SECTIONIIAssessmenttoolsforsustainabilitymethodologicalissues
CHAPTER6LifeCycleSustainabilityAssessment-based tools...................................................................93
BeatrizRivela,BrandonKuczenski,and DoloresSucozhanay
1 WhatLifeCycleThinkingmeans:Asystemapproach tosustainability............................................................................93
1.1Theneedtocultivatealifecycleperspective.....................93
1.2Lifecyclemethodologiesforsustainabilityassessment: Understandingtoolsandcriteria..........................................94
2 EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment........................................96
2.1Processesandflows..............................................................97
2.2Atechno-economicnetwork................................................98
2.3Thenature–industryboundary..............................................99
2.4LifeCycleImpactAssessment.............................................99
2.5LCAinpractice:Insightsandapproaches.........................100
2.6Uncertaintyandvariability.................................................101
2.7Optionalsteps:Normalisationandweighting....................102
2.8Softwareanddatabases......................................................103 3 LifeCycleCosting.....................................................................105 4 SocialLifeCycleAssessment...................................................107
4.1TheS-LCAmethodology...................................................107
4.2S-LCAdatabases................................................................109
4.3Challengesanddevelopments............................................110
TowardsLifeCycleSustainabilityAssessment: Theintegrationchallenge...........................................................111
7.1Energyfootprint..................................................................129
7.2Landfootprint.....................................................................130
7.3Materialfootprint................................................................130
7.4Chemicalandozonefootprint............................................130
7.5Biodiversityfootprint.........................................................131
7.6Wasteabsorptionfootprint.................................................131
7.7Plasticfootprint...................................................................132
8 Conclusions................................................................................132 References..................................................................................133
CHAPTER8Thecombineduseoflifecycleassessment anddataenvelopmentanalysistoanalysethe environmentalefficiencyofmulti-unitsystems....137 JaraLaso,JorgeCristo ´ bal,Marı´aMargallo, RubenAldaco,andIanVa ´ zquez-Rowe
1 Theimportanceofeco-efficiencyinsustainable development...............................................................................137
2 TheLCA+DEAmethod............................................................138
2.1DEAmatrixconstruction....................................................141
2.2Modelorientation...............................................................141
2.3Returnstoscale..................................................................142
2.4DEAmodel.........................................................................142
2.5LCA+DEAapproaches......................................................145
3 AbriefhistoryofthejointuseofLCA+DEA.........................146
4 RecentmethodologicaladvancesinLCA+DEA......................147
4.1Dealingwithundesirableoutputs.......................................147
4.2Handlinguncertainty..........................................................149
4.3Rankingefficientunits:Super-efficiencyanalysis............150
5 AdvantagesandlimitationsofapplyingtheLCA+DEA method:Futureoutlook..............................................................151
Acknowledgments.....................................................................153 References..................................................................................153
CHAPTER9TerritorialLifeCycleAssessment........................161 EleonoreLoiseau,ThibaultSalou,andPhilippeRoux
1 Introduction................................................................................161
2 MainprinciplesofterritorialLCA............................................163
2.1Goalandscopedefinition...................................................163
2.2Lifecycleinventory............................................................166
2.3Lifecycleimpactassessment.............................................166
2.4Interpretation.......................................................................167
3 Overviewofapplications...........................................................168
3.1TypeA:Bibliometricanalysis...........................................168
3.2TypeB:Comparativestudyofthepeer-reviewed papers..................................................................................170
4 Combinationswithothertools...................................................180
4.1Territorialmetabolismstudies............................................180
4.2GIStools.............................................................................181
4.3Economicmodelling...........................................................182
5 Conclusionsandperspectives....................................................183 Acknowledgments.....................................................................184 References..................................................................................184
CHAPTER10Environmentalimpactandriskassessment.........189
BrindusaSluser,OanaPlavan,andCarmenTeodosiu
1 EIAconcepts,goals,andtargetaudience..................................189
2 Environmentalimpactassessmentmethodology.......................190
2.1EIAstages...........................................................................190
2.2EIAtools.............................................................................193
3 Riskassessmentmethodology...................................................204
4 Integratedapproachofenvironmentalimpactandrisk assessments.................................................................................207
4.1EIRAassumptionsandmethodology.................................208
4.2EIRAindex.........................................................................209
5 Environmentalimpactassessmentandlifecycle assessment..................................................................................210
6 Conclusions................................................................................211 Acknowledgments.....................................................................212 References..................................................................................212
CHAPTER11Multi-criteriadecision-making...........................219
ClaudiaLabianca,SabinoDeGisi,and MicheleNotarnicola
1 Introduction................................................................................219
2 Multi-criteriadecision-makingmethodsandframework..........222
3 Toolsandsoftware.....................................................................229
4 Datarequirements......................................................................234
5 Scaleofanalysesandtargetaudience.......................................234
6 Discussion...................................................................................235
7 Conclusionandfutureresearch.................................................237 References..................................................................................237
4.2LCAplanning:Objectives,systemlimits,
5.2LCAplanning:Objectives,systemlimits,functional
RattanawanTamMungkungandShabbirH.Gheewala
CHAPTER19Footprintassessmentofsolidwastemanagement systems.............................................................383
DanielaGavrilescu
1 Aims...........................................................................................383
2 Stateoftheart............................................................................383
3 Novelty.......................................................................................385
4 Casestudydescription...............................................................386
4.1Carbonfootprintofregional/nationalmunicipal solidwastemanagementsystems.......................................386
4.2Carbonfootprintofnationalwasteelectrical andelectronicmanagementsystems..................................388
4.3Carbonfootprintofnationalpackagingwaste managementsystem............................................................390
4.4Carbonfootprintofbiowastemanagementsystem...........393
5 Conclusions................................................................................397 Acknowledgements....................................................................403 References..................................................................................403
CHAPTER20Howcanwevalidatetheenvironmentalprofileof bioplastics?Towardstheintroductionof polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)inthe valuechains......................................................405
AlbaRoiba ´ s-Rozas,MateoSaavedradelOso, GiuliaZarroli,MiguelMauricio-Iglesias, AnuskaMosquera-Corral,SilviaFiore,and AlmudenaHospido
1 Plasticsandbioplastics..............................................................405
2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates:Feasibleproductionandchallenges alongthevaluechain.................................................................407
2.1OngoingeffortsonfeasiblePHAproduction....................407
2.2BeyondPHAproduction:Recoveryandpurification........408
2.3Closingtheloop:PHAcompoundingandshaping, useandendoflife..............................................................409
3 Reviewstrategy:CurrentliteratureregardingLCAofPHA....412
4 CriticalreviewofthecurrentLCAstudiesfor PHAproduction..........................................................................413
4.1Reviewoutputsregardingmethodologicalissues..............413
4.2Classificationofthestudiesregardingprocesstype..........417
4.3Mainoutputs.......................................................................419
4.4Lessonslearned...................................................................420
Contributors
FeniAgostinho
ProgramadePo ´ s-graduac ¸ a ˜ oemEngenhariadeProduc ¸ a ˜ o,Laborato ´ riode
Produc ¸aoeMeioAmbiente,UniversidadePaulista(UNIP),SaoPaulo,Brazil
RubenAldaco
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,UniversityofCantabria, Santander,Spain
CeciliaM.V.B.Almeida
ProgramadePo ´ s-graduac ¸aoemEngenhariadeProduc ¸ao,Laborato ´ riode
Produc ¸ a ˜ oeMeioAmbiente,UniversidadePaulista(UNIP),Sa ˜ oPaulo,Brazil
JacopoBacenetti
DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicy,Universita ` degliStudidi Milano,Milan,Italy
GeorgeBarjoveanu
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
FlorinBucatariu
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi;“PetruPoni”InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry, Iasi,Romania
DianaM.Byrne
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY,United States
RobertoChirone
DepartmentofChemical,MaterialsandProductionEngineering,Universityof NaplesFedericoII;eLoopS.r.l.,Naples,Italy
RolandClift
CentreforEnvironmentandSustainability(CES),UniversityofSurrey,Guildford, UnitedKingdom;DepartmentofChemicalandBiologicalEngineering,University ofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada
BrettCohen
TheGreenHouse;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universityof CapeTown,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
MauroCordella
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain
Lluı´sCorominas
CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA);UniversitatdeGirona,Girona,Spain
JorgeCristo ´ bal
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,UniversityofCantabria, Santander,Spain
SabinoDeGisi
DepartmentofCivil,Environmental,Land,BuildingEngineeringandChemistry (DICATECh),PolytechnicUniversityofBari,Bari,Italy
AnaBelendeIsla
LKSKrean,KREANGroup,Mondrago ´ n,Spain
TizianoDistefano
DEM(DepartmentofEconomicsandManagement),UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy
AndrewFerdinando
LKSKrean,KREANGroup,Mondrago ´ n,Spain
DanielaFighir
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
SilviaFiore
DepartmentofEnvironment,LandandInfrastructureEngineering(DIATI), PolitecnicodiTorino,Torino,Italy
DanielaGavrilescu
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
ShabbirH.Gheewala
TheJointGraduateSchoolofEnergyandEnvironment(JGSEE),KingMongkut’s UniversityofTechnologyThonburi(KMUTT);CentreofExcellenceonEnergy TechnologyandEnvironment(CEE),PERDO,MinistryofHigherEducation, Science,ResearchandInnovation,Bangkok,Thailand
BiagioF.Giannetti
ProgramadePo ´ s-graduac ¸aoemEngenhariadeProduc ¸ao,Laborato ´ riode
Produc ¸ a ˜ oeMeioAmbiente,UniversidadePaulista(UNIP),Sa ˜ oPaulo,Brazil
SaraGonza ´ lez-Garcı ´ a
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
AlmudenaHospido
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversidadedeSantiagode Compostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
BrandonKuczenski
InstituteforSocial,Behavioral,andEconomicResearchUniversityofCalifornia, SantaBarbara,CA,UnitedStates
ClaudiaLabianca
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,HongKongPolytechnic University,HungHom,Kowloon,HongKong,China;DepartmentofCivil, Environmental,Land,BuildingEngineeringandChemistry(DICATECh), PolytechnicUniversityofBari,Bari,Italy
FrancescoLaio
DepartmentofEnvironment,LandandInfrastructureEngineering(DIATI), PolitecnicodiTorino,Torino,Italy
JaraLaso
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,UniversityofCantabria, Santander,Spain
PaolaLettieri
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,United Kingdom
YvonneLewis
TheGreenHouse,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
EleonoreLoiseau
ITAP,UnivMontpellier,INRAE,InstitutAgro;Elsa,ResearchGroupfor EnvironmentalLifecycleandSustainabilityAssessment,Montpellier,France
SimonMair
CES,UniversityofSurrey,Guildford;CircularEconomyandDataAnalytics,School ofManagement,UniversityofBradford,Bradford,UnitedKingdom
Marı´aMargallo
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,UniversityofCantabria, Santander,Spain
CarolinMarker
InstituteofEnergyandClimateResearch-SystemsAnalysisandTechnology Evaluation(IEK-STE),ForschungszentrumJ € ulich,J € ulich;UniversityofBonn, Bonn,Germany
GeorgeMartin
DepartmentofSociology,MontclairStateUniversity,Montclair,NJ,UnitedStates; CES,UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UnitedKingdom
JoseMiguelMartı ´ nez
LKSKrean,KREANGroup,Mondrago ´ n,Spain
AntonioMarzocchella
DepartmentofChemical,MaterialsandProductionEngineering,Universityof NaplesFedericoII,Napoli,Italy
MiguelMauricio-Iglesias
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
MarcelaMihai
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi;“PetruPoni”InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry, Iasi,Romania
IrinaMorosanu
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
AnuskaMosquera-Corral
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
RattanawanTamMungkung
CentreofExcellenceonenVironmentalstrategyforGREENbusiness(VGREEN); DepartmentofEnvironmentalTechnologyandManagement,Facultyof Environment,KasetsartUniversity,Bangkok,Thailand
MicheleNotarnicola
DepartmentofCivil,Environmental,Land,BuildingEngineeringandChemistry (DICATECh),PolytechnicUniversityofBari,Bari,Italy
AndreaPaulillo
eLoopS.r.l.,Napoli,Italy;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,University CollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
OanaPlavan
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
OlatzPombo
LKSKrean,KREANGroup,Mondrago ´ n,Spain
BeatrizRivela
InviableLifeCycleThinking,Madrid,Spain
AlbaRoiba ´ s-Rozas
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
PhilippeRoux
ITAP,UnivMontpellier,INRAE,InstitutAgro;Elsa,ResearchGroupfor EnvironmentalLifecycleandSustainabilityAssessment,Montpellier,France
MateoSaavedradelOso
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
SerenellaSala
EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,Ispra,VA,Italy
PieroSalatino
DepartmentofChemical,MaterialsandProductionEngineering,Universityof NaplesFedericoII,Napoli,Italy
ThibaultSalou
ITAP,UnivMontpellier,INRAE,InstitutAgro;Elsa,ResearchGroupfor EnvironmentalLifecycleandSustainabilityAssessment,Montpellier,France
BrindusaSluser
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
DoloresSucozhan ˜ ay
DepartmentofSpaceandPopulation,UniversityofCuenca,Cuenca,Ecuador
CarmenTeodosiu
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineeringandManagement,“GheorgheAsachi” TechnicalUniversityofIasi,Iasi,Romania
MartaTuninetti
DepartmentofEnvironment,LandandInfrastructureEngineering(DIATI), PolitecnicodiTorino,Torino,Italy
Ana-MariaVasiliu
“PetruPoni”InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry,Iasi,Romania
IanVa ´ zquez-Rowe
PeruvianLCAandIndustrialEcologyNetwork(PELCAN),Departmentof Engineering,PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadelPeru ´ ,SanMiguel,Lima,Peru
SandraVenghaus
InstituteofEnergyandClimateResearch-SystemsAnalysisandTechnology Evaluation(IEK-STE),ForschungszentrumJulich,Julich;RWTHAachen University,SchoolofBusinessandEconomics,Aachen,Germany
GiuliaZarroli
CRETUS,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Universidadede SantiagodeCompostela,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain;Departmentof Environment,LandandInfrastructureEngineering(DIATI),PolitecnicodiTorino, Torino,Italy
