Metal oxide glass nanocomposites Sanjib Bhattacharya
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Brain Death
Advance Directives
Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide
21 The Sanctity of Life
1 Direct Objections and Side-Effects
2 Stating the Principle of the Sanctity of Life
3 The Boundary between Life and Death
4 ‘Being Alive Is Intrinsically Valuable’
5 ‘Being Conscious Is Intrinsically Valuable’
6 ‘Being Human Is Intrinsically Valuable’
7 The Concept of a ‘Life Worth Living’
8 Is the Desire to Live the Criterion of a Worthwhile Life?
9 Length of Life
10 The ‘No Trade-Off’ View
11 The Social Effects of Abandoning the Sanctity of Life
References
22 Declaration on Euthanasia
I The Value of Human Life
II Euthanasia
III The Meaning of Suffering for Christians and the Use of Painkillers
IV Due Proportion in the Use of Remedies
Conclusion
Killing and Letting Die
23 The Morality of Killing
The Morality of Killing
24 Active and Passive Euthanasia
Reference
25 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die?
26 Why Killing is Not Always Worse – and Sometimes Better –Than Letting Die
27 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics
The Concept of Moral Fictions
Exposing the Moral Fictions
The Moral Work of Moral Fictions
Abandoning the Moral Fictions
Severely Disabled Newborns
28 When Care Cannot Cure
Extreme Prematurity
Birth Defects: Conditions That Can Be Fixed
Birth Defects: Conditions That Cannot Be Fixed
Withholding Treatment
29 The Abnormal Child
30 Right to Life of Handicapped
31 Conjoined Twins, Embodied Personhood, and Surgical Separation
1 Conjoined Twins
2 The Issue of Separation
3 The History of Metaphysical Assumptions about Conjoined Twins
4 Embodied Personhood in Singletons, Non-Conjoined Twins, and Conjoined Twins
5 Some Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Brain Death
32 A Definition of Irreversible Coma
Characteristics of Irreversible Coma
Other Procedures
Comment
Summary
Reference
33 Are Recent Defences of the Brain Death Concept Adequate?
Flaws in the BD Concept and Criterion
Recent Expert Explanations and Defences of the BD Concept
Conclusion
34 Is the Sanctity of Life Ethic Terminally Ill?
I Introduction
II Revolution by Stealth: The Redefinition of Death
III Revolution by the Law Lords: The Case of Anthony
Bland
IV Conclusion
Advance Directives
35 Life Past Reason
Autonomy
36 Dworkin on Dementia
Advance Directives and Precedent Autonomy
Critical and Experiential Interests: Problems with the Model
The State's Interest in Margo's Life
Acknowledgment
Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide
37 The Note
Statement
38 When Self-Determination Runs Amok
Self-Determination
Killing and Allowing to Die
Calculating the Consequences
Euthanasia and Medical Practice
39 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok
40 Trends in End-of-Life Practices Before and After the Enactment of the Euthanasia Law in the Netherlands from 1990 to 2010
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
41 Euthanasia in the Netherlands
References
Part V: Resource Allocation
Introduction
42 Rescuing Lives
43 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation?
Should Patients with ARESLD Receive Transplants?
Objections to Proposal
Reasons Patients with ARESLD Should Have a Lower Priority on Transplant Waiting Lists
Should Any Alcoholics Be Considered for Transplantation?
Need for Further Research
Comment
References
44 The Value of Life
I The Moral Significance of Age
45 Bubbles under the Wallpaper
Bubbles under the Wallpaper
A Rights-Based Approach?
Randomness to the Rescue?
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Obtaining Organs
Introduction
46 Organ Donation and Retrieval
47 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales
References
48 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Human Kidneys
Brief Background: The Status Quo Systems of Kidney
Procurement
Anti-Market Considerations
The Integrity of the Body
Policy
49 The Survival Lottery
Part VII: Experimentation with Human Participants
Introduction
Human Participants
Human Embryos – Stem Cells
Human Participants
50 Ethics and Clinical Research
Reasons for Urgency of Study
Frequency of Unethical or Questionably Ethical Procedures
The Problem of Consent
Examples of Unethical or Questionably Ethical Studies
Comment on Death Rates
Publication
Summary and Conclusions
References
51 Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Responses to the Problems of Equipoise
Theoretical Equipoise versus Clinical Equipoise
The Implications of Clinical Equipoise
Acknowledgement
References
52 The Patient and the Public Good
The Tumour
Women and Breast Cancer
The Physician
Patient-Centered Care
The Public Good and Physician Responsibility
References
53 Scientific Research Is a Moral Duty
Do No Harm
Fairness
The Moral Imperative for Research
Do Universal Moral Principles Deny This Claim?
Is There an Enforceable Obligation to Participate in Research?
Mandatory Contribution to Public Goods
Benefit Sharing
A New Principle of Research Ethics
On Whom Does the Obligation to Participate in Research Fall?
Me and My Kind
Children and the Incompetent
Inducements to Participate in Research
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
54 Participation in Biomedical Research Is an Imperfect Moral Duty
The Principle of Beneficence
The Principle of Fairness
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
55 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries
Asking the Wrong Research Question
Inadequate Analysis of Data from ACTG 076 and Other Sources
Defining Placebo as the Standard of Care in Developing Countries
Justifying Placebo-Controlled Trials by Claiming They Are More Rapid
Toward a Single International Standard of Ethical Research
References
56 We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them
57 Medical Researchers’ Ancillary Clinical Care Responsibilities
What Is Ancillary Care?
Two Extreme Views
A Better Model
What Do Participants Entrust to Researchers?
How Strong Is the Entrustment Responsibility?
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Human Embryos – Stem Cells
58 President Discusses Stem Cell Research
59 Killing Embryos for Stem Cell Research
1 Two Assumptions
2 Assisted Conception
3 Monozygotic Twinning
4 Are Six-Day-Old Embryos Human Organisms?
5 We Are Not Human Organisms
6 We Are Not Souls
7 When We Begin to Exist
8 Potential
9 Intrinsic Value
Acknowledgments
References
Part VIII: Experimentation with Animals
Introduction
60 Duties towards Animals
61 A Utilitarian View
62 All Animals Are Equal
63 Vivisection, Morals and Medicine
Note
Morals and Medicine I II III
References
Commentary from a Vivisecting Professor of Pharmacology
Response
Part IX: Public Health Issues
Introduction
64 Ethics and Infectious Disease
I Distribution of Research Resources
II The Ethical Importance of Infectious Disease
III Why the neglect?
Conclusion
65 Rethinking Mandatory HIV Testing during Pregnancy in Areas with High HIV Prevalence Rates
Liability for Harm to an Unborn Child
The Traditional versus the Current Debate
Defending Conditionality
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
66 Mandatory HIV Testing in Pregnancy
Some Preliminaries: Human Rights for Women in the Developing World
The Good to Be Obtained
The Means Used Will Not Cause More Harm
Means Used Will Achieve and Not Undermine the Objective
A Compromise: Treatment in the Absence of Testing
Is There Ever a Time?
67 XDR-TB in South Africa
The Threat to Regional and Global Health
The True Extent of the Problem
Factors Fuelling the Outbreak
Factors That Could Undermine Efforts to Tackle the Outbreak
Is There a Role for Involuntary Detention?
Conclusion
References
Part X: Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare
Introduction
Confidentiality
Truth-Telling
Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy
Confidentiality
68 Confidentiality in Medicine
Two Aspects of Medical Confidentiality
The Role of Confidentiality in Medicine
Possible Solutions to the Confidentiality Problem
Afterthought: Confidentiality and Indiscretion
Conclusion
69 The Duty to Warn and Clinical Ethics
Introduction
Leading Cases and Legislation Concerning Reckless HIV Infections
The Allowance to Warn
Is There a Duty to Warn?
The Tarasoff Case
The Reisner Case
The Garcia Case
The Frankfurt Case
Anti-Tarasoff Jurisdiction
How Should the Physician Decide?
Clinical Ethics Committees and Confidentiality
Conclusion
References
Truth-Telling
70 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives
71 Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
72 On Telling Patients the Truth
Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy
73 On Liberty
74 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital
75 Informed Consent
The Historical Foundations of Informed Consent
The Concept of Informed Consent
Current Challenges to Informed Consent
Conclusion
76 The Doctor–Patient Relationship in Different Cultures
“Physicians Treat Patients Badly”
Similarities and Differences
Conceptions of Autonomy: East and West
Truth-Telling
77 Amputees by Choice
Editors' Note
78 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment
The President's Commission Report
Part I. What Is Autonomy?
Part II. “No Man Ever Threw Away Life, While It Was Worth Keeping”
Part III. Limitations of Treatment of Incompetent Patients
Limitation of Treatment of Competent Patients
Two Objections
Conclusion
79 The Nocebo Effect of Informed Consent I II III
Part XI: Special Issues Facing Nurses
Introduction
80 The Relation of the Nurse to the Doctor and the Doctor to the Nurse
81 In Defense of the Traditional Nurse
Role Components
Transitional Roles
Barriers to Autonomy
Defending the “Traditional Nurse”
Patient Needs: The Prime Concern
Limits on the “Mother” Role
Provider of Humanistic Care
The Feminist Perspective
Conclusions
82 Patient Autonomy and Medical Paternity
Scenario
Introduction
Futility and the End of Life
Autonomy Analysed
Nurses’ Role in Futile Treatment Decisions
Patient Knows Best
Doctor Knows Best
Us and Them: Do Doctors and Nurses Consider Patient
Autonomy Differently?
End-of-Life Care and Autonomy
Avoiding a Medicalized Death
Achieving a Sense of Control
Avoiding Inappropriate Prolongation of Dying
How Can We Determine a Patient’s Quality of Life?
Delivery System Differences
Conclusion
References
83 Health and Human Rights Advocacy
Introduction
Background
Human Rights Research
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Part XII: Neuroethics
Introduction
84 Neuroethics
Free Will and Mind–Body Reductionism
Reductionism Redux
Personal Identity
Impaired Consent
Manipulations; Natural and Not
Mind Wars
Is Neuroethics New?
Acknowledgment
References
85 How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think
86 Neuroethics
The Ethics of Neuroscience
Memory Modification and Enhancement
References
87 Freedom of Memory Today
References
88 Towards Responsible Use of Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs by the Healthy Paths to Enhancement
Favouring Innovation
Substantive Concerns and Policy Goals
Maximum Benefit, Minimum Harm
Conclusion
References
89 Engineering Love Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Embryo sex identification by preimplantation genetic diagnosis for nonmedical reasons
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Comparing end-of-life decisionsConsider two cases: (1) ventilator-dependent quadriplegic requests withdrawal of ventilator (WLST); (2) quadriplegic, who has regained spontaneous breathing and weaning from ventilator, requests lethal dose of medication (VAE).
Chapter 28
Table 28.1 VLBW and ELBW outcomes
Table 28.2 VLBW and ELBW babies
Chapter 33
Table 33.1 Conceptual rationales used to justify brain death as death itself
Table 33.2 Brain structure and function that continue after brain death
Table 33.3 Representative statements by physicians regarding brain death found in previous reports
Chapter 40
Table 40.1 Frequency of euthanasia, assisted suicide, and other end-of-life practices in the Netherlands in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2005, and 2010
Table 40.2 Frequencies of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, ending of life without explicit request, and intensified alleviation of symptoms in 2001, 2005 and 2010, according to patient characteristics
Table 40.3 Characteristics of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, ending of life without explicit request, and intensified alleviation of symptoms, in 2005 and 2010
Table 40.4 Characteristics of reported and unreported cases of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
Chapter 48
Table 48.1 Evaluating alternative methods of organ allocation
Chapter 50
Table 50.1 Money available for research each year
Chapter 67
Table 67.1 Characteristics of patients in South Africa with XDRTB
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35. Shafer-Landau: Ethical Theory: An Anthology (second edition)
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