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BacterialFishDiseases
BacterialFishDiseases
Editedby GowharHamidDar
AssistantProfessor(EnvironmentalScience), DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SriPratapCollege, ClusterUniversitySrinagar,HigherEducationDepartment(J&K), JammuandKashmir,India
RoufAhmadBhat
DepartmentofSchoolEducation, GovernmentofJammuandKashmir,India
HumairaQadri
AssistantProfessor(EnvironmentalScience), DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,SriPratapCollege, ClusterUniversitySrinagar,HigherEducationDepartment(J&K), JammuandKashmir,India
KhalidM.Al-Ghamdy
Head,DepartmentofBiologicalSciencesandtheViceDeanintheFacultyof Science,KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
KhalidRehmanHakeem
Professor,KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
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1.1
1.2
1.3
2.2.4Bioaccumulationfactor..................................................................................36
2.3 Theroleofheavymetalsaspollutants....................................................................36
2.3.1Peculiaritiesofheavymetalsfoundinaquaticecosystems..........................37
2.4 Bioavailabilityofheavymetalsforaquaticorganisms...........................................39
2.5 Effectsofheavymetalpollutiononaquaticecosystems........................................42
2.6 Methodsoftakingheavymetalsfromthebodiesoforganisms.............................44
2.7 Methodsofaccumulationanddisposalofmetals...................................................47
2.7.1Bioconcentration:applicationsintoxicology................................................47
2.7.2Biologicalfactors...........................................................................................48
2.7.3Environmentalparameters.............................................................................48
2.7.4Theeffectsofbioconcentrationandbioaccumulationontheaquatic ecosystem.......................................................................................................48
2.8 Identificationandadjustmentofconcentrationsofmetalsintissue.......................50
2.9 Conclusions..............................................................................................................51
CHAPTER3Effectsofheavymetalsandpesticidesonfish
RakshaRani,PreetiSharma,RajeshKumarandYounisAhmadHajam
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................59
3.2 Toxicityduetopesticidesinfish.............................................................................60
3.4 Routesofpesticideexposureinfish........................................................................63
3.5 Effectsofpesticidesonfish.....................................................................................63
3.5.1Residualeffectsofinsecticides.....................................................................64
3.5.2Bioaccumulationofinsecticides....................................................................64
3.5.3Biotransformationofinsecticidesandthetoxicmechanisms.......................65
3.6 Acutetoxicityofinsecticides...................................................................................65
3.6.1Sublethaltoxicityofinsecticides...................................................................66
3.7 Chronictoxicityofinsecticides...............................................................................66
3.7.1Effectsofinsecticidesondifferentparametersinfish.................................66
3.7.2Tissueandorgandamage..............................................................................67
3.8 Reproductivedysfunction........................................................................................67
3.9 Developmentaldisorders..........................................................................................67
3.9.1Neurotoxicity..................................................................................................68
3.9.2Behavioralalterations....................................................................................68
3.9.3Genotoxicity...................................................................................................68
3.9.4Immunosuppression.......................................................................................69
3.9.5Effectongrowthoffish.................................................................................69
3.9.6Histopathologicalalterationsduetoinsecticidetoxicity..............................69
3.9.7Herbicides.......................................................................................................69
3.9.8Fungicides......................................................................................................70
3.10 Toxicityduetoheavymetalsinfish.......................................................................70
3.10.1Effectsofcadmiumonfish.........................................................................72
3.10.2Effectsofmercuryinfish............................................................................72
3.10.3Effectsofleadinfish...................................................................................72
3.10.4Effectsofaluminuminfish.........................................................................73
3.10.5Effectsofarsenicinfish..............................................................................73
3.10.6Effectsofchromiuminfish.........................................................................74
3.10.7EffectsofcopperinFish.............................................................................74
3.10.8Effectsofnickelinfish...............................................................................75
3.10.9Effectsofzincinfish...................................................................................76 References.................................................................................................................77
CHAPTER4Pesticidetoxicityandbacterialdiseasesinfishes .......................... 87
AfrozahHassan,ShabanaGulzar,HananJavidandIrshadA.Nawchoo
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................87
4.2 Fish:animportantresource......................................................................................87
4.3 Fishasindicatorsofpollution.................................................................................88
4.4 Theimpactofpesticidesonfish..............................................................................88
4.5 Mitigationoftheimpactofpesticides.....................................................................91
4.6 Bacterialdiseasesinfishes......................................................................................91
4.7 Majorbacterialdiseasesinfish...............................................................................92
4.7.1Bacterialenteritisofflounder........................................................................92
4.7.2Abdominalswellingofseabreamandstudiesonintestinalflora................93
4.7.3Glidingbacterialinfection.............................................................................93
4.8 Controlofbacterialfishdiseases.............................................................................93
4.8.1Improvingwaterquality.................................................................................93
4.8.2Nanobioencapsulatedvaccine........................................................................94
4.8.3Quorumsensing.............................................................................................94
4.8.4Injectionvaccination......................................................................................95
4.8.5Prebiotics........................................................................................................95
4.8.6Plantproductapplication...............................................................................95
4.9 Conclusion................................................................................................................95
CHAPTER5Impactofaquaticpollutiononfishfauna .......................................
ArizoJan,TasaduqHussainShahandNighatUnNissa
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................103
5.2 Sourcesofpollution...............................................................................................104
5.3 Impactsofheavymetalpollutiononfishhealth...................................................104
5.4 Heavymetalhazards..............................................................................................106
5.5 Fishesasbiomarkers..............................................................................................106
5.6 Impactonfishreproduction...................................................................................106
5.6.1Impactsonmalereproductivesystems........................................................108
5.6.2Impactsonfemalereproductivesystem......................................................108
5.7 Effectsofpollutionondiseaseoutbreak...............................................................109
5.8 Roleofheavymetals..............................................................................................109
5.9 Roleofhydrocarbonsandnitrogenouscompounds..............................................110
5.10 Roleofpesticides...................................................................................................110
5.11 Conclusion..............................................................................................................110
6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................113
6.2 Themajorsourcesofmarinepollution..................................................................113
6.3 Bacterialpathologicprocessesinfishfauna.........................................................114
6.4 Impactsofpollutionandact..................................................................................115
6.5 Contaminantsinthemarineenvironment..............................................................116
6.6 Symbioticmicroflorainfish..................................................................................116
6.7 ThemarineenvironmentanditsissuesinIndia....................................................117
6.8 Theoutcomesofpollutionandbacterialinfectioninfishfauna..........................118
6.9 Bacterialpathogenscausingdiseasesinfishduetotheeffectofmarine pollution..................................................................................................................118
6.9.1Vibrios..........................................................................................................119
6.9.2Aeromonas...................................................................................................119
6.9.3Flavobacterium.............................................................................................119
6.9.4Shigellaflexneri...........................................................................................120
6.9.5Enterobacteramnigenus...............................................................................120
6.10 Immuneresponsesinfish.......................................................................................121
6.11 Fishdiseasesandtheirconsequences....................................................................121
6.12 Pathogenomics........................................................................................................121
6.13 Plasticpollutioncauseadverseeffectsinthemarineenvironment......................122
6.14 TheimpactofplasticpollutioninurbanIndia......................................................123
6.15 Substitutiveuses.....................................................................................................125
6.16 TheGulfofMannar...............................................................................................125
6.17 Impactonmarineenvironment:pollutionintheBayofBengal..........................125
6.18 Interactionbetweenpathogensandaquaticenvironment.....................................126
6.19 Bacterialfishdiseasesandtheircontrol................................................................126
6.20 Conclusion..............................................................................................................127
CHAPTER7Commonbacterialinfectionsaffectingfreshwaterfish faunaandimpactofpollutionandwaterquality characteristicsonbacterialpathogenicity ..................................... 133
ZarkaZaheen,AadilFarooqWar,ShafatAli,AliMohdYatoo, Md.NiamatAli,SheikhBilalAhmad,MuneebU.Rehmanand BilalAhmadParay
7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................133
7.2 Pollution:impactonbacterialinfectioninfishpopulations.................................136
7.3 Waterqualityattributes:impactonbacterialpathogenicityinfish populations.............................................................................................................136
7.4 Commonbacteriacausinginfectionsinfreshwaterfish.......................................137
7.4.1Vibrios........................................................................................................137
7.4.2Aeromonads...............................................................................................139
7.4.3Flavobacterium...........................................................................................139
7.4.4Edwardsiella...............................................................................................140
7.4.5Renibacteriumsalmoninarum....................................................................141
7.4.6StreptococcusandLactococcus.................................................................142
7.4.7Mycobacteria..............................................................................................142
7.4.8Pseudomonas..............................................................................................143
7.4.9Plesiomonasshigelloides...........................................................................143
7.4.10Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia..................................................................144
7.4.11Kocuriarhizophila.....................................................................................144
7.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................144
RohitKumarVerma,MahipalSinghSankhla,SwapnaliJadhav, KapilParihar,ShefaliGulliya,RajeevKumarandSwaroopS.Sonone
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................155
8.2 Acidificationofbacteriainwater..........................................................................157
8.3 Impactonfishfrompollution................................................................................158
8.4 Impactonfishpopulationsfrombacterialdiseases..............................................159
8.5 Consequencesofbacterialdiseasesinfish............................................................160
8.6 Globalstatusofbacterialdiseaseinfishes............................................................161
8.7 Toxicbacteriainfishesandtheiroccurrence........................................................163
8.7.1Aeromonas...................................................................................................163
8.7.2Edwardsiella.................................................................................................164
8.7.3Mycobacterium............................................................................................165
8.7.4Flavobacterium.............................................................................................166
8.7.5Streptococcus...............................................................................................166
8.8 Adverseeffectsonhumanhealthcausedbybacterialfishdiseases.....................167
8.8.1Gastrointestinaltract....................................................................................167
8.8.2Cardiovascularsystem.................................................................................169
8.8.3Kidney..........................................................................................................170
8.8.4Reproductivesystem....................................................................................171
8.9 Conclusion..............................................................................................................172
CHAPTER9Understandingthepathogenesisofimportantbacterial diseasesoffish .................................................................................
FernandaMariaPolicarpoTonelli,MolineSeverinoLemos, Fl ´ aviaCristinaPolicarpoTonelli,Nu ´ biaAlexandredeMeloNunesand BrenoLuizSalesLemos
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................183
9.1.1Theimportanceoffisheries.........................................................................183
9.1.2Mainbacteriaspeciescapableofcausingfishdiseases..............................184
9.1.3Importantdiagnosismethodsforbacterialfishdiseases.............................186
9.1.4Vaccinestopreventfishbacterialdiseases.................................................186
9.2 Mainpathogenesisofbacterialdiseasesinfish....................................................187
9.3 Conclusions............................................................................................................193
9.4 Futureperspectives.................................................................................................193
CHAPTER10EvaluationoftheFishInvasivenessScoringKit (FISKv2)forplecofishordevilfish ...............................................
NahumAndr ´ esMedellin-Castillo,HildaGuadalupeCisneros-Ontiveros, CandyCarranza-A ´ lvarez,CesarArturoIlizaliturri-Hernandez, LeticiaGuadalupeY ´ anez-EstradaandAndreaGuadalupeRodrı´guez-Lo ´ pez
10.1 Introduction............................................................................................................205
10.2 Invasiveriskanalysis.............................................................................................206
10.2.1Fishinvasivenessscoringkit.....................................................................206
10.3 Zoneofstudy..........................................................................................................207
10.4 Plecofishordevilfish(Loricariidae)....................................................................209
10.4.1Taxonomiccategory...................................................................................209
10.4.2Nativeandcurrentdistribution..................................................................209
10.4.3Descriptionofthespecies..........................................................................210
10.4.4DevilfishinMexicoandtheHuastecapotosina......................................212 10.4.5Environmentalandsocioeconomiceffects................................................213
10.5 EvaluationofthefishInvasivenessScreeningKit(FISKv2)..............................217
10.5.1Methodology..............................................................................................217
10.5.2Resultsanddiscussion...............................................................................222
CHAPTER11Profilingofcommonbacterialpathogensinfish
TariqOluwakunmiAgbabiaka,IsmailAbiolaAdebayo, KamoldeenAbiodunAjijolakewuandToyinOlayemiAgbabiaka
CHAPTER14Commonbacterialpathogensinfish:Anoverview .........................
PodduturiVanamala,PodduturiSindhura,UzmaSultana, TanajiVasavilathaandMirZahoorGul
14.1
14.3
CHAPTER15Bacterialdiseasesinculturedfishes:anupdateof
SoibamKhogenSingh,MaibamMalemngambaMeitei, TanmoyGonChoudhary,NgasotterSoibam,PradyutBiswasand GusheinzedWaikhom
15.1 Introduction............................................................................................................307
15.1.1Antibioticsresidue.....................................................................................307
15.2 Preventivemeasuresagainstdiseases:possibleoutlook.......................................308
15.2.1Fishderivedantimicrobialpeptides...........................................................308
15.2.5Probiotics....................................................................................................316
15.2.6Synbioticinaquaculture............................................................................317
15.2.7Paraprobiotics:anewconcept...................................................................320
CHAPTER18Efficacyofdifferenttreatmentsavailableagainstbacterial
YounisAhmadHajam,RajeshKumar,RakshaRani, PreetiSharmaandDiksha
18.1 Introduction............................................................................................................379
18.2 Bacterialinfectionsoccurringinfreshwaterfish..................................................380
18.2.1 Aeromonas infections.................................................................................380
18.2.2 Pseudomonas infections.............................................................................381
18.2.3Flavobacteriuminfections..........................................................................381 18.2.4Acinetobacterinfections............................................................................382 18.2.5Shewanellaputrefaciensinfections............................................................382
18.2.6Fishinfectionwithgram-positivebacteria................................................383
18.3 Emergingpotentialpathogensoffreshwaterfish..................................................383
18.3.1InfectionsduetoPlesiomonasshigelloides...............................................383
18.3.2InfectionsduetoStenotrophomonasmaltophilia......................................384
18.3.3Infectionsdueto Kocuriarhizophila .........................................................384
18.3.4Infectionscausedbymyxobacteria...........................................................385
18.4 Treatmentofbacterialpathogensinfish...............................................................386
18.4.1Bacteriocins................................................................................................386
18.4.2Fishgutmicrobiota....................................................................................387
18.5 Treatmentwithbeneficialgram-negativeandgram-positivebacteria.................387
18.6 Bioremediation(improvingwaterquality)............................................................388
18.6.1Disinfectants...............................................................................................388
18.6.2Prebiotics....................................................................................................388
18.7 Vaccination.............................................................................................................389
19.3 Principalcausesofeconomiclossintheaquacultureindustry.............................400
19.4 Pathogensthatcauseseconomiclossintheaquacultureindustry........................402
19.5 Identificationofbacterialdiseasesinfishfarms...................................................409
19.6 AnalysisofafishfarmsysteminHuastecaPotosina,Mexico.............................411
19.7 Conclusions............................................................................................................413
Dedication
DedicatedtothelovingmemoryofthelateAbdulHamidDar, thefatheroftheleadeditor,Dr.GowharHamidDar.
Foreword
Fishformoneoftheimportantfoodsourcesforhumannutrition,astheyarerichsourcesofproteins,fats,minerals,andvitamins.Theneedforfoodsecurity,interestinahealthierdiet,andmeetingthedemandsoftherisingpopulationworldwidehaveledtothepromotionofaquacultureas wellascapturedfishtechniques.However,equallyimportantistheproductionofhealthyand pathogen-freefish,astheyarevulnerabletomicrobialinfestationbybacteria,viruses,andfungi. Amongthese,fishbacteriahavebeenstudiedanddocumentedextensively.Aliteraturereviewprovidesanunderstandingofthevariousbacterialspeciesinfectingfish,basedontheidentificationof bacterialgenomesconcerningvirulence,virulencefactors,hostadherence,colonization,structural components,extracellularfactors,secretionsystems,ironacquisition,andquorumsensingmechanisms.Fisharefoundinseawater,freshwater,andalsoculturedinman-madeaquaculturefacilities. Allthesewatersourcesarepronetocontaminationbytoxins,industrialeffluents,anthropogenic pollutants,pesticides,andotherwastes,whichaffectthehealthandtheimmunesystemmechanismsofthefish.Fromthisperspective,thereisaneedintheresearchandacademicfieldstounderstandthenature,mode,consequences,andcontrolofbacteria-relateddiseaseinfishes.Thisbook, BacterialFishDiseases,isadetailedaccountofallthecommonbacterialpathogens,theirmechanismsrelatedtodiseasephenomenoninfish,andthestrategiesintheiralleviation.Furthermore,it highlightstheproblemsassociatedwiththeculturingoffish.Thisbookwillbeausefulresourceto ecologists,environmentalists,nutritionists,andscientistsingeneralforunderstandingthebacteriarelateddiseasesinfish.
Thebookincludes19chapters,contributedbydifferentauthorsfromdifferentoriginsworldwide.Thehardworkoftheauthorsprovidesawide-rangingviewofbacterialdiseasesoffishfauna andpossibletreatmenttocontrolthesedreadfuldiseases.Thebookhasalsoprovidedenoughspace fordiscussingtheeconomiclossesthatoccurduetofishdiseases.
Chapter1,AquaticPollutionandMarineEcosystems,hasbeencontributedbyscientistsfrom Romania,whoreportthatthecontaminationofthemarineecosystemshasgainedsizeableproportionsandalsoelaborateonhowhumaninterventionshaveinducedhugecontaminationofmarine ecosystems.Chapter2,HeavyMetalsasPollutantsintheAquaticBlackSeaEcosystem,wasalso writtenbytheRomanianauthorsandexplainstheroleofheavymetalsastoxicpollutantsthatenter thebiogeochemicalcircuitsandaccumulateinnaturalandartificialecosystems,includinginthe
BlackSeaecosystem.Inaddition,onaglobalscale,thereisevidencethatanthropogenicactivities havepollutedtheenvironmentwithheavymetalsfromthepolestothetropicsandfromthemountainstothedepthsoftheoceans.Chapter3,EffectsofHeavyMetalsandPesticidesonFish,presentstheseveredamagecausedbyheavymetalsandpesticidesinfishes.Thepesticidesthatcause severalbehavioralandmigratorychangesinfishesthatleadtotheirdeclinehavebeenaddressedin Chapter4,PesticideToxicityandBacterialDiseasesinFishes,byauthorsfromIndia.These authorsstresstheenforcementofstrictenvironmentallawsforcheckingandcontrollingtheexcessiveuseofpesticides.Chapter5,ImpactsofAquaticPollutiononFishFauna,illustratestheroleof molecular,cellular,andbiochemicalbiomarkersinthemonitoringoftheenvironmentandaquatic pollution.Thebacterialdiseasesinfishesduetoclosecontactbetweenthemarineenvironmentand thefishpathogensthatdisruptthestablesupplyoffishesaroundtheworldcaughttheattentionof Indianauthors,asillustratedinChapter6,BacterialDiseasesinFishWithRelationtoPollution andTheirConsequences—AGlobalScenario.Chapter7,CommonBacterialInfectionsAffecting FreshwaterFishFaunaandImpactofPollutionandWaterQualityCharacteristicsonBacterial Pathogenicity,expoundedbyauthorsfromIndiaandSaudiArabia,highlightstheimpactofbacterialinfectioninfishpopulationsandcorroboratestheroleofstressfactors,thatis,poordiet,inadequatehusbandryprocedures,andpollutedenvironmentalconditionsaroundthehostbody(fish). Chapter8,GlobalStatusofBacterialDiseasesinFishinRelationtoPollutionandTheir Consequences,hasbeenpresentedbyscientistsfromIndia.Inthisreview,theauthorsdiscussthe roleofdifferentbacteria,thatis, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, Edwardsiella,and Flavobacterium,causingdiseasesinfishesatthegloballevel.Chapter9,Understandingthe PathogenesisofBacterialDiseasesinFish,elucidatestheroleofthepathogenesisofbacterialdiseasescausedbygram-positiveandgram-negativebacteriainfishes,toexpoundthepossibletargets fortreatmentanddiseasepreventionmeasures.Chapter10,EvaluationoftheFishInvasiveness ScoringKit(Fiskv2)forPlecoFishorDevilFish,isacasestudyexemplifiedbyauthorsfrom Mexico.Furthermore,theystressFISKv2,afishinvasivenessdetectiontooltodetectthepotential riskofinvasionoftheplecofishintroducedintotheaquaticsystemsoftheHuastecaZoneofthe StateofSanLuisPotosi,Mexico.Chapter11,ProfilingofCommonBacterialPathogensinFish, contributedbyauthorsfromNigeria,YobeState,andUganda,isanextensiveandcriticalreviewof aquaculturepractice;itsimpact;itscurrentstatusofproductioninNigeriaandmajorsub-Saharan Africa;andthreemajorbacterialfishpathogens, Aeromonashydrophila, Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum,and Flavobacteriumcolumnare.Thereviewconsidersthegenome,pathogenesis,andcontrolofthepathogens,immuneresponseofthehost,host pathogeninteraction,andrecentadvances invaccinedevelopment. Furunculosis,aworldwidesevere,contagious,principal,andeconomically themostsignificantdisease,causedby Aeromonassalmonicida infreshandseawaterfishes,has beenaddressedbyanauthorfromPakistaninChapter12,“StatusofFurunculosisinFishFauna.” Chapter13,BacterialGillDiseaseandAquaticPollution:ASeriousConcernfortheAquaculture Industry,focusesontheimpactofwaterpollutiononfishes,especiallytheemergenceofbacterial gilldiseasesalongwiththeiretiologicalagents,pathogenesis,epizootiology,diagnosis,andcontrol, whicharesignificantforsuccessfulmanagement.Chapter14,CommonBacterialPathogensin Fish:AnOverview,hasbeenwrittenbyIndianauthors,whohavecompiledspecificdispersedliteraturepublishedaboutseveralbacterialpathogensassociatedwithfish.Chapter15,Bacterial DiseasesinCulturedFishes:AnUpdateofAdvancesinControlMeasures,addressestherecent updatesofthecontroltoolsforbacterialinfection.Thedevelopmentoffishvaccines,antimicrobial
peptides,probiotics,prebiotics,synbioticconcepts,andherbalbiomedicinesderivedfromplantsare coveredinthischapter.Chapter16,UlcerationinFish:Causes,Diagnosis,andPrevention,provides anexhaustivereviewofthedreadfuldiseaseofulcerationsyndromeinfishes.Theauthorsdiscuss majorcauses,diagnosticmethods,andsomepreventivemeasures,henceprovidinganinsightinto theearlydetectionofthisdiseaseatthehatcherieslevelandinfarms.Theantibioticresistancein fishesandimpedanceofthebeneficialmicrobiotaofthegastrointestinalecosystemdrewtheattentionofChineseandIndianauthors,whoaddressedthisissueinChapter17,Applicationof ProbioticBacteriafortheManagementofFishinAquaculture.Furthermore,thisreviewdealswith theanalysisandcorroboratesthatprobioticscouldactasgrowthpromoters,increasediseaseresistance,enhancetheimmuneresponseinfish,andimprovethewaterqualityforbettersurvival. Chapter18,EfficacyofDifferentTreatmentsAvailableforBacterialPathogensinFish,isaimedat summarizingthevariousbacterialdiseasesandeffectivetreatmentsavailabletocombatthepathogenesisofthesebacterialdiseases.Theauthorshaveaddressedmanyfishinfections(“columnaris referredtoascottonmouth,gillinfection,itch,swelling,tailandfinrot,fungaldisease,popand cloudyeye,swimbladderdisease,liceandnematodeworminfestations,waterquality-induceddisease,alimentarystoppages,anorexia,chilodonella,ergasilus,TB,glugea,henneguya,hexamita, headandlaterallineerosiondisease,injuries,leechesinanaquarium,lymphocystis,marinevelvet, andneontetradisease”)thataremostprevalentinfishfarms.Differentmethods/treatments employedforcontrollingfishdiseases,includingantibiotics,bioremediation(improvingwaterquality),disinfectants,prebiotics,andsynbiotics,havebeenaddressedbytheauthorsinthischapter. Chapter19,SummaryofEconomicLossesduetoBacterialPathogensinAquacultureIndustry, addressestheeconomiclossesincurredduetotheincidenceofbacterialdiseasesinfishes.The authorssummarizethenumericaldataonproductionlossesworldwide,accordingtopathogenic bacteria,withaparticularfocusontheMexicanregion.
Thebookstructureisdesignedtocoveressentialaspectsofbacterialfishdiseasesconcerning theaquaticenvironment.Itisuniqueandprovidesanidealsourceofscientificinformationfor researchscholars,faculty,andscientistsinvolvedinfishandfishhealth,fishdiseases,andthe mechanismofcontrollingbacterialinfectionsinfishfauna.Igreatlyappreciatetheeffortsexpended bytheeditorsforefficaciouslybringingtogetherthisinformativeandcomprehensivevolume.
KarunaRupula
DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityCollegeofScience, OsmaniaUniversity,Hyderabad,India
Listofcontributors
IsmailAbiolaAdebayo
DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,FacultyofBiomedicalSciences,Kampala InternationalUniversity,Kampala,Uganda
TariqOluwakunmiAgbabiaka
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofIlorin,Ilorin,Nigeria; MicrobiologyUnit,DepartmentofScienceLaboratoryTechnology,SchoolofScienceand Technology,FederalPolytechnic,Damaturu,Nigeria
ToyinOlayemiAgbabiaka
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofIlorin,Ilorin,Nigeria
IshtiyaqAhmad
FishNutritionResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir,Hazratbal, Srinagar,India
SheikhBilalAhmad
DivisionofVeterinaryBiochemistry,FacultyofVeterinaryScience&AnimalHisbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir,Srinagar,India
ImtiazAhmed
FishNutritionResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir,Hazratbal, Srinagar,India
KamoldeenAbiodunAjijolakewu
DepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofIlorin,Ilorin,Nigeria
Md.NiamatAli
CentreofResearchforDevelopment,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
ShafatAli
CentreofResearchforDevelopment,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
MohammadYasirArafat
FishBiologyandLimnologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir, Hazratbal,JammuandKashmir,India
YahyaBakhtiyar
FishBiologyandLimnologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir, Hazratbal,JammuandKashmir,India
AbdulBaset
DepartmentofZoology,BachaKhanUniversityCharsadda,Charsadda,Pakistan
PradyutBiswas
DepartmentofAquaculture,CollegeofFisheries,CentralAgriculturalUniversity,Lembucherra, India
MonicaButnariu
Banat’sUniversityofAgriculturalSciencesandVeterinaryMedicine“KingMichaelIof Romania”fromTimisoara,Timis,Romania
CandyCarranza-A ´ lvarez
ProfessorofFacultyofProfessionalStudiesHuastecaZone,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuis Potosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
LuisJesu ´ sCastillo-Pe ´ rez
MultidisciplinaryGraduatePrograminEnvironmentalSciences,AutonomousUniversityofSan LuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
TanmoyGonChoudhary
DepartmentofAquaticAnimalHealth,CollegeofFisheries,CentralAgriculturalUniversity, Lembucherra,India
HildaGuadalupeCisneros-Ontiveros
StudentofGraduateStudiesandResearchCenter,FacultyofEngineering,Autonomous UniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
Nu ´ biaAlexandredeMeloNunes
InstituteofBiologicalScience,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,Brazil
Diksha
DivisionZoology,DepartmentofBiosciences,CareerPointUniversity,Hamirpur,India
MirZahoorGul
DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityColleg eofScience,OsmaniaUniversity,Hyderabad, India
ShefaliGulliya
DepartmentofZoology,DPGDegreeCollege,Gurugram,India
ShabanaGulzar
PlantReproductiveBiology,GeneticDiversityandPhytochemistryResearchLaboratory, DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
YounisAhmadHajam
DivisionZoology,DepartmentofBiosciences,CareerPointUniversity,Hamirpur,India
AfrozahHassan
PlantReproductiveBiology,GeneticDiversityandPhytochemistryResearchLaboratory, DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
TasaduqHussainShah
DivisionofFisheriesResourceManagement,FacultyofFisheries,Sher-e-KashmirUniversityof AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofKashmir,Srinagar,India
CesarArturoIlizaliturri-Hernandez
ProfessorofMultidisciplinaryGraduatePrograminEnvironmentalSciences,Autonomous UniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
J.ImmanuelSuresh
DepartmentofMicrobiology,TheAmericanCollege,Madurai,India
SwapnaliJadhav
GovernmentInstituteofForensicScience,Aurangabad,India
ArizoJan
DivisionofFisheriesResourceManagement,FacultyofFisheries,Sher-e-KashmirUniversityof AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofKashmir,Srinagar,India
HananJavid
PlantReproductiveBiology,GeneticDiversityandPhytochemistryResearchLaboratory, DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
RajeevKumar
DepartmentofForensicScience,SchoolofBasicandAppliedSciences,GalgotiasUniversity, GreaterNoida,India
RajeshKumar
DepartmentofBiosciences,HimachalPradeshUniversity,Shimla,India
BrenoLuizSalesLemos
InstituteofBiologicalScience,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,Brazil
MolineSeverinoLemos
InstituteofBiologicalScience,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,Brazil
JuanJose ´ Maldonado-Miranda
ProfessorofFacultyofProfessionalStudiesHuastecaZone,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuis Potosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
JunaidMalik
DepartmentofZoology,GovernmentDegreeCollege,Bijbehara,India
NahumAndre ´ sMedellin-Castillo
ProfessorofGraduateStudiesandResearchCenter,FacultyofEngineering,Autonomous UniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico;MultidisciplinaryGraduateProgramin EnvironmentalSciences,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
MaibamMalemngambaMeitei
DepartmentofAquaculture,CollegeofFisheries,CentralAgriculturalUniversity,Lembucherra,India
DebashriMondal
DepartmentofZoology,RaiganjUniversity,UniversityRoad,CollegePara,Raiganj,India
SandipMondal
SchoolofPharmaceuticalTechnology,SchoolofMedicalSciences,ADAMASUniversity Kolkata,India
TamalMondal
DepartmentofBotany,HiralalMazumdarMemorialCollegeforWomen,CollegePara, Dakshineswar,Kolkata,India
IrshadA.Nawchoo
PlantReproductiveBiology,GeneticDiversityandPhytochemistryResearchLaboratory, DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
NighatUnNissa
DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
BilalAhmadParay
DepartmentofZoology,CollegeofScience,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,SaudiArabia
KapilParihar
StateForensicScienceLaboratory,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
AmauriPonce-Herna ´ ndez
StudentofGraduateStudiesandResearchCenter,FacultyofChemistry,AutonomousUniversity ofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
RakshaRani
DivisionZoology,DepartmentofBiosciences,CareerPointUniversity,Hamirpur,India
MuneebU.Rehman
DepartmentofClinicalPharmacy,CollegeofPharmacy,KingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
AndreaGuadalupeRodrı´guez-Lo ´ pez
FacultyofMedicine,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi,Mexico
MahipalSinghSankhla
DepartmentofForensicScience,VivekanandaGlobalUniversity,Jaipur,India
PreetiSharma
DivisionZoology,DepartmentofBiosciences,CareerPointUniversity,Hamirpur,India
PodduturiSindhura
TelanganaSocialWelfareResidentialDegreeCollegeforWomen,Bhupalapally,India
SoibamKhogenSingh
DepartmentofAquaculture,CollegeofFisheries,CentralAgriculturalUniversity,Lembucherra, India
NgasotterSoibam
DepartmentofFishProcessingTechnologyandEngineering,CollegeofFisheries,Central AgriculturalUniversity,Lembucherra,India
SwaroopS.Sonone
GovernmentInstituteofForensicScience,Aurangabad,India
R.Sowndharya
DepartmentofMicrobiology,TheAmericanCollege,Madurai,India
M.S.SriJanani
DepartmentofMicrobiology,TheAmericanCollege,Madurai,India
UzmaSultana
TelanganaSocialWelfareResidentialDegreeCollegeforWomen,Kamareddy,India
FernandaMariaPolicarpoTonelli
InstituteofBiologicalScience,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,Brazil; Pita ´ gorasCollege,Divino ´ polis,Brazil
Fla ´ viaCristinaPolicarpoTonelli
Esta ´ ciodeSa ´ University,Ribeira ˜ oPreto,Brazil
PodduturiVanamala
TelanganaSocialWelfareResidentialDegreeCollegeforWomen,Kamareddy,India
TanajiVasavilatha
TelanganaSocialWelfareResidentialDegreeCollegeforWomen,Nizamabad,India
RohitKumarVerma
DrAPJAbdulKalamInstituteofForensicScience&Criminology,BundelkhandUniversity, Jhansi,India
GusheinzedWaikhom DepartmentofAquaculture,CollegeofFisheries,CentralAgriculturalUniversity,Lembucherra, India
AadilFarooqWar DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofKashmir,Srinagar,India
LeticiaGuadalupeYa ´ nez-Estrada
ProfessorofFacultyofMedicine,AutonomousUniversityofSanLuisPotosi,SanLuisPotosi, Mexico
AliMohdYatoo
CentreofResearchforDevelopment/DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Universityof Kashmir,Srinagar,India
TabasumYousuf
FishBiologyandLimnologyResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofKashmir, Hazratbal,JammuandKashmir,India
ZarkaZaheen
CentreofResearchforDevelopment/DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Universityof Kashmir,Srinagar,India
Preface
Fishsupplypeoplewithlong-termbenefits,includingfoodandthedirectfinancialbenefitsofprovidingemployment,profits,andsavingmoney.Moreindirectbutequallyvaluablebenefitsoffish andaquaticecosystemsincluderecreationalboating,sportfishing,swimming,andrelaxation. Consumptionofseafoodshastakenplacefromancienttimes.Fisharethemostessentialsourceof proteinsforhumansandhavehighnutritionalvalue.Fisharerichinomega-3fattyacids,with muchmedicalevidencebehindtheirefficacy.Ontheotherside,fishhealthisaffectedduetoclose contactbetweenthemarineenvironmentandthefishpathogens,whichdisruptsthestablesupplyof fishesaroundtheworldaswellasaffectsfishhealth.Fishdiseasesarecausedbybacterialandfungalpathogensandaquaticenvironmentalfactors,suchaspoorwaterquality,areaccountablefor massmortalitiesoffishes.Environmentalandindustrialpollutantsareaneglectedsourcethat impactstheaquaticecosystem.Pollutantscanhavedirectandindirectimpactsonthebehaviorof aquaticorganisms.Thefishbiotamaybeaffectedbypollutionbyalteringtheirbiochemical,respiratory,andpopulationstructure,aswellasdevelopmentalandstructuralfunctions.Manytypesof organicandinorganiccontaminantsincludingplastics,pharmaceuticals,pesticides,andmetalsare releasedbyhumansintotheenvironment,bothaquaticandterrestrial.Contaminantsfromagriculturalactivities,suchaspesticides,arehighlytoxictonontargetorganisms,includingfish.
Diseasesandinfectionsinsidethehostbodyorinitsphysiologyhaveatendencytotakeplace onlywhenthefishisstressedduetoinsufficientdiet,poorhusbandryprocedures,and/orpolluted environmentalconditions.Therefore,inordertounderstandthevariousbacterialdiseasesoffish species,itisequallyimportanttocomprehendthecorrelationbetweenthebacteriaanditshostas wellasitsenvironment.Theupsurgeofbacterialgilldiseasesinfishesisbelievedtooccurwhen thereisdeteriorationofecologicalconditionsoftheaquatichabitat.Thetriggeringofdiseasesin fishesbypollutionrevealsthathuman-inducedattributesarewidelyresponsiblefortheonsetof pathogenicdiseaseinthem,becausetheseattributesaredirectlyproportionaltothevulnerabilityof hostspeciesintheirhabitat.Furunculosisisaworldwidesevere,contagious,principal,andeconomicallyveryimportantdiseaseinfreshandseawaterfishes.Themajorbacterialfishpathogens, Aeromonashydrophila,Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum,and Flavobacteriumcolumnare,are severelyaffectingfishspeciesworldwide.Fishinfections(“columnarisreferredtoascottonmouth, gillinfection,ich,swelling,tailandfinrot,fungaldisease,popandcloudyeye,swimbladderdisease,liceandnematodeworminfestations,waterquality-induceddisease,alimentarystoppages, anorexia,chilodonella,ergasilus,TB,glugea,henneguya,hexamita,headandlaterallineerosion disease,injuries,leechesinaquariums,lymphocystis,marinevelvet,andneontetradisease”)are commoninfishfarmsandcancause“massmortalities”;andthetreatmentoftheserequiresthe intensiveuseofchemicalsandantibiotics.
Recentprogressinaquacultureproductionparallelsthegrowingnumberofdiseaseincidences thatharmglobalaquacultureproduction,profitability,andsustainability.Bacteria-relateddiseases cancauseseveremortalityinbothwildandculturedfish.Bacterialdiseasesandinfectionsassociatedwiththemareverywidespreadandareoneofthemostchallenginghealthproblemstoresolve effectively.Anarrayofbacterialpathogenscausesmajorlossestoaquaculture,comprisingaround 34%oftotaldiseases.Antibioticsarefrequentlyusedasacontrolmeasureagainstbacterialdiseasesinfish,buttheriskofdevelopingantibiotic-resistantbacteriastrainsisincreasing.Research xxxiii
onvariousoptionsotherthanantibioticsisbeingcarriedoutandtherapeuticalternativesarebeing developed.Fishvaccines,antimicrobialpeptides,probiotic,prebioticandsynbioticconcepts,and herbalbiomedicinesderivedfromplantsareoftenregardedasbeneficialdevelopmentstocontrol bacterialdiseasesinaquaculture.However,despitethestrongimpactthishashadonproductionin theaquacultureindustry,therearestillanumberofenvironmentalandhealthfactorsthatcanaffect andtriggerfishdiseases,causingsignificanteconomiclosses.Amongthesediseasesarethosegeneratedbytheattackofpathogenicbacteria,morespecificallybythegeneraofgram-negativebacteriaand,toalesserextent,gram-positivebacteria.
Thisbookhasexaminedindetailtheillconsequencesoftherisingpollutionlevelsinour aquaticsystemsonfishspecies.Thestartingchaptersgiveanelaborativeoutlineofpollutionand itsdetrimentalimpactsonthefishfaunaofdifferentecosystems.Aconsiderablespacehasbeen giventohighlightingthemajorbacterialpathogensthatarehavinganimpactonfishhealthand triggeringdifferenttypesofdiseasesinthem.Furthermore,sufficientattentionisgiventothedifferenttypesoftreatmentsavailabletodealwiththeserapidlyincreasingbacterialinfectionsinfish. Thebookalsocontainsadetaileddescriptionoftheeconomiclossessufferedfrombacterialinfectionsinfish.
Ingeneral,thebookisavaluablesourceofinformationondifferentbacterialdiseasesinfish andhighlightsadvancedresearchonthetheme.Thisbookaddressesthediversechallengesfaced byfishfaunaandsuggestssomeuniquefutureactionplanstodealwiththem.Thecontentofthe bookisthereforediverseandaddressestheneedsofstudents,researchers,ichthyologists,microbiologists,andscientistsworldwide.
