G.Kalavathy,AshokPandey,EdgardGnansounouandBaskarGurunathan
26.1 Introduction627
26.2 Macroalgaeproduction629
26.2.1 Cultivation630
26.2.2 Harvesting631
26.2.3 Postharvesting632
26.3 Extractionofoilfrommacroalgaeforbiodieselproduction633
26.3.1 Pretreatmentofalgalbiomass633
26.3.2 Soxhletextraction633
26.3.3 Factorsaffectingextractionofalgaloil634
26.4 Productionofbiodiesel636
26.4.1 Transesterificationofalgaloil636
26.5 Productionofbiogasfrommacroalgae639
26.5.1 Anaerobicdigestion640
26.6 Productionofbioethanolfrommarinemacroalgae640
26.7 Technoeconomicanalysis642
26.7.1 Hatcheryandgrow-outsystems642
26.7.2 Dryingsystems643
26.7.3 Transportationsystems643
26.7.4 Algaloilextractionsystems643
26.7.5 Transesterificationofalgaloil644
26.7.6 Fermentation644
26.7.7 Technoeconomicanalysisofbiofuelfrommacroalgae644
26.8 Conclusion646
References 646
27.Techno-economicassessmentofbiofuelproductionusing thermochemicalpathways653
PrasadMandadeandYogeshM.Nimdeo
27.1 Introduction653
27.2 Thermochemicalpathwaysofbiofuelproduction656
27.2.1 Torrefaction657
27.2.2 Hydrothermalliquefaction658
27.2.3 Pyrolysis659
27.2.4 Gasification660
27.3 Techno-economicassessmentofbiofuelsusingthermochemicalmethods660
27.3.1 Methodologicalframeworkoftechno-economicassessment660
27.3.2 Overviewofthetechno-economicassessmentstudiesofbiofuel productionusingthermo-chemicalpathways663
27.4 Challenges,progress,opportunities,andfutureperspectives666
27.5 Conclusion668
References
668
28.Modelingandtechnoeconomicanalysisofbiogasproductionfrom wastefood673
G.Srinivas,P.Ramesh,G.B.RadhikaandT.Srinivas
28.1 Introduction673
28.2 Materialsandmethods675
28.3 Technoeconomicanalysis676
28.4 Resultsanddiscussion677
28.5 Economicanalysisresults683
28.6 Conclusion683
References
684
29.Techno-economicandenvironmentalimpactanalysisofbiofuels producedfrommicroalgalbiomass687
C.NagendranathaReddy,Y.Vineetha,A.Priyanka,A.Shalini,BishwambharMishra, Y.RajasriandV.Swapna
29.1 Introduction687
29.2 Technologicalassessment690
29.2.1 Influentialfactorsforbiodieselproduction691
29.2.2 Algaecultivation691
29.2.3 Biomasspretreatmentandextraction693
29.2.4 Harvestingofalgalculture693
29.2.5 Extraction693
29.2.6 Transesterification695
29.2.7 Scale-up695
29.3 Economicassessment696
29.3.1 Costanalysis697
29.3.2 Techno-economicanalysis697
29.4 Environmentalimpactassessment700
29.4.1 Microalgalbiomass701
29.5 Majorchallengesassociatedwithbiofuelsproductionfrommicroalgalbiomass706
29.6 Conclusions707 References
708
30.Computer-aidedenvironmentalandtechnoeconomicanalysesastools fordesigningbiorefineriesunderthecircularbioeconomyapproach713 SamirMeramo
30.1 Introduction713
30.2 Circularbioeconomyframeworktowardsbiorefinerydesign715
30.3 Computer-aidedenvironmentalanalysisofbiorefineries717
30.4 Computer-aidedtechnoeconomicanalysisofbiorefineries720
30.5 Casestudyfortheproductionofethanolandsuccinicacidunder circulareconomy723
30.6 Environmentalassessmentofethanolandsuccinicacidproductionunder circularbioeconomy728
30.7 Technoeconomicassessmentofethanolandsuccinicacidproductionunder circularbioeconomy731
30.8 Conclusions734
References 735
31.Environmentalimpactanalysisofbiofuelsandbioenergy: aglobalperspective739 J.Iyyappan,BaskarGurunathan,M.Gopinath,A.Vaishnavi,S.Prathiba,V.Kanishka, K.GomathiandV.Dhithya
31.1 Introduction739
31.2 Biofuel:asustainablefuelforfuture740
31.3 Bioenergy:asustainablefuelforfuture740
31.4 Resourceavailabilityforbiofuelproduction741
31.5 Impactofbiomassonenvironment744
31.6 Impactofcombustionefficiencyinenvironment745
31.7 Impactofbiofuelproductiononbiodiversity746
31.8 Environmentalimpactsonbiomasspretreatment747
31.9 Managingecosystemsanditsservices749
31.10 Regulationsrelatedtoenvironmentalsustainability749
31.11 Impactofbiofuelproductiononwaterquality751
31.12 Conclusion752
32.Environmentalimpactsofbiofuelsandtheirblends:acasestudyon wastevegetableoil-derivedbiofuelblends755 PritamDeyandSrimantaRay
32.1 Introduction755
32.2 Environmentalimpactsofbiofuels756
32.2.1 Lifecycleassessmentmethodology757
32.2.2 Environmentalimpactcategories757
32.3 Environmentalimpactsofwastevegetableoil-basedbiofuels:acasestudy759
32.3.1 Methods759
32.3.2 Physicalpropertiesofvarioustestfuels760
32.3.3 Engineperformanceandemissionanalysis761
32.3.4 Environmentalimpactsofvariouswastevegetableoil-basedbiofuels762
32.4 Conclusion768
Acknowledgments769
References 769
33.Solidbiofuelproduction,environmentalimpact,andtechnoeconomic analysis771
ElsaCherian,LakshmiMohanandK.A.Anju
33.1 Introduction771
33.2 Importanceofsolidfuel772
33.3 Typesofsolidbiofuels772
33.3.1 Wood-basedfuel773
33.3.2 Coalandcoke774
33.3.3 Peat775
33.4 Processesfortheusageofsolidbiofuel775
33.4.1 Anaerobicdigestion776
33.4.2 Saccharificationandfermentation776
33.4.3 Torrefaction776
33.4.4 Liquefaction777
33.4.5 Gasification777
33.4.6 Combustion778
33.5 Environmentalimpactofsolidbiofuels778
33.6 Technoeconomicanalysisofsolidbiofuel781
33.7 Conclusions784 References
Preface
Biorefineriesutilizerenewablesourcesfortheproductionofvariousbiofuelsusing integratedapproaches.Currently,biorefineryapproachesarefacingmanytechnical challenges.Itisimportanttorefinebiorefineryconceptstoovercomethesechallenges andmakecommerciallyviablebiorefineries.Thisbook BiofuelsandBioenergy:A Techno-EconomicApproach coversthelatestdevelopmentsinbiorefineryapproachesfor theproductionofvariousbiofuelsandbioenergybytheutilizationofvarioussolidand liquidrenewablefeedstocks.Thisbookalsocoversbiorefineryapproachesforcircular bioeconomy,techno-economicanalysisofbiofuelsproduction,environmentalimpact analysisofbiofuels,microbialelectrosynthesisofbiofuels,andperformanceofbiodiesel inadieselengine.Thisbookprovidescomprehensiveinformationonbiorefinery approachesforbiofuelsandbioenergyunderfoursectionscomprising33chaptersas detailedhere.
SectionIfocusedonbiorefineryapproachesinbiofuelsandbioenergyproduction. Thissectioncoversvariouschapterssuchasboundariesandopeningsofbiorefineries towardsustainablebiofuelproduction,aperspectiveonthebiorefineryapproachesfor bioenergyproductioninacircularbioeconomyprocess,acomprehensiveintegration ofbiorefineryconceptsfortheproductionofbiofuelsfromlignocellulosicbiomass, evaluationofactivatedsludgederivedfromwastewatertreatmentprocessasapotential biorefineryplatform,andinsightsintotheimpactofbiorefineriesandsustainablegreen technologiesoncircularbioeconomy.
SectionIIcomprisingninechaptersfocusedonfermentationtechnologyforethanolproduction:currenttrendsandchallenges,improvedenzymatichydrolysisoflignocellulosicwastebiomass:mostessentialstagetodevelopcost-effectivebio-fuel production,advancesandsustainableconversionofwastelignocellulosicbiomassinto biofuels,lignocellulosicbiomassasanalternatesourcefornext-generationbiofuel,processintensificationofbiobutanolproduction,productionofn-butanolbyclostridial fermentation:asuperioralternativerenewableliquidfuel,biobutanolseparationusing ionicliquidsasagreensolvent,synergisticprospectsofmicroalgaeinwastewatertreatmentandthird-generationbiofuelproductionandconcurrentreductionofcarbon dioxideandgenerationofbiofuelsbyelectrifiedmicrobialsystems conceptsand perspectives.
SectionIIIcomprisingeightchaptersfocusedonbiofuelsandbioenergyproduction suchaschallengesandopportunitiesinlarge-scaleproductionofbiodiesel,lipidderivedbiofuel:productionmethodologies,interesterificationreactionofvegetableoil andalkylacetateasalternativerouteforglycerol-freebiodieselsynthesis,recent
advancesoflipasecatalyzedgreenerproductionofbiodieselinorganicreactionmedia: economicandsustainableviewpoint,efficientutilizationofbiomass-derivedheterogeneouscatalystforbiodieselproduction,catalyticpyrolysisforupgradingofbio-oil obtainedfrombiomass,recenttrendsinpyrolysisandgasificationoflignocellulosic biomassandexperimentalinvestigationofperformanceofbiodieselwithdifferent blendsinadieselengine.
SectionIVismainlyaboutthetechno-economicandenvironmentalimpactanalysisofbiofuelsandbioenergy.Thissectionincludesthechapterssuchastechnoeconomicevaluationof2Gethanolproductionwithco-productsfromricestraw, techno-economicanalysisforproductionofbiodieselusingnoncatalytictransesterfication,techno-economicanalysisofbiodieselproductionfromnonediblebiooilusing catalytictransesterfication,techno-economicanalysisofbiofuelsproductionfrom marinealgae,techno-economicassessmentofbiofuelproductionusingthermochemicalpathways,modelingandtechno-economicanalysisofbiogasproductionfrom wastefood,biofuelsproductionfromalgalbiomass:environmentalimpactand techno-economicanalysis,computer-aidedenvironmentalandtechno-economicanalysesastoolsfordevelopmentofbiorefineriesunderthecircularbioeconomyapproach, environmentalimpactanalysisofbiofuelsandbioenergy-aglobalperspective,environmentalimpactsofbiofuelsandtheirblends:acasestudyonwaste vegetableoil derivedbiofuelblendsandsolidbiofuelsproduction,environmental impactandtechno-economicanalysis.
BiofuelsandBioenergy:ATechno-EconomicApproach isahands-onreferenceforfacultymembers,researchers,scientists,andpracticingengineersworkingonvariousfields ofbioenergy,biorefinery,andbiofuels’ production.Thisbookisagoodsourceof informationaddressingindustrialproblemsrelevanttoundergraduate,postgraduate, andresearchstudentsunderdifferentacademicdepartmentssuchasbiotechnology, chemical,energy,andenvironmentalengineeringinvariousuniversitiesandacademic institutions.
BaskarGurunathan RenganathanSahadevan
