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AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheir CompositesforEmerging Applications Forthcomingtitles
● PalladiumOxidesMaterialProperties,SynthesisandProcessingMethods,andApplications,AlexanderM. Samoylov,VasilyN.Popov,9780128192238
● MetalOxidesforNon-volatileMemory,PanagiotisDimitrakis,IliaValov,StefanTappertzhofen, 9780128146293
● MetalOxideNanostructuredPhosphors,H.Nagabhushana,DarukaPrasad,S.C.Sharma,9780128118528
● NanostructuredZincOxide,KamlendraAwasthi,9780128189009
● MultifunctionalPiezoelectricOxideNanostructures,Sang-JaeKim,NagamalleswaraRaoAlluri,Yuvasree Purusothaman,9780128193327
● TransparentConductiveOxides,MirelaPetrutaSuchea,PetronelaPascariu,EmmanouelKoudoumas, 9780128206317
● Metaloxide-basednanofibersandtheirapplications,VincenzoEsposito,DeboraMarani,9780128206294
● Metal-oxidesforBiomedicalandBiosensorApplications,KunalMondal,9780128230336
● MetalOxide-CarbonHybridMaterials,MuhammadAkram,RafaqatHussain,FaheemKButt, 9780128226940
● MetalOxide-basedheterostructures,NaveenKumar,BernabeMariSoucase,9780323852418
● MetalOxidesAndRelatedSolidsForElectrocatalyticWaterSplitting,JunleiQi,9780323857352
● AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheirCompositesforEmergingApplications,SagarD.Delekar,9780323857055
● Metallicglassesandtheiroxidation,XinyunWang,MaoZhang,9780323909976
● Solutionmethodsformetaloxidenanostructures,RajaramS.Mane,VijaykumarJadhav,AbdullahM.AlEnizi,9780128243534
● Metaloxidedefects,VijayKumar,SudiptaSom,VishalSharma,HendrikSwart,9780323855884
● RenewablePolymersandpolymer-metaloxidecomposites,SajjadHaider,AdnanHaider,9780323851558
● Metaloxidesforoptoelectronicsandoptics-basedmedicalapplications,SureshSagadevan,JibanPodder, FaruqMohammad,9780323858243
● Grapheneoxide-metaloxideandothergrapheneoxide-basedcompositesinphotocatalysisand electrocatalysis,JiaguoYu,LiuyangZhang,PanyongKuang,9780128245262
Publishedtitles
● Metaloxidesinnanocomposite-basedelectrochemicalsensorsfortoxicchemicals,AlagarsamyPandikumar, PerumalRameshkumar,9780128207277
● Metaloxide-basednanostructuredelectrocatalystsforfuelcells,electrolyzers,andmetal-airbatteries,Teko Napporn,YaoviHolade,9780128184967
● TitaniumDioxide(TiO2)andItsApplications,LeonardoPalmisano,FrancescoParrino,9780128199602
● SolutionProcessedMetalOxideThinFilmsforElectronicApplications,ZhengCui,9780128149300
● Metaloxidepowdertechnologies,YarubAl-Douri,9780128175057
● Colloidalmetaloxidenanoparticles,SabuThomas,AnuTresaSunny,PrajithaV,9780128133576
● CeriumOxide,SalvatoreScire,LeonardoPalmisano,9780128156612
● TinOxideMaterials,MarceloOrnaghiOrlandi,9780128159248
● Metaloxideglassnanocomposites,SanjibBhattacharya,9780128174586
● Gassensorsbasedonconductingmetaloxides,NicolaeBarsan,KlausSchierbaum,9780128112243
● Metaloxidesinenergytechnologies,YupingWu,9780128111673
● Metaloxidenanostructures,DanielaNunes,LidiaSantos,AnaPimentel,PedroBarquinha,LuisPereira, ElviraFortunato,RodrigoMartins,9780128115121
● GalliumOxide,StephenPearton,FanRen,MichaelMastro,9780128145210
● Metaloxide-basedphotocatalysis,AdrianaZaleska-Medynska,9780128116340
● Metaloxidesinheterogeneouscatalysis,JacquesC.Vedrine,9780128116319
● Magnetic,ferroelectric,andmultiferroicmetaloxides,BiljanaStojanovic,9780128111802
● IronOxideNanoparticlesforBiomedicalApplications,SophieLaurent,MortezaMahmoudi,9780081019252
● Thefutureofsemiconductoroxidesinnext-generationsolarcells,MonicaLira-Cantu,9780128111659
● Metaloxide-basedthinfilmstructures,NiniPryds,VincenzoEsposito,9780128111666
● MetalOxidesinSupercapacitors,DeepakDubal,PedroGomez-Romero,9780128111697
● Transitionmetaloxidethinfilm-basedchromogenicsanddevices,PandurangAshrit,9780081018996
AdvancesinMetalOxides andTheirCompositesfor EmergingApplications Editedby SagarD.Delekar
NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,Department ofChemistry,ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur, Maharashtra,India
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GhenadiiKorotcenkov
MoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau,Moldova
Elsevier
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PartIIntroductiontometaloxide-basedcomposites1
1Metaloxideengineering3
PramodA.Koyale,DillipK.PandaandSagarD.Delekar
1.1Humandevelopmentandmetaloxidesnexus3
1.2Metaloxideengineering:strategiesandsignificances6
1.2.1Bulkversusnanoscale8
1.2.2Undopedversusdoped10
1.2.3Phasediversity12
1.2.4Compositeformation14
1.2.5Morphologyengineering16
1.2.6Porositygenerations19
1.2.7Surfacemodifications22
1.2.8Thin-filmformations23
1.3Applicationofengineeredmetaloxides23
1.3.1Energytechnologies24
1.3.2Biomedicalapplication32
1.3.3Catalyticapplications39
1.4Concludingremarks45
1.5Futuristicoutlooks46 References46
2Metaloxide-basedcomposites:synthesisandcharacterization57 H.M.Yadav,S.K.Shinde,D-Y.Kim,T.P.Chavan,N.D.Thorat, S.RameshandC.D.Bathula
2.1Introduction57
2.1.1Metaloxides58
2.2Syntheticapproaches58
2.2.1Top-downapproaches60
2.2.2Bottom-upapproaches66
2.3Characterizationofmetaloxide-basedcompositenanostructures70
2.3.1X-rayDiffraction70
2.3.2Scanningelectronmicroscopy73
2.3.3Transmissionelectronmicroscopy78
2.3.4UV Visspectroscopy80
2.3.5Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy84
2.3.6Temperature-programmedreduction86
2.3.7X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy87
2.3.8Electrochemicalcharacterization88
2.4Summaryandoutlook90 References91
PartIIMetaloxides-basedcompositesinenergy technologies97
3Metaloxidesasphotoanodesforphotoelectrochemical watersplitting:synergyofoxygenvacancy99 KevalK.Sonigara,JayrajV.VaghasiyaandSaurabhS.Soni
3.1Introduction99
3.2Roleofmetaloxidesinphotoelectrochemicalhydrogen/oxygen evolution101
3.3Oxygenvacancyengineeringinmetaloxidesfor photoelectrochemicalwatersplitting103
3.3.1TiO2 105
3.3.2WO3 108
3.4Scopeofimprovementinthefield122
3.4.1Qualityandcost-effectivematerials122
3.5Conclusion123 References124
4Transitionmetaloxide conductingpolymernanocompositesand metal-organicframework-basedcompositesforsupercapacitor application135
SwapnajitV.Mulik,SushilkumarA.Jadhav, PramodS.PatilandSagarD.Delekar
4.1Introduction135
4.2Energystoragedeviceevolution137
4.2.1Supercapacitorevolution138
4.3Marketscenario139
4.3.1Marketsize139
4.3.2Companieswithsupercapacitorproduction140
4.3.3Globalsupercapacitormarketend-users142
4.4Typesofsupercapacitors143
4.4.1Electricdoublelayercapacitor143
4.4.2Pseudocapacitor145
4.4.3Hybridsupercapacitors146
4.5Electricalpropertiesstudiesofenergystoragedevices149
4.5.1Operatingvoltage150
4.5.2Self-discharge150
4.5.3Polarity152
4.5.4Internalresistance154
4.5.5Dependencyofdevicecapacitanceandresistanceon operatingvoltageandtemperature154
4.5.6Currentloadandcyclestability154
4.5.7Energydensity156
4.5.8Powerdensity158
4.5.9Capacitance159
4.6Metaloxide-conductingpolymercompositesforsupercapacitor159
4.6.1Compositeofpolyanilinewiththerepresentativemetal oxides159
4.6.2Compositeofpolypyyrolewiththerepresentativemetal oxides164
4.6.3Compositeofpoly3,4-ethylenedioxythiopheneand polythiophenewiththerepresentativemetaloxides165
4.7Metaloxide-metal-organicframeworksandmetal-organic frameworksderivedmaterialforsupercapacitor167
4.8Conclusionsandfutureoutlooks171 References177
5Metaloxide-basednanocompositesforsupercapacitiveapplications187
SaritaPatil,NanasahebD.Thorat,JoannaBauerandSyedA.M.Tofail 5.1Introduction187
5.2Chargestoragemechanism189
5.2.1Non-faradicmechanism189
5.2.2Redoxmechanism190
5.2.3Batterytypechargestorage192
5.3Carbon-basedmaterialsasanelectrode193
5.4Metaloxides/metaloxidecompositesasanelectrodein supercapacitors193
5.4.1Rutheniumoxide194
5.4.2Manganesedioxide194
5.4.3Nickeloxide195
5.4.4Cobalttetraoxide196
5.4.5Othermetaloxide/metaloxidecomposites197
5.4.6Performanceofnegativeelectrode197
5.5Mixedtransitionmetaloxides198
5.5.1Nickelcobaltate(NiCo2O4)199
5.5.2Ferrites200
5.6Flexiblesupercapacitors201
5.7Futuristicscope201
5.8Conclusions202 References203
6NanostructuredWO3 x basedadvancedsupercapacitorsfor sustainableenergyapplications213
AkshayV.Salkar,SheshanathV.BhosaleandPranayP.Morajkar
6.1Introduction213
6.2CrystallographiccharacteristicsofWO3 214
6.2.1RoleofionintercalationinWO3 andelectrochemical chargestorage217
6.3DesigningnanostructuredWO3 forsupercapacitorapplication218
6.4RecentdevelopmentsinWO3 compositesforsupercapacitor application224
6.5Conclusions231
6.6Futureprospects232 References232
7Metaloxidenanomaterialsfororganicphotovoltaicapplications239
HarshadA.Mirgane,DineshN.Nadimetla,DipakJ.Garoleand SheshanathV.Bhosale
7.1Introduction239
7.2Organicphotovoltaic:principle,designingandmechanism242
7.2.1Mechanism243
7.2.2Commonlyusedorganicsensitizersinorganic photovoltaics245
7.3Metaloxidenanomaterials245
7.4Propertiesofnanomaterials246
7.5Representativemetaloxidesusedinorganicphotovoltaics249
7.6Metaloxidesbasedorganicphotovoltaicstudies250
7.6.1Photovoltaicdevicesapplicationsofnanomaterials250
7.6.2Titaniumdioxide251
7.6.3Zincoxide252
7.6.4Molybdenumoxide252
7.6.5Tinoxide252
7.6.6Tungstenoxide253
7.6.7Vanadiumpentaoxide253
7.7Concludingsummaryandfutureprospective255 References255
8Nanocrystallinemetaloxide-basedhybridsforthird-generation solarcelltechnologies263 PrakashS.Pawar,PramodA.Koyale,AnantaG.Dhodamaniand SagarD.Delekar
8.1Introduction263
8.2Modificationsofmetaloxides265
8.2.1DopedMxOy 265
8.2.2Metal-supportedMxOy 266
8.2.3Metaloxide metaloxidehybrids(MxOy AmOn)267
8.2.4OtheradditivesorSupportivematerials267
8.3Emergingstrategiesofthird-generationsolarcelltechnologies269
8.3.1Dye-sensitizedsolarcells269
8.3.2Quantumdot-sensitizedsolarcells271
8.3.3Organicsolarcells272
8.3.4Tandemsolarcells273
8.3.5Perovskitesolarcells274
8.4Presentstateofartinemergingphotovoltaicdevices275
8.5Conclusionandfutureoutlooks279 References281
9Roleofmetaloxidesasphotoelectrodesindye-sensitized solarcells287
JayrajV.Vaghasiya,KevalK.SonigaraandSaurabhS.Soni 9.1Introduction287
9.2Theoperationalprincipleofdye-sensitized photo-electrochemicalcells289
9.3Photo-physicsofdye-sensitizedphoto-electrochemicalcells290
9.3.1Energylevelsofcomponents290
9.3.2Chargeseparation291
9.3.3Recombinationrate293
9.3.4Chargetransferrate293
9.4Metaloxidephotoanodeindye-sensitized photo-electrochemicalcells294
9.4.1Influenceofmorphologyinperformance294
9.4.2Influenceofinterfacialengineering309
9.5Metaloxidecathodeindye-sensitizedphoto-electrochemical cells314
9.5.1Roleofmetaloxidecathodeindye-sensitizedphotoelectrochemicalcells314
9.5.2Variabletoevaluatingthecatalyticactivityofmetaloxide cathode316
9.5.3Recentprogressonmetaloxide-basedcathode318 9.6Conclusionandperspectives324 References325
10Nanostructuredinorganicmetaloxide/metal organic framework-basedelectrodesforenergytechnologies339
PramodA.Koyale,DillipK.PandaandSagarD.Delekar 10.1Introduction339
10.2Metaloxidesforsolarenergystudies342
10.3Metal organicframeworksforsolarenergystudies343
10.3.1Metal organicframeworksassensitizers343
10.3.2Guest@metal organicframeworkssystem348
10.4Metaloxides/metal organicframeworksnanocomposite: prosandcons350
10.5Metaloxide/metal organicframeworks:presentstate oftheart352
10.6Electrodedesigninganditsfeaturesstudiesforenergy technologies352
10.7Metaloxides/metal organicframeworksnanocompositesfor solarenergyharvesting355
10.7.1TiO2/ZIF-8355
10.7.2TiO2/Cu-BTC356
10.7.3TiO2/Co-DAPV357
10.7.4ZnO/ZIF-8358
10.7.5TiO2/MIL-125358
10.7.6ZnO/PPF-11358
10.8Metaloxide/metal organicframeworksnanocompositesfor watersplitting361
10.8.1 α-Fe2O3/imidazole-basedmetal organicframeworks361
10.8.2BiVO4/MIL-101(Fe)361
10.8.3TiO2/MIL-125361
10.8.4ZnO/ZIF-8362
10.9Conclusionandfutureperspectives365 References366
PartIIIOtherapplicationsofmetaloxide-based composites377
11Metaloxidenanocomposite-basedelectrochemical biosensingstudies379
AnkitaK.Dhukate,SajidB.Mullani,LynnDennanyand SagarD.Delekar
11.1Introduction379
11.2Presentscenarioofbiosensormarket381
11.3Nonenzymaticelectrochemicalbiosensors382
11.4Functionalnanocompositesinelectrochemicalbiosensor383
11.4.1Metallicnanoparticle-basedcomposites385
11.4.2Metaloxidenanomaterial’s-basedcomposites389 x Contents
11.5Conclusions392 11.6Challengesandfutureperspectives392 References393
12Functionalizedmagneticironoxide-basedcompositesas adsorbentsfortheremovalofheavymetalsfromwastewater401 PrashantB.PatilandVijayP.Kothavale
12.1Introduction401
12.2Waterpollutionbyheavymetalsanditsremoval402
12.2.1Methodsfortheremovalofheavymetalions402
12.2.2Adsorptionprocessfortheremovalofheavymetalions403
12.3Magneticnanoparticlesasnanoadsorbents404
12.3.1Functionalizationofmagneticnanoparticlesfor heavymetalionsremoval405
12.4Batchadsorptionexperiment409
12.4.1Factorsaffectingtheadsorptionofheavymetalions409 12.4.2Adsorptionkinetics410 12.4.3Adsorptionisotherms411
12.5Removalofheavymetalionsbymagneticnanoparticles411
12.5.1Removalofasingletypeofheavymetalions412 12.5.2Simultaneousremovalofmultipleheavymetalions412
12.6Conclusionsandfutureperspectives417 References418
13Mixedmetaloxidenanocompositesforenvironmentalremediation425 S.M.Patil,S.A.VanalakarandSagarD.Delekar
13.1Introduction:environmentalremediationprinciplesand applications425
13.2Typesofenvironmentalremediation427
13.2.1Soilremediation427
13.2.2Groundwaterandsurfacewaterremediation427
13.2.3Sedimentremediation428
13.3Semiconductingmetaloxides428
13.4Environmentalremediation:needofthehour429
13.5Differentcompositesinmetaloxide431
13.6MixedmetaloxideNCSandenvironmentalremediation: presentstateoftheart432
13.6.1TiO2-basednanocomposites436
13.6.2Fe2O3-basednanocomposites437
13.6.3ZnO-basednanocomposites438
13.6.4Al2O3-basednanocomposites440
13.6.5WO3-basednanocomposites441
13.6.6SnO2-basednanocomposites441
13.6.7Grapheneoxide-basednanocomposites442
13.6.8Rareearthoxides-basednanocomposites443
13.7Advancedoxidationprocessesordegradationprocesses444
13.8Synthesisofmetaloxidenanocomposites447
13.9Tailoringpropertiesofmetaloxidenanocomposites450 13.9.1Doping452
13.9.2Modelingphasestructure453
13.9.3Stoichiometrycontrolling453
13.9.4Microstructureforming454
13.9.5Heterostructureforming454
13.9.6Controllingcrystalgrowth455
13.9.7Impactofheattreatments455
13.10Protocolsofmixedmetaloxidesusedinenvironmental remediation455
13.10.1Adsorbentstudies455
13.10.2Catalyticstudies457
13.10.3Membranestudies458
13.10.4Biologicalstudies459
13.11Monitoringofpollutantsduringenvironmentalremediation460
13.11.1Monitoringofairpollutants461
13.11.2Monitoringofsoilpollutants461
13.11.3Monitoringofwaterpollutants462
13.12Concludingremarksandfutureperspectives463 References466
14Metaloxidenanocompositesinwaterandwastewatertreatment479
ShubhangiD.Shirsat,RajaramS.Mane,JoannaBauerand NanasahebD.Thorat
14.1Water:thekeytolifeontheearth479
14.2Presentscenarioofwaterpollution481 14.3Watertreatment482
14.4Wastewatertreatment484
14.5Challenges485
14.6Nanotechnologyinwaterandwastewatertreatment486
14.6.1Nanosorbents488
14.6.2Nanocatalysts493
14.6.3Nanostructuredmembrane494 14.6.4Nanobiocides496
14.7Useofmetal-oxidenanocompositesinwaterandwastewater treatment499
14.8Featuresofmetaloxidenanocompositeinwater/wastewater treatment505
14.9Futureprospects508
14.10Conclusions508 References509
15Self-cleaningphotoactivemetaloxide-basedconcretesurfacesfor environmentalremediation523 ValmikiB.KoliandShyue-ChuKe
15.1Introduction523
15.2Photocatalyticmechanismofself-cleaningconcretes526
15.3Preparationofphotoactiveconcretesurface530
15.3.1Method(i)530
15.3.2Method(ii)531
15.3.3Method(iii)531
15.4Propertiesofphotoactiveself-cleaningconcretes531
15.5Photocatalyticactivitytestingmethods535
15.5.1Self-cleaningtest535
15.5.2Depollutiontesting536
15.6Advantagesanddisadvantagesofself-cleaningconcretes537
15.7Self-cleaningphotoactiveconcreteinreal-worldapplications538
15.8Marketstatusofphotoactivematerials541
15.9Summaryandconclusions542
15.10Futureprospects542 References543 Furtherreading547
16Metaloxidenanocomposites:designanduseinantimicrobial coatings549 VijayS.Ghodake,ShamkumarP.DeshmukhandSagarD.Delekar
16.1Introduction549
16.2Microbesandmicrobialinfectiousdiseases550
16.3Antimicrobialcoatings:marketscenario555
16.4Metaloxidenanocompositesaspotentialantimicrobialagents557
16.4.1Compositesofmetaloxidewithinorganicmoieties558
16.4.2Compositesofmetaloxidewithorganicmoieties569
16.5Plausiblemechanismsfornanocomposites-basedmicrobes inactivation570
16.6Synthesisstrategiesfordesigningmetaloxidenanocomposite572 16.7Metaloxidenanocompositesbasedonantimicrobialcoatingsin differentfields574
16.7.1Hospitalsector575
16.7.2Textilesector578
16.7.3Foodsector580
16.7.4Polymersector583
16.7.5Paintsector584
16.7.6Leathersector586
16.8Conclusions589
16.9Futureoutlooks589 Acknowledgment590 References590
17Metaloxidecompositesinorganictransformations601
MeghshyamK.Patil,SambhajiT.DhumalandVijayH.Masand 17.1Introduction601
17.2Designandcharacterizationofnanocomposites602
17.3Applicationsofmetaloxidecompositesfororganic transformations605
17.3.1Synthesisofbis(pyrazol-5-ol)and dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoleanalogs605
17.3.2Synthesisofpyrimidobenzazoles607
17.3.3Synthesisofpyridine-3-carboxamides607
17.3.4Synthesisofbenzimidazolo[2,3-b]quinazolinone derivatives608
17.3.5Synthesisofdihydroquinazolinones609
17.3.6Synthesisof4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazolesand benzoxanthenones610
17.3.7Synthesisofchromenederivatives611
17.3.8Synthesisof1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles614
17.3.9Synthesisofpyranderivatives615
17.3.10Synthesisofthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
Derivative616
17.3.11Synthesisof α-chloroarylketones616
17.3.12C Harylationreactionsthroughanilineactivation617
17.3.13Synthesisofunsymmetricalureas617
17.3.14SynthesisofBettibasesandbisamides618
17.3.15Synthesisof3-aryl-2-[(aryl)(arylamino)]methyl-4Hfuro[3,2-c]chromen-4-onederivatives619
17.3.16Synthesisofbenzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]chromeno [4,3-d]pyrimidin-6-onederivatives620
17.3.17Synthesisofsubstitutedpyrazolones620
17.3.18Synthesisof7-aryl-benzo[h]tetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline5,6-dione621
17.3.19Reductionofnitrobenzeneandp-nitrophenol622
17.4Concludingremarks623
References623
18Metaloxide-basedcompositesasphotocatalysts633 SandeepR.Patil
18.1Introduction633
18.1.1Principlesofmetaloxide-basedcompositesas photocatalysts633
18.1.2Mechanismofphotocatalyticreactions633
18.2Unitarymetaloxidesversuscomposite-basedmetaloxide photocatalysts634
18.3Applicationsofmetaloxide-basedphotocatalysts641
18.3.1Photoelectrocatalysisforenergyconversion641
18.3.2Hydrogenproduction644
18.3.3Watertreatmentandenvironment647
18.3.4CO2 reduction(hydrocarbongeneration)650
18.3.5Antibacterial,anticancer,andbiomedicalapplications652
18.3.6Layereddoublehydroxides/metal-organicframeworks655
18.3.7Polymericnanophotocatalysts657 18.3.8Foodsafety659
18.4Futureperspectivesofmetaloxide-basedcompositesas photocatalysts660 References661
19Metaloxide-basedcompositesformagnetichyperthermia applications673
AmolB.Pandhare,RajendraP.PatilandSagarD.Delekar 19.1Introduction673
19.2Presentcancertreatment:prosandcons675
19.3Hyperthermia676
19.3.1Classificationofhyperthermia676
19.3.2Magnetichyperthermia679 19.4Representativenanomaterialsformagnetichyperthermia679
19.5Magneticmetaloxidenanomaterials-basedcompositesfor magnetichyperthermiaapplication680 19.6Ironoxidenanoparticlesandsurfacefunctionalization683 19.7Methodsformeasuringthemagnetismofthemagnetic materials684
19.7.1Superconductingquantuminterferencedevice magnetometry684
19.7.2Zero-fieldcoolingandfieldcoolingmeasurements685
19.7.3Vibrating-samplemagnetometer686
19.7.4Heatingcapacity:inductionheatingsystem687 19.8Conclusions689
19.9Challengesandfutureperspectives689 References690 Index697
Listofcontributors C.D.Bathula DivisionofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,Dongguk University-Seoul,Seoul,SouthKorea
JoannaBauer DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,FacultyofFundamental ProblemsofTechnology,WroclawUniversityofScienceandTechnology, Wrocław,Poland
SheshanathV.Bhosale SchoolofChemicalSciences,GoaUniversity,Taleigao, Goa,India
T.P.Chavan D.Y.PatilCollegeofEngineering&Technology,Kolhapur, Maharashtra,India
SagarD.Delekar NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
LynnDennany DepartmentofPureandAppliedChemistry,Universityof Strathclyde,TechnologyandInnovationCentre,Glasgow,UnitedKingdom
ShamkumarP.Deshmukh NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,Departmentof Chemistry,ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India;Departmentof Chemistry,D.B.F.DayanandCollegeofArtsandScience,Solapur,Maharashtra, India
AnantaG.Dhodamani NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,Departmentof Chemistry,ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India;Departmentof Chemistry,RajarshiChhatrapatiShahuCollege,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
AnkitaK.Dhukate NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
SambhajiT.Dhumal DepartmentofChemistry,Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar MarathwadaUniversity,Aurangabad,Sub-CampusOsmanabad,Maharashtra,India; DepartmentofChemistry,RamkrishnaParamhansaMahavidyalaya,Osmanabad, Maharashtra,India
DipakJ.Garole DirectorateofGeologyandMining,GovernmentofMaharashtra, Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
VijayS.Ghodake NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
SushilkumarA.Jadhav SchoolofNanoscienceandTechnology,Shivaji University,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
Shyue-ChuKe DepartmentofPhysics,NationalDongHwaUniversityShou-Feng, Hualien,Taiwan
D-Y.Kim DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalScience,CollegeofLife ScienceandBiotechnology,DonggukUniversityBiomedicalCampus,Gyeonggido,SouthKorea
ValmikiB.Koli DepartmentofPhysics,NationalDongHwaUniversityShouFeng,Hualien,Taiwan
VijayP.Kothavale DepartmentofPhysics,BhogawatiMahavidyalayaKurukali, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
PramodA.Koyale NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
RajaramS.Mane SchoolofPhysicalSciences,SRTMU,Nanded,Maharashtra, India
VijayH.Masand DepartmentofChemistry,VidyaBharatiMahavidyalaya, Amravati,Maharashtra,India
HarshadA.Mirgane SchoolofChemicalSciences,GoaUniversity,Taleigao, Goa,India
PranayP.Morajkar SchoolofChemicalSciences,GoaUniversity,Taleigao, Goa,India
SwapnajitV.Mulik NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
SajidB.Mullani NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
DineshN.Nadimetla SchoolofChemicalSciences,GoaUniversity,Taleigao, Goa,India
DillipK.Panda DepartmentofChemistry,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SC, UnitedStates
AmolB.Pandhare NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India;DepartmentofChemistry,M.H. ShindeMahavidyalaya,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
MeghshyamK.Patil DepartmentofChemistry,Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar MarathwadaUniversity,Aurangabad,Sub-CampusOsmanabad,Maharashtra,India
PramodS.Patil DepartmentofPhysics,ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur, Maharashtra,India
PrashantB.Patil DepartmentofPhysics,TheNewCollege,ShivajiUniversity, Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
RajendraP.Patil DepartmentofChemistry,M.H.ShindeMahavidyalaya, Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
S.M.Patil NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry,Shivaji University,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India;DepartmentofChemistry,Karmaveer HireCollege,Gargoti,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
SandeepR.Patil SchoolofScience,NavrachanaUniversityVadodara,Vadodara, Gujarat,India
SaritaPatil DepartmentofPhysics,SanjayGhodawatUniversity,Kolhapur, Maharashtra,India
PrakashS.Pawar NanoscienceResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry, ShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India;DepartmentofChemistry,Shri YashwantaroPatilScienceCollegeSolankur,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
S.Ramesh DepartmentofMechanical,RoboticsandEnergyEngineering, DonggukUniversity-Seoul,Seoul,SouthKorea
AkshayV.Salkar SchoolofChemicalSciences,GoaUniversity,Taleigao,Goa, India
S.K.Shinde DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalScience,CollegeofLife ScienceandBiotechnology,DonggukUniversityBiomedicalCampus,Gyeonggido,SouthKorea
ShubhangiD.Shirsat DepartmentofBiotechnology,SRTMUNewModelDegree College,Hingoli,Maharashtra,India
xx Listofcontributors
SaurabhS.Soni DepartmentofChemistry,SardarPatelUniversity,Vallabh Vidyanagar,Gujarat,India
KevalK.Sonigara DepartmentofChemistry,SardarPatelUniversity,Vallabh Vidyanagar,Gujarat,India;OxfordSuzhouCentreforAdvancedResearch (OSCAR),UniversityofOxford,SuzhouIndustrialPark,Jiangsu,P.R.China
N.D.Thorat MedicalScienceDivision,NuffieldDepartmentofWomen’s& ReproductiveHealth,JohnRadcliffeHospital,UniversityofOxford,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
NanasahebD.Thorat NuffieldDepartmentofWomen’sandReproductiveHealth, MedicalScienceDivision,JohnRadcliffeHospital,UniversityofOxford,Oxford, UnitedKingdom;DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,FacultyofFundamental ProblemsofTechnology,WroclawUniversityofScienceandTechnology, Wrocław,Poland
SyedA.M.Tofail ModellingSimulationandInnovativeCharacterisation (MOSAIC),DepartmentofPhysicsandBernalInstitute,UniversityofLimerick, Limerick,Ireland
JayrajV.Vaghasiya DepartmentofChemistry,SardarPatelUniversity,Vallabh Vidyanagar,Gujarat,India
S.A.Vanalakar DepartmentofPhysics,KarmaveerHireCollege,Gargoti, Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
H.M.Yadav DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalScience,Collegeof LifeScienceandBiotechnology,DonggukUniversityBiomedicalCampus, Gyeonggi-do,SouthKorea;SchoolofNanoscienceandBiotechnology,Shivaji University,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India
Serieseditorbiography GhenadiiKorotcenkov receivedhisPhDinphysicsand technologyofsemiconductormaterialsanddevicesin1976 andhisDoc.Habil.degreeinphysicsofsemiconductorsand dielectricsin1990.Hehasmorethan50yearsofexperience asateacherandscientificresearcher.Hehasbeenaleaderof gassensorgroupandmanagerofvariousnationalandinternationalscientificandengineeringprojectsattheLaboratory ofMicro-andOptoelectronics,TechnicalUniversityof Moldova,Chisinau,Moldova.From2007to2008,heserved asaninvitedscientistattheKoreaInstituteofEnergy Research(Daejeon).Until2017,Dr.G.Korotcenkovworked asaresearchProfessorattheSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Gwangju InstituteofScienceandTechnology(GIST),Korea.Currently,G.Korotcenkovis workingasachiefscientificresearcheratMoldovaStateUniversity,Chisinau, Moldova.Hisscientificinterestsincludematerialscience,especiallymetaloxidefilm depositionandcharacterization,surfacescience,thermoelectricconversion,anddesign ofphysicalandchemicalsensors,includingthinfilmgassensors.
G.Korotcenkovistheauthorandeditorof45booksandspecialissues,including 11-volume“ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbyMomentumPress,15-volume “ChemicalSensors”seriespublishedbyHarbinInstituteofTechnologyPress, China,3-volume“PorousSilicon:FromFormationtoApplication”issuepublished byCRCPress,2volumes“HandbookofGasSensorMaterials”publishedby Springer,and3-volume“HandbookofHumidityMeasurements”publishedbyCRC Press.Currently,heservesastheserieseditorof“MetalOxides”bookseriespublishedbyElsevier.
G.Korotcenkovistheauthorandcoauthorofmorethan650scientificpublicationsincluding33reviewpapers,38bookchapters,morethan200peer-reviewed articlespublishedinnumerousscientificjournals[h-factor=42(WebofScience), h=43(Scopus),andh=59(Googlescholarcitation)].Heisaholderof17patents. Hehaspresentedmorethan250reportsontheNationalandInternationalconferences,including17invitedtalks.G.Korotcenkov,asthecochairorasthemember ofprogram,scientificandsteeringcommittees,participatedintheorganizationof morethan30internationalscientificconferences.Dr.G.Korotcenkovisaneditorial boardmemberinfivescientificinternationaljournals.Hisnameandactivitieshave beenlistedbymanybiographicalpublicationsincludingWho’sWho.Hisresearch activitiesarehonoredbyaHonoraryDiplomaoftheGovernmentoftheRepublic ofMoldova(2020),anAwardoftheAcademyofSciencesofMoldova(2019),an
xxiiSerieseditorbiography
AwardoftheSupremeCouncilofScienceandAdvancedTechnologyofthe RepublicofMoldova(2004);thePrizeofthePresidentsoftheUkrainian,Belarus, andMoldovanAcademiesofSciences(2003);SeniorResearchExcellenceAward ofTechnicalUniversityofMoldova(2001;2003;2005),theNationalYouthPrize oftheRepublicofMoldovainthefieldofscienceandtechnology(1980),among others.G.KorotcenkovalsoreceivedafellowshipfromtheInternationalResearch ExchangeBoard(IREX,USA,1998),BrainKorea21Program(2008 12),and BrainPoolProgram(Korea,2015 17).
Abouttheeditor Dr.SagarD.Delekar ispresentlyworkingasaprofessorintheDepartmentof ChemistryatShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur,India.Prof.Delekarhasover20years ofteachingandresearchexperiencesinthefieldofChemicalSciences.Prof. DelekarobtainedhisMasterofScienceandPhDdegreeinchemistryfromShivaji University,Kolhapur.Hehascompletedasummerresearchfellowshipatthe reputedIndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India.Heisalsotherecipientoffast trackproposalsforYoungScientistsaswellastheprestigiousRamanFellowship sponsoredbytheIndianGovernment.UndertheRamanfellowship,heworkedasa postdoctoralfellowwiththeNobelLaureateSirHaroldKrotoaswellasProf. NareshDalalattheDepartmentofChemistryandBiochemistry,FloridaState University,Tallahassee,USA.Prof.Delekarhasbroadresearchinterestsinthefield ofinorganicchemistry,solidstatechemistry,andfunctionalnanocompositesfor variousapplications,suchasenergystudies,catalyticstudies,andbiomedicalfields. Sofar,Prof.Delekarhaspublishedmorethan80researcharticlesofinternational reputewiththecompletionofmajorresearchprojectsfundedbyDST,UGC, RGSTC,etc.,andfiledfourIndianpatents.Prof.Delekarisactivelyengagedinthe academics,research,andextensionactivitiesoftheUniversity.
Foreword AccordingtothefamousquoteofScientistDmitriMendeleev(FatherofPeriodic Table),“Withoutthematerial,theplanaloneisbutcastleintheair—amerepossibility whilstthematerialwithoutaplanisuselessmatter.”Thisstatementhasbeentrueforever,andhencevariousmaterialshavebeendevelopedcontinuouslyforthedifferent purposesofmankindfromancienteraonward.Thereforethesearetheubiquitouscomponentsofourdailylife.Aslikeourbasicneeds,thematerialisoneofthemostcommondireneed,andhencethelaymanaswellasthescientistshavemadetheirefforts todiscover,search,invent,andinnovatedifferentmaterialsforvariouspotentialapplications.Inaddition,materialsnotonlyfulfill therequirementsofindividualsbutalso helptogearupthesocioeconomicgrowthofthesociety.
Amongvariousmaterials,metaloxidesarethemostwell-knownmaterialsusedin allthefacetsofourlife.Manymetaloxidesarefoundinnature,whileothersaremade artificially.Forexample,sand isoneofthenaturalmetaloxidesusedforvariousapplicationssuchasconstruction, decoration,glassandmanufacturing.Similarly,limeis oneofmetaloxidesusedinwaterpurification,makingdifferentcores,etc. Semiconductingmetaloxidessuchas tinoxide(SnO2),indiumoxide(In2O3),zinc oxide(ZnO),andtitaniumdioxide(TiO2)havebeenusedinvariouselectronicdevices. InIndianAyurvedasystem,variousbhasmasbelongtothemetaloxideorigin(Loah bhasmacontainsironoxide,Rajatabhasmacontainssilveroxide,Jasadabhasmacontainszincoxide,Tamrabhasmacontainscupricoxide,etc.)areusedforthetreatment ofdifferentdiseases.Inaddition,manymetaloxideshavebeenusedascatalystsindifferentchemicaltransformations.Thereforemetaloxidesarecommonlyusedindifferentsectorssuchasenergy,medical,catalysis,andenvironment.
Nowadays,furtherdevelopmentsinbaremetaloxideshavebeenongoingexponentiallyinallthesectors,andhencemetaloxide-basedmaterialsareplayinganeminent roleintheblossomingfuturistictechnologiessuchassolar-drivenwatersplitting,solar energyharvesting,energystoragedeviceslikeLi-ionbatteriesandsupercapacitors. Alongwiththis,manyresearchendeavorsofmetaloxide-basedmaterialshavebeen fruitfultoachieveeffectualandexcellentbiomedicalapplicationssuchasbiosensing studies,hyperthermiatreatment,andantibacterialcoatings.Also,thestudiesinconcern withenvironmentalremediationisworthwhileforachievingadvancedeffectivetools forthetreatmentofwastewaterandanalysisofairpollutants.Inadditiontothis,catalyticstudiesforindustrialorganictransformationsarealsocoveredbyprogressive researchinthefieldofofmetaloxide-basedmaterials.Owingtotheburgeoningmaterialsfield,variousorganic,inorganic,as wellastheirhybridsofmetaloxideshave beenusedtobuildupmaterialshavingexcellentpropertiesforefficienttoolsor devices.Inaddition,nanoscaledimensionsofmetaloxidesortheirhybridsalsoresult
intheoverallimprovementinpropertiesfor thedesiredapplications.Thereforemetal oxidesandtheircompositeshavebeenestablishedaseffectivecandidatesforvarious applicationsduetotheirexcellentcharacteristicproperties,andvariouseditorsandcontributingauthorshavecontributedtothepresentstateoftheartinmetaloxide-based compositesinvariouspotentialapplications.
Hence,thisbookentitled“AdvancesinMetalOxidesandTheirCompositesfor EmergingApplications”highlightsimportanttopicsinadefinitemannerandtheir aforementionedemergingapplications.Thisbookemphasizesvariousrepresentative metaloxides,andtheircompositesalongwiththeirsynthesizingprotocols,characterizationtechniques,theoreticalaspects,andtheirimportanceareelucidatedandclarifiedinasimpleandlucidmanner.Themainemphasisofthisbookisinconcernwith thestudiesofmetaloxidesinenergytechnologies,environmentalremediation,catalytictransformations,biomedicalapplications,etc.Inconnectiontoenergytechnologies,therepresentativeportionofthebookdealswiththedetailedstudyofwater splittingsystemforhydrogengeneration,solarenergyharvestingforelectricitygeneration,andenergystoragedevices.Thewidelyexploredmetaloxide-basedmaterials andtheirimportanceinenergytechnologiesareemphasizedindepth.Incaseofsolar photovoltaicstudies,thecurrenttrendsofthethird-generationsolarcellssuchas organic,perovskite,dye-sensitized,andquantumdot-sensitizedsolarcellsare explainedelaborately.Variousmetaloxidesforwatersplittingwithrespectivemechanismaresummarizedinthefewrespectivechapters.Energystoragedevices,particularlysupercapacitorswithbriefintroductiontoitsevolution,areelucidated.Also, somerepresentativechaptersfromthisbookrevealthesuccessivebiomedicalapplicationsofvariousmetaloxidesandtheircompositesforantibacterialcoatingsinnumerousfields,hyperthermiastudyforcancertreatment,aswellasbiosensingstudies.In addition,boththeoreticalandpracticalaspectsofmetaloxide-basedcomposites forenvironmentalremediationsarehighlighted,anddifferentfacetssuchasphotodegradationstudies,removalofheavymetals,self-cleaningmaterials,arediscussed indetail.Also,fewchaptersarereservedtohighlighttheimportanceofmetaloxidebasedcompositesascatalystsforheterogeneoustransformationsaswellasphotocatalyticreactions.Eachchapterofthisbookprovidesfuturisticscientificvisionina particularareaintermsoffutureperspectives,limitationsassociatedwiththepresent stateoftheart,andvariousstrategiestoovercometheselaggings.
Thesoundexpertiseandgreatknowledgeofcontributingauthorsarereflected throughthecontentsoftopic/sincludedinthisbook.Asallthetopicsinthisbook areelaboratedthoroughlyandeffectivelybyrepresentativeauthors,thismaybring anexcellentplatformforallscientists,students,teachers,industrialexperts,etc. whoareworkinginfieldofscienceandtechnology.
ThisbookisadmirablyeditedbyProf.Dr.SagarD.Delekar,anexpertwhois workinginthefieldofmaterialscienceformorethantwentyyears.Hehastaken prompteffortstocompletethisbook.Iwishthisbookwillgetwideexposureand appreciationworldwide.
Prefacetotheseries Thefieldofsynthesis,study,andapplicationofmetaloxidesisoneofthemostrapidlyprogressingareasofscienceandtechnology.Metaloxidesareoneofthemost ubiquitouscompoundgroupsonearth,whichhavealargevarietyofchemicalcompositions,atomicstructures,andcrystallineshapes.Inaddition,metaloxidespossessuniquefunctionalitiesthatareabsentorinferiorinothersolidmaterials.In particular,metaloxidesrepresentanassortedandappealingclassofmaterialsand exhibitafullspectrumofelectronicpropertiesrangingfrominsulatingtosemiconducting,metallic,andsuperconducting.Moreover,almostalltheknowneffects includingsuperconductivity,thermoelectriceffects,photoelectricaleffects,luminescence,andmagnetismcanbeobservedinmetaloxides.Thereforemetaloxides havebeenemergedasanimportantclassofmultifunctionalmaterialswithsignificantproperties,whichhaveagreatpotentialfornumerousdeviceapplications. Specificpropertiesofthemetaloxides,suchasthewidevarietyofmaterialswith differentelectrophysical,optical,andchemicalcharacteristics,theirhighthermal andtemporalstabilities,andtheirabilitytofunctioninharshenvironments,make metaloxidesverysuitablematerialsfordesigningtransparentelectrodes,highmobilitytransistors,gassensors,actuators,acousticaltransducers,photovoltaicand photonicdevices,photo-andheterogeneouscatalysts,solid-statecoolers,highfrequencyandmicromechanicaldevices,energyharvestingandstoragedevices, nonvolatilememories,andmanyothersintheelectronics,energy,andhealthsectors.Inthesedevicesmetaloxidescanbesuccessfullyusedassensingoractive layers,substrates,electrodes,promoters,structuremodifiers,membranes,andfibers, thatis,canbeusedasactiveandpassivecomponents.
Theotheradvantagesofmetaloxidesarethelowfabricationcostandrobustness inpracticalapplications.Furthermore,metaloxidescanbepreparedinvarious formssuchasceramics,thickfilms,andthinfilms.Thinfilmdepositioncanbe usedfordepositiontechniquesthatarecompatiblewithstandardmicroelectronic technology.Lastfactorisveryimportantforlarge-scaleproduction,becausethe microelectronicapproachpromoteslowcostformassproduction,offersthepossibilityofmanufacturingdevicesonachip,andguaranteesgoodreproducibility. Variousmetaloxidenanostructures,includingnanowires,nanotubes,nanofibers, core-shellstructures,andhollownanostructuresalsocanbesynthesized.Thefield ofmetaloxidenanostructuredmorphologies(e.g.,nanowires,nanorods,andnanotubes)hasbecomeoneofthemostactiveresearchareaswithinthenanoscience community.
Theabilitytocreateavarietyofmetaloxide-basedcompositesaswellastosynthesizevariousmulticomponentcompoundssignificantlyexpandtherangeof
