Antioxidants Effects in Health
The Bright and the Dark Side
Edited by Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Ana Sanches Silva
National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV, I.P.) and Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), Porto, Portugal
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ISBN: 978-0-12-819096-8
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Table of Contents
Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Part 1 Introduction
Chapter 1.1 Evolution of antioxidants over times (including current global market and trend)
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Antioxidants in early human use
1.1.3 Types of antioxidants and their mode of action
1.1.4 Current research focus and trends
1.1.5 Current global market
1.1.6 Economic burden and cost benefit of antioxidants
1.1.7 Adverse effect of antioxidants
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 1.2 The oxidative stress: Causes, free radicals, targets, mechanisms, affected organs, effects, indicators
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Oxidative stress
1.2.3 Targets of free radicals
1.2.4 Free radicals and their damaging effect on organs
1.2.5 Biomarkers
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 1.3 Food auto-oxidation: An overview
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Mechanism of auto-oxidation
1.3.3 Methods for the determination of food auto-oxidation
1.3.4 Factors influencing auto-oxidation
1.3.5 Toxic effects of food auto-oxidation
1.3.6 Prevention of food auto-oxidation
1.3.7 Antioxidants used in the food industry
1.3.8 Effect of antioxidants on human health
1.3.9 Regulatory guidelines/aspects
1.3.10 Current challenges
Conclusion Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Part 2 Endogenous antioxidants
Chapter 2.1 Bilirubin
2.1.1 Origin and structure
2.1.2 Bilirubin synthesis
2.1.3 Bilirubin metabolism and excretion
2.1.4 Bilirubin as an antioxidant
2.1.5 Bilirubin and its potential detrimental effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.2 Catalase
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Endogenous and exogenous sources
2.2.3 Catalase: Importance, benefits, and activity
2.2.4 Impact of physiological, behavioral and environmental factors on catalase activity
2.2.5 Role of catalase as a biomarker for oxidative stress
2.2.6 Mechanism of action of catalase
2.2.7 In vitro and in vivo studies
2.2.8 Clinical Study
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.3 Coenzyme Q: An endogenous antioxidant
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Mechanism of action of coenzyme Q10
2.3.3 Coenzyme Q10 as pro-oxidant
2.3.4 Beneficial effects
2.3.5 In-vitro and in-vivo studies
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2.4 Ferritin
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Serum ferritin level as a diagnostic biomarker
2.4.3 Role of ferritin in Fe homeostasis
2.4.4 Ferritin and oxidative stress
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.5 Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Mechanism of action
2.5.3 Beneficial effects of glucose-6-phosphate on health
2.5.4 Detrimental effects of glucose-6-phosphate on health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2.6 Melatonin
2.6.1 Endogenous sources
2.6.2 Mechanisms of action
2.6.3 Beneficial effects of melatonin on health
2.6.4 Effects of melatonin on diseases
Conclusion/future prospects
References
Chapter 2.7 Superoxide dismutase
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 Classifications of different types of superoxide dismutase
2.7.3 Mechanism of action
2.7.4 Beneficial roles of superoxide dismutases
2.7.5 Superoxide dismutases and diseases
2.7.6 Superoxide dismutase as a therapeutic target against various diseases
2.7.7 Adverse effects of superoxide dismutase
2 7 8 Optimum dose, route of administration, and limitations of therapeutic use of superoxide dismutase
Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 2.8 Uric acid
2 8 1 Introduction
2.8.2 Antioxidant effect of uric acid
2.8.3 Pro-oxidant activity of uric acid
2 8 4 Beneficial effects of uric acid
2.8.5 Increasing the bioavailability of uric acid
2.8.6 Detrimental effects of uric acid
Conclusion
References
Part 3 Synthetic antioxidants: bright and the dark side
Chapter 3.1 Ascorbyl palmitate
3.1.1 Chemistry
3.1.2 Synthesis
3.1.3 Legal status
3.1.4 Mechanism of action
3.1.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.2 Butylated hydroxyanisole
3.2.1 Chemistry
3.2.2 Synthesis
3.2.3 Legal status
3.2.4 Mechanisms of action
3.2.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.3 Butylated hydroxytoluene
3.3.1 Chemistry
3.3.2 Synthesis
3.3.3 Legal status
3.3.4 Mechanisms of action
3.3.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.4 Erythorbic acid (D-ascorbic acid)
3.4.1 Chemistry
3.4.2 Synthesis
3.4.3 Legal status
3.4.4 Mechanisms of action
3.4.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.5 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
3.5.1 Chemistry
3.5.2 Synthesis
3.5.3 Legal status
3.5.4 Mechanisms of action
3.5.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.6 Octyl gallate
3.6.1 Chemistry
3.6.2 Synthesis
3.6.3 Legal status
3.6.4 Mechanisms of action
3.6.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.7 Propyl gallate
3.7.1 Chemistry
3.7.2 Synthesis
3.7.3 Legal status
3.7.4 Mechanisms of action
3.7.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Chapter 3.8 Tert-butylhydroquinone
3.8.1 Chemistry
3.8.2 Synthesis
3.8.3 Legal status
3.8.4 Mechanisms of action
3.8.5 Effects on health
Conclusions
Authors’ contribution
References
Part 4 Natural occurring antioxidants: bright and the dark side
Chapter 4.1 Amino acid: Essential builiding blocks for Human body
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Sources
4.1.3 Chemistry
4.1.4 Bioavailability
4.1.5 Mechanisms of action
4.1.6 Pro-oxidant activity
4.1.7 Beneficial and detrimental effects on health
4.1.8 In-vitro evidence of amino acids
4.1.9 Clinical studies
4.1.10 Effect of antioxidants on the gastrointestinal tract
Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 4.10
Lignans
4.10.1 Background
4.10.2 Sources of lignans
4.10.3 Chemistry
4.10.4 Bioavailability
4.10.5 Antioxidant activity of (neo)lignans and mechanism of action
4.10.6 Plausible pro-oxidant activity of lignans
4.10.7 Beneficial effects of lignans on health
4.10.8 In-vitro evidences of antioxidant activity of (neo)lignans
4.10.9 Animal and clinical studies
4.10.10 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4.11 Organosulfur compounds (allyl sulfide, indoles)
4.11.1 Introduction
4.11.2 Sources, chemical structure, and bioavailability of organosulfur compounds
4.11.3 Mechanisms of action
4.11.4 Beneficial and detrimental effects on health
4.11.5 Detrimental effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.12 Phenolic acids
4.12.1 Introduction
4.12.2 Antioxidant activity of phenolic acids
4.12.3 Pro-oxidant activity of phenolic acids
4.12.4 Bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic acids
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4.13 Phytic acid: As a natural antioxidant
4.13.1 Introduction
4.13.2 Sources of phytic acid
4.13.3 Mechanism of action of phytic acid as an antioxidant
4.13.4 Possible pro-oxidant activity
4.13.5 Role of phytic acid as antioxidant in health and disease
4.13.6 In-vivo studies
4.13.7 In-vitro studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.14 Protein hydrolysates
4.14.1 Introduction
4.14.2 Sources, chemistry, and bioavailability
4.14.3 Mechanism of protein hydrolysates as antioxidants
4.14.4 Degree of hydrolysis on protein hydrolysates activity
4.14.5 Therapeutic action of protein hydrolysates
4.14.6 In vitro test for the appraisal of antioxidant potential of protein hydrolysates
4 14 7 An appraisal of protein hydrolysates activity in vivo
4.14.8 An appraisal of protein hydrolysates activity in human trial
4.14.9 Safety, regulation, and application
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.15 Selenium
4.15.1 Introduction
4.15.2 Selenium and its role as an antioxidant
4.15.3 Evidence of beneficial effects of selenium from in-vitro and preclinical studies
4.15.4 Evidence of beneficial effect of selenium from clinical studies
4.15.5 Dark side of selenium: Adverse and toxic effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.16 Sterols: benificial or detrimental for human helath
4.16.1 Sterols and their role as antioxidants
4.16.2 Bright side of sterols
4.16.3 Dark side of sterols: Adverse effects and toxicity
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.17 Tartaric acid
4.17.1 Introduction
4.17.2 Classification of natural antioxidants
4.17.3 Source of tartaric acid
4.17.4 Pharmacological activity of tartaric acid
4.17.5 Toxicity studies of tartaric acid
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.18 Turmeric
4.18.1 Introduction
4.18.2 Etymology
4.18.3 Systematics
4.18.4 Distribution
4.18.5 Botanical description
4.18.6 Turmeric preparations
4.18.7 Uses as dye
4.18.8 Ethnobotany
4.18.9 Turmeric metabolites
4.18.10 Nutraceutical and medicinal uses
4.18.11 Uses as antioxidant
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4.19 Uric acid
4.19.1 Introduction
4.19.2 Uric acid as an antioxidant
4.19.3 Risk factors associated with the high concentration of uric acid
4.19.4 Experimental studies conducted to elucidate the risk of uric acid
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.2 Carnosine
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Possible pro-oxidant activity
4.2.3 Beneficial effects of carnosine on health
4.2.4 Application of carnosine
4.2.5 Studies demonstrating antioxidative properties of carnosine
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.20 Vanillin
4.20.1 Introduction
4.20.2 In-vitro antioxidant activity of vanillin
4.20.3 In-vivo antioxidant activity of vanillin
4.20.4 Prooxidant activity of vanillin
4.20.5 Vanillin formulations and their antioxidant activities
4.20.6 Evaluation of vanillin in terms of human health
4.20.7 Acute and repeated dose toxicity
4.20.8 Bioavailability
4.20.9 Clinical trials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.21 Vitamin A
4.21.1 Introduction
4.21.2 Vitamin A: Its functions and chemistry
4.21.3 Antioxidant effect of vitamin A
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.22 Vitamin C
4.22.1 Introduction
4.22.2 History
4.22.3 Sources and daily allowance of vitamin C
4.22.4 Chemical structure and biochemistry of vitamin C
4.22.5 Biosynthesis of vitamin C in the plants and animals
4.22.6 Beneficial effects of vitamin C on health
4.22.7 Anticancer activity of ascorbic acid
4.22.8 Antioxidant activity of vitamin C
4.22.9 Detrimental effects of ascorbic acid on health
4.22.10 Pro-oxidant activity of ascorbic acid
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.23 Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) (naturaloccurring antioxidant; bright and dark side)
4.23.1 Introduction
4.23.2 Sources
4.23.3 Chemistry
4.23.4 Absorption and metabolism
4.23.5 Bioavailability
4.23.6 Mechanism of action
4.23.7 Possible pro-oxidant activity
4.23.8 Beneficial effects of vitamin E on health
4.23.9 Side effects/unwanted of vitamin E
4.23.10 In-vitro and in-vivo studies on vitamin E
4.23.11 Clinical trial studies
Conclusions
References
Chapter 4.24 Vitamin K
4.24.1 Introduction
4.24.2 General informations about vitamin K
4.24.3 Cellular metabolism of vitamin K
4.24.4 Vitamin K dependent proteins and their functions
4.24.5 Reported in vivo, in vitro, and clinical effect of vitamin K in the mammalian system
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.25 Zinc
4.25.1 Sources
4.25.2 Chemistry
4.25.3 Bioavailability of zinc
4.25.4 Zinc as an antioxidant
4.25.5 Beneficial and detrimental effects on health
4.25.6 Zinc supplementation in humans
4.25.7 In-vitro studies in human cells
4.25.8 Animal studies and clinical studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4.3 Carnosol
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Source and chemistry
4.3.3 Bioavailability and toxicity
4.3.4 Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities
4.3.5 Pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms
