Assisted phytoremediation: potential tools to enhance plant performance vimal chandra pandey - Read

Page 1


https://ebookmass.com/product/assisted-phytoremediationpotential-tools-to-enhance-plant-performance-vimal-chandra-

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you

Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Phytoremediation Potential of Perennial Grasses 1st Edition Vimal Chandra Pandey

https://ebookmass.com/product/phytoremediation-potential-of-perennialgrasses-1st-edition-vimal-chandra-pandey/

ebookmass.com

Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices: Resilience to Climate Change Vimal Chandra Pandey

https://ebookmass.com/product/adaptive-phytoremediation-practicesresilience-to-climate-change-vimal-chandra-pandey/

ebookmass.com

Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes in Cities: Bioremediation, Biomass, Biofuels and Bioproducts Vimal Chandra Pandey

https://ebookmass.com/product/algae-and-aquatic-macrophytes-in-citiesbioremediation-biomass-biofuels-and-bioproducts-vimal-chandra-pandey/

ebookmass.com

Punished: Brides of the Kindred book 27 1st Edition

Evangeline Anderson

https://ebookmass.com/product/punished-brides-of-the-kindredbook-27-1st-edition-evangeline-anderson/

ebookmass.com

Computer modeling in the aerospace industry Abbasov

https://ebookmass.com/product/computer-modeling-in-the-aerospaceindustry-abbasov/

ebookmass.com

Nanodiamonds. Advanced Material Analysis, Properties and Applications. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies 1st Edition Edition Jean-Charles Arnault (Eds.)

https://ebookmass.com/product/nanodiamonds-advanced-material-analysisproperties-and-applications-a-volume-in-micro-and-nanotechnologies-1st-edition-edition-jean-charles-arnault-eds/ ebookmass.com

Days of Flesh & Bone: The Rift Chronicles Nikita Cassidy

https://ebookmass.com/product/days-of-flesh-bone-the-rift-chroniclesnikita-cassidy/

ebookmass.com

Tattooed Bodies: Theorizing Body Inscription Across Disciplines and Cultures James Martell

https://ebookmass.com/product/tattooed-bodies-theorizing-bodyinscription-across-disciplines-and-cultures-james-martell/

ebookmass.com

(eTextbook PDF) for Essential Environment The Science Behind the Stories 6th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-pdf-for-essential-environmentthe-science-behind-the-stories-6th-edition/

ebookmass.com

Data Assimilation for the Geosciences: From Theory to Application 2nd Edition Steven J.

https://ebookmass.com/product/data-assimilation-for-the-geosciencesfrom-theory-to-application-2nd-edition-steven-j-fletcher/

ebookmass.com

Assisted Phytoremediation

Assisted Phytoremediation

Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India

Vimal Chandra Pandey

Elsevier

Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands

The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier. com/permissions

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-0-12-822893-7

For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisitions Editor: Maris LaFleur

Editorial Project Manager: Michelle Fisher

Production Project Manager: Kumar Anbazhagan

Cover Designer: Matthew Limbert

Cover Credit: Vimal Chandra Pandey

Typeset by Aptara, New Delhi, India

2.1

Paola Grenni, Vito F.

Domenico

3.6

3.7

4.1

Ran

elović, Ksenija Jakovljevi

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

CHAPTER 6 Nanoparticles-assisted phytoremediation: Advances and applications ......................................................................

Omena Bernard Ojuederie, Adenike Eunice Amoo, Shesan John Owonubi, Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro

6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................

6.2

6.3

6.4 Synthesis

6.5

6.6

6.7

CHAPTER

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

Omena Bernard Ojuederie, David Okeh Igwe, Jacob Olagbenro Popoola

7.6 Nanoparticle-mediated

7.7

8.1

8.2

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.9

Henny Patel, Shreya Shakhreliya, Rupesh Maurya, Vimal Chandra Pandey, Nisarg Gohil, Gargi Bhattacharjee, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Vijai Singh

CHAPTER 9 Approaches

Ankita Gupta, Arnab Majumdar, Sudhakar Srivastava

10.8

Janhvi Pandey, Sougata Sarkar, Vimal Chandra Pandey

Metin Turan, Sanem Argin, Parisa Bolouri, Tuba Arjumend, Nilda Ersoy, Ertan Yıldırım, Adem Güneş, Melek Ekinci, Dilara Birinci

Gordana Gajić, Miroslava Mitrović, Pavle Pavlović

13.4

13.5

Tariq Mehmood, Cheng Liu, Irshad Bibi, Mukkaram Ejaz, Anam Ashraf, Fasih U. Haider, Umair Riaz, Azhar Hussain, Sajid Husain, Mehak Shaz, Sumeera Asghar, M. Shahid, Nabeel Khan Niazi

Contributors

Giorgia Aimola

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy.

Khalid J. Alzahrani

Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Adenike Eunice Amoo

Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.

Valeria Ancona

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy.

Sanem Argin

Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, School of Applied Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Tuba Arjumend

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Usak University, Uşak, Turkey.

Anam Ashraf

School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro

Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.

Gargi Bhattacharjee

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Irshad Bibi

Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Dilara Birinci

Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Parisa Bolouri

Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Domenico Borello

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.

Sylvain Bourgerie

University of Orleans, Orléans, France.

Anna Barra Caracciolo

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy

Mukkaram Ejaz

School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, PR China.

Melek Ekinci

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

Nilda Ersoy

Department of Organic Agriculture, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.

Joël Fontaine

Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unit of environmental chemistry and interactions with living organisms, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.

Gordana Gajić

Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Nisarg Gohil

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Paola Grenni

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.

Ankita Gupta

Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Adem Güneş

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.

Fasih U. Haider

College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.

Sunila Hooda

Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, India.

Sajid Husain

Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.

Azhar Hussain

Department of Soil Science, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

David Okeh Igwe

Department of Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Section of Plant Pathology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United StatesPlant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

N.F. Islam

Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Titabar, Assam, India.

Ksenija Jakovljević

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Belgrade, Serbia.

Sonia Labidi

Université de Carthage, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Laboratoire des Sciences Horticoles, LR13AGR01, Tunis, Mahrajène, Tunisia.

Manhattan Lebrun

University of Orleans, Orléans, France.

Cheng Liu

College of Environment, Hohai University Nanjing, China.

Francisco J. López-Bellido

Department of Plant Production and Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real (Spain).

Sahrish Majeed

Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, India.

Arnab Majumdar

Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India.

Garima Malik

Raghunath Girls’ Post Graduate College, C.C.S. University, Meerut, India.

Rupesh Maurya

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Hacène Meglouli

Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), de l’Université de Montréal, Canada.

Tariq Mehmood

College of Environment, Hohai University Nanjing, China.

Florie Miard

University of Orleans, Orléans, France.

Miroslava Mitrović

Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Domenico Morabito

University of Orleans, Orléans, France.

Romain Nandillon

University of Orleans, Orléans, France.

Nabeel Khan Niazi

Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Omena Bernard Ojuederie

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kings University, Odeomu, Osun State, Nigeria; Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, NorthWest University, Mmabatho, South Africa.

Shesan John Owonubi

Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Janhvi Pandey

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India; Division of Agronomy and Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India.

Vimal Chandra Pandey

Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India.

Henny Patel

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Rupshikha Patowary

Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Pavle Pavlović

Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Jacob Olagbenro Popoola

Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Dragana Ranđelović

Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Belgrade, Serbia.

Ida Rascio

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy; Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Italy.

Umair Riaz

Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Luis Rodríguez

Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real (Spain).

Sumeera Asghar

Department College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.

Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui

Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unit of environmental chemistry and interactions with living organisms, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.

Maryline Calonne-Salmon

Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Sougata Sarkar

Division of Agronomy and Soil Science, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India; Genetic Resources and Agro-Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.

Hemen Sarma

Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Titabar, Assam, India.

M. Shahid

Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari, Pakistan.

Shreya Shakhreliya

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Mehak Shaz

Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Vijai Singh

Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Sudhakar Srivastava

Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Virtudes Sánchez

Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real (Spain).

Metin Turan

Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Vito F. Uricchio

Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council, Bari, Italy.

Ertan Yıldırım

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

Tijana Zeremski

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia.

About the Editor

Dr. Pandey featured in the world's top 2% scientists by Stanford University, United States. He is a leading researcher in the field of environmental engineering, especially phytomanagement of polluted sites. His research focuses mainly on the remediation and management of degraded lands, including heavy metal-polluted lands and postindustrial lands such as fly ash, red mud, mine spoil, and others for regaining ecosystem services and supporting a bio-based economy with phytoproducts through the affordable green technology (phytoremediation). His research interest also lies in exploring industrial crop-based phytoremediation to attain bioeconomy security and restoration, adaptive phytoremediation practices, phytoremediation based biofortification, carbon sequestration in waste dumpsites, fostering bioremediation for utilizing polluted lands, and attaining UN-Sustainable Development Goals. Recently, Dr. Pandey worked as a CSIR-Pool Scientist (Senior Research Associate) in the Department of Environmental Science at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. Dr. Pandey also worked as Consultant at Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, DST-Young Scientist in Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and DS Kothari Postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Environmental Science at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He is a recipient of a number of awards/honours/fellowships, and a member of National Academy of Sciences India. Dr. Pandey serves as a subject expert and the panel member for the evaluation of research and professional activities in India and abroad for fostering environmental sustainability. He has published over 100 scientific articles/book chapters in peer reviewed journals/books. Dr. Pandey is also the author and editor of seven books published by Elsevier with several more forthcoming. He is Associate Editor of Land Degradation and Development (Wiley), Editor of Restoration Ecology (Wiley), Associate Editor of Environment, Development and Sustainability (Springer), Associate Editor of Ecological Processes (Springer Nature), Advisory Board Member of Ambio (Springer), Editorial Board Member of Environmental Management (Springer), Editorial Board Member of Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Springer). He also works/worked as Guest Editor for Energy, Ecology and Environment (Springer); Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Springer); Sustainability (MDPI). Email address: vimalcpandey@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/00000003-2250-6726, Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=B-5sDCoAAAAJ&hl

Foreword

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges worldwide. It is caused by uncontrolled release of wide-ranging pollutants on the earth. As a result, their impact on human health has been well recognized via contaminated air and water or food chain. Therefore, a holistic approach is an urgent need globally to remove the pollutants in affordable way. In this direction, the plant-based remediation is appropriate to reduce contaminants. The present book, Assisted Phytoremediation, is aimed to offer such promising and potential tools to enhance plant performance. It can be assisted by altering the environmental conditions and stimulate the microbial or plants grown for degradation or reduction of pollutants. The phytoremediation efficiency can be enhanced either by amendments or microorganisms; chelate, additional nutrients, genetic engineering, and maintenance of pH are required. The present book focuses on a wide range of strategies such as fungi-assisted, biochar-assisted, chelate-assisted, nanoparticles-assisted, transgenic plant-mediated, CRISPR-assisted, compost-assisted, PGPR-assisted, phosphate-assisted, electrokinetic-assisted, and biosurfactant-assisted approaches that have been applied to enhance plant performance for degradation and uptake of pollutants.

The main idea behind the compilation of this book is to draw together chapters from eminent professors and scientists worldwide and benefit by their established expertise in phytoremediation. Currently, there is no such kind of book that is available in the market that can cover a broad spectrum of assisted phytoremediation. This book provides an up-to-date applied knowledge of assisted phytoremediation that will be useful for utilizing polluted lands for phytoproducts production such as fibers, timber, biofuels, biomass, dye, essential oils, etc. I appreciate the efforts of Editor Dr. Vimal Chandra Pandey, in bringing out this valuable edition through the leading global publisher, Elsevier Publishing, with 15 chapters covering various aspects of the assisted phytoremediation. I hope the book will be a notable asset for researchers, PhD students and plant scientists, stakeholders, policy makers, practitioners, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders alike.

Prof. (Mrs.) Manju Sharma

Distinguished Woman Scientist Chair

Past President, NASI Former Secretary to Govt. of India September 7, 2021

Preface

Assisted Phytoremediation is a new book that provides potential tools to enhance plant performance in phytoremediation. This book briefed different aspects of assisted phytoremediation by altering the environmental conditions and stimulated the microbial or plants grown for degrading or decreasing the pollutants. To increase the phytoremediation efficiency, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pollutant accumulation and degradation in plant is very indispensable for addressing the most critical and complex pollution challenges. Therefore, this book presents all aspects of soil remediation offering a great prospect in development of enhanced phytoremediation using different strategies namely, fungi-assisted, biochar-assisted, chelate-assisted, nanoparticles-assisted, transgenic plantmediated, CRISPR-assisted, compost-assisted, PGPR-assisted, phosphate-assisted, electrokineticassisted and biosurfactant-assisted approaches that is useful to make a pollution-free earth. The book was aimed to provide an up-to-date knowledge on phytoremediation that can be used to increase plant performance and their adaptation against harsh conditions. This valuable book will support students, researchers, environmentalists, ecological engineers, practitioners, regulatory agencies, policy makers, and stakeholders.

The first chapter provides general and brief information about important aspects of assisted phytoremediation to help readers better understand the potential tools to enhance plant performance and their better use in future for utilizing polluted sites for phytoproducts production, that is, fibers, essential oils, timber, dye, fuel-wood, biomass, and biofuels. The second chapter focuses on the plant-assisted bioremediation strategy, relying on the synergistic actions between plant root system and natural microbes (bacteria and fungi), can be effective for stabilizing, storing and degrading soil pollutants. Third chapter covers a description of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity as well as their potential role in phytomanagement of persistent organic pollutants and trace elements-polluted soils and the impact of mycorrhizal inoculation on soil refunctionalization. The fourth chapter describes biochar-assisted phytoremediation for metal(loid) polluted soils, besides the biochar also help to reduce soil acidity, increase organic matter and nutrient content, thereby improving plant growth. The fifth chapter covers chelate-assistant phytoremediation and their limitations and drawbacks. The detailed review about nanoparticles-assisted phytoremediation and their advances and applications are presented in the sixth chapter, whereas the transgenic plantmediated phytoremediation for heavy metals, metalloids and xenobiotics and their applications, challenges, and prospects are described in the seventh chapter. The eighth chapter discusses recent developments in CRISPR-Cas9 based microorganisms and plant genome editing for bioremediation of pollutants in order to clean our environment for healthy human and animal life on the earth. Some potential approaches for assisted phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated sites are focused in the 9th chapter. The 10th chapter summarizes compost-assisted phytoremediation as well as their impact on metal(loids) mobility in soil/plant systems, soil microbial activity and plants. The role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biological control agents in the biosorption of soil contaminants is focused in the 11th chapter, whereas the 12th chapter describes the joint action of plant/bacteria and fungi in removal of metal(loid)s, radionuclides, and chlorinated compounds. The 13th chapter delivers a complete review of phosphate-assisted phytoremediation of potentially

toxic metal(loid)s in soil. The multiple aspects about the applicability of electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation, such as the electrochemical processes and the physicochemical changes occurring in the soil, along with the effects of electric current on plant biomass and some practical issues of the technique are extensively discussed in the 14th chapter. The 15th chapter focuses on different aspects of biosurfactants-assisted phytoremediation and their role in the management of heavy metals and petroleum-contaminated soils.

Acknowledgments

I sincerely wish to thank Maris LaFleur (Acquisitions Editor), Michelle Fisher (Editorial Project Manager), and Bhaskaran Srinivasan (Copyrights Coordinator) and Kumar Anbazhagan (Production Project Manager) from Elsevier for their excellent support, guidance, and coordination of this fascinating project. I would like to thank all the authors for their excellent chapter contributions. I would like to thank all the reviewers for their time and expertise to review the chapters of this book. Special thanks go to Prof. (Mrs.) Manju Sharma, Distinguished Woman Scientist Chair, Past President, NASI, and Former Secretary to Govt. of India for providing the “Foreword” of this book. Finally, I want to thank my beloved wife and sons for their unending support, interest, and encouragement, and apologize for the many missed dinners!

Understanding assisted phytoremediation: Potential tools to enhance plant performance

Malika, Sunila Hoodab, Sahrish Majeedb, Vimal Chandra Pandeyc

aRaghunath Girls’ Post Graduate College, C.C.S. University, Meerut, India

bRam Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, India

cDepartment of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India

1.1 Introduction

Land and soil degradation is one of the global problems that humanity is facing today. The severity of soil degradation has affected ecosystem functions and services. Globally, more than three billion people are suffering by land degradation, especially small farmers and poor people. Scientists have warned that land degradation is happening at an alarming pace and if the trend continues ~90% of world land could become degraded by 2050. Worldwide, governments are investing billions of dollars to restore/reclaim polluted and degraded lands. Sustainable land management has become a focal area of policy makers and efforts are being made to adopt eco-friendly methods for consistent restoration of polluted lands at global scale.

Phytoremediation, the utilization of plants to eradicate, degrade, or stabilize organic and inorganic pollutants from the environment, is a promising, profitable, and eco-friendly bioremediation method (Pandey and Singh, 2020). The basic idea that vegetation (trees, shrubs, grasses, and aquatic plants) can be used for soil, air, and water remediation is primitive; however, several novel scientific studies along with an interdisciplinary research approach has led to the expansion of this knowledge into a global method for restoration of ecological environment (Gajić et al., 2019; Pandey and Bauddh, 2018; Pandey and Souza-Alonso, 2019; Gajić et al., 2020a; Grbović et al., 2019; Grbović et al., 2020; Pathak et al., 2020; Pandey, 2020). Apart from contaminant removal, there are added benefits of opting phytoremediation, such as soil quality enhancement, soil carbon sequestration, biomass production, and aesthetically pleasing (Pandey and Souza-Alonso, 2019). Numerous pollutants, including heavy metals, organic compounds, pesticides, and xenobiotic can be effectively remediated by plants.

Plant-assisted bioremediation, a kind of phytoremediation, includes the collaborative action of plant roots and the microbes residing in the rhizosphere to remediate soils containing high concentrations of pollutants. Some “hyperaccumulator” plants have the capacity to accumulate huge amounts of metals in their shoots, many of these metals do not appear to be necessary for plant functioning. A large number of plant taxa belong to this category of metal hyperaccumulators; Alyssum and Thlaspi species both

Assisted Phytoremediation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822893-7.00015-X

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.