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AdvancedOrganic WasteManagement

AdvancedOrganic WasteManagement SustainablePracticesandApproaches

Editedby

ChaudheryMustansarHussain

DepartmentofChemistryandEnvironmentalScience,NewJerseyInstitute ofTechnology,Newark,NJ,UnitedStates

SubrataHait

DepartmentofCivilandofEnvironmentalEngineering,IndianInstituteof TechnologyPatna,Bihar,India

Elsevier

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1.1

2.3.2Organicwastedegradationanditscontributiontothegreenhouseeffect...23 2.4

5.5

5.6

5.7 CasestudiesofcompostingofflowerwasteatSVNIT,Surat,India.................71

5.8 Conclusion................................................................................74 References................................................................................74

CHAPTER6Valorizationofindustrialsolidwastethroughnovel biologicaltreatmentmethods–integratingdifferentcomposting techniques ............................................................................ 77

JayeetaHazarikaandMeenaKhwairakpam

6.1 Introduction...............................................................................77

6.2 Compostingmethodologies.............................................................79

6.2.1Rotarydrumcomposting........................................................80

6.2.2Vermicomposting................................................................80

6.3 Implicationsofpreviousstudies........................................................80

6.3.1Compostingofpapermillsludge..............................................81

6.3.2VermicompostingofPPMS.....................................................81

6.4 Evaluationofintegratedrotarydrumandvermicompostingprocess................87

6.4.1Compostquality.................................................................87

6.5 Conclusion................................................................................89

CHAPTER7Vermicompostingoforganicwastesbyearthworms:Making wealthfromwastebyconverting‘garbageintogold’forfarmers .. 93

ShwetaSinghandRajivK.Sinha

7.1 Introduction:mountingorganicwastes–Growingeconomicand environmentalburdenonnations.......................................................93

7.2 Organicwastesthatcanbevermicompostedonlargescalebyearthworms........95

7.3 Speciesofwaste-eaterearthwormswhichcanefficientlybiodegrade...............97

7.4 Mechanismofwormactioninvermicompostingoforganicwastes.................99

7.5 Somekeyconsiderationsinvermicompostingoforganicwastesbyearthworms.100

7.6 Someconditionsessentialforefficientactionofearthwormstodegradethe organicwastes..........................................................................103

7.7 Vermicompostingoforganicwastesoncommercialscale..........................103

7.7.1Somesystemsforvermicompostingoforganicwastes oncommercialscales..........................................................104

7.7.2Windrowsvermicompostingsystem..........................................104

7.7.3Wedgevermicompostingsystem.............................................105

7.7.4Bedvermicompostingsystem.................................................105

7.7.5Boxvermicompostingsystems...............................................105

7.8 Nationsinworldpromotingvermicompostingtechnology.........................106

7.9 Social,economicandenvironmentalbenefitsofvermicomposting organicwaste-Reducingthecostofconstructionanddisposalofwastes inlandfills,producinghealthprotectiveorganicfoodsandhuge earthworm’sbiomassfortheirusesinproductionofvermi-meals, vermi-medicines,vermi-detergentsandlubricants...................................108

7.9.1Thesocialbenefits.............................................................108

7.9.2Theeconomicbenefits.........................................................108

7.9.3Theenvironmentalbenefits...................................................111

7.10 Someproblemsencounteredduringvermi-compostingoforganicwastes andtheirsolutions......................................................................112 7.11 Conclusion..............................................................................112

CHAPTER8Currentproblemsofvermistabilizationasasustainable

8.1

8.2 Vermistabilizationforsludge..........................................................122

8.3 Operationproblemsofvermistabilization............................................124

8.3.1Vermi-wetlandproblems......................................................124

8.3.2Vermicompostingproblems...................................................124

8.4 Problemsofenvironmentalrisksinsludgevermicompost..........................127 8.5 Conclusion..............................................................................128

CHAPTER9Recentadvancesincompostingandvermicomposting techniquesinthecoldregion:resourcerecovery,challenges, andwayforward

9.1

SareekaKumari,VivekManyapuandRakshakKumar

9.2 Recentcompostingmethodsadoptedinthecoldregion............................133 9.2.1In-vesselcomposting..........................................................135

9.2.2Psychrophilicmicrobes........................................................136

9.2.3Psychrophilicearthworms.....................................................138

9.3 Compostingoperations.................................................................138

9.3.1Substratepretreatments........................................................138

9.3.2Insulation.......................................................................139

9.3.3Additives........................................................................140

9.3.4Carriermaterials...............................................................141

CHAPTER11Compostingandvermicompostingofobnoxiousweeds-

11.3

12.1

12.2 Vermicompostingofpalmoilmillwaste.............................................195

12.3 Palmoilmillwastevermicompostasasoilamendment............................196

12.4 Bioenergypotentialofpalmoilmillwaste...........................................198

12.5 Conclusionandfuturework...........................................................200

PART3EnergyRecoveryfromOrganicWaste

CHAPTER13Composition,characteristicsandchallengesofOFMSW forbiogasproduction:Influenceofmechanismandoperating parameterstoimprovedigestionprocess

NikitaKanaujiaandJiwanSingh

13.1 Introduction.............................................................................207

13.2 CompositionalcharacteristicsofOFMSW...........................................208

13.3 ChallengesintheoptimizationofwastethroughAD...............................209

13.3.1Roleofinhibitorsinanaerobicdigestion.....................................211

13.4 Operatingparameter/factorsaffectingtheAD.......................................212

13.4.1pH...............................................................................212

13.4.2Temperature....................................................................212

13.4.3Retentiontime..................................................................213

13.4.4Organicloadingrate(ORL)...................................................213

13.4.5Substrates.......................................................................214

13.4.6Carbon/Nitrogenratio(C:N)Ratio...........................................214

13.5 Technologiesusedforimprovedbiogasproduction.................................214

13.5.1Physicalpretreatment..........................................................214

13.5.2Chemicalpretreatment.........................................................216

13.5.3Physicochemicalpretreatment................................................217

13.5.4Biologicalpre-treatment.......................................................218

13.6 Conclusion..............................................................................219

CHAPTER14Factorsaffectinganaerobicdigestionforbiogasproduction: areview .............................................................................. 223 InduchoodanTG,IzharulHaqandAjaySKalamdhad

14.1 Introduction.............................................................................223

14.2 Anaerobicdigestion....................................................................223

14.2.1Biochemicalmethanepotentialtest..........................................225

14.2.2Anaerobicreactors.............................................................226

14.3 Factorsaffectinganaerobicdigestion.................................................227

14.4

14.3.6Traceelements.................................................................229

CHAPTER15Recentadvancementsinanaerobicdigestion:ANovel approcheforwastetoenergy

ArunSathyan,IzharulHaq,AjaySKalamdhadandMeenaKhwaraikpam

15.3 Factorsaffectinganaerobicdigestion.................................................237

15.5

CHAPTER16Solidstateanaerobicdigestionoforganicwasteforthe generationofbiogasandbiomanure ......................................

VijayalakshmiArelli,SudharshanJuntupally,SameenaBegumand GangagniRaoAnupoju

16.1 Introduction.............................................................................247

16.2 Anaerobicdigestion(AD).............................................................248

16.2.1Hydrolysis......................................................................249

16.2.2Acidogenesis...................................................................249

16.3 CriticalfactorsinfluencingtheADprocess..........................................250

16.4 InfluenceofsubstratetypeonADprocess...........................................251

16.4.1Lowsolidsv/shighsolidsfeedstock.........................................252

16.5 Classificationofanaerobicdigestionprocessbasedonsolidsconcentration......253

16.5.1Wetanaerobicdigestionprocess(WAD).....................................253

16.5.2Solidstateanaerobicdigestionprocess(SSAD)............................256

16.6 OperationalstrategiestoovercometheSSADlimitations..........................258

16.6.1Impellermixingandrheology................................................259

16.6.2Recirculationofslurry.........................................................259

16.6.3Gaspurging.....................................................................259

16.7 Technologiesavailableonsolidstateanaerobicdigestion..........................260

16.7.1Batchsolidstateanaerobicdigestionsystems...............................260

16.7.2Technologiesavailableonbatchsolidstateanaerobicsystems............260

16.7.3Continuoussolidstateanaerobicdigestionsystems........................262

16.7.4Technologiesavailableforcontinuoussolidsstateanaerobicdigestion...263

16.8 Enhancedhydrolysisofhighsolidsubstrates........................................266

16.8.1Pre-treatmentofsubstrate.....................................................266

16.8.2Co-digestionofsubstrate......................................................269

16.9 Conclusionsandscopeforfutureresearch...........................................270 Acknowledgment.......................................................................270

CHAPTER17Useofpetroleumrefinerysludgefortheproductionof biogasasanalternativeenergysource:areview ..................... 277 ShinjiniPaulChoudhury,BiswanathSaha,IzharulHaqand AjaySKalamdhad

17.1 Introduction.............................................................................277

17.2 Growingdemandofoilandneedforalternativeenergysources...................279

17.2.1Generationofpetroleumrefinerysludge.....................................280

17.2.2Classificationofpetroleumrefinerysludge..................................280

17.2.3Formationofpetroleumrefinerysludge......................................281

17.2.4Petroleumrefinerysludgetreatmentandoilrecoverymethods............281

17.2.5Petroleumsludgedisposalmethods..........................................281

17.2.6Anaerobicdigestion............................................................283

17.2.7Pretreatmenttechniques.......................................................286

17.2.8Biogasreactors.................................................................291

17.3 Conclusion..............................................................................293 References...............................................................................293

CHAPTER18Areviewonhydrothermalpretreatmentofsewagesludge: energyrecoveryoptionsandmajorchallenges ......................... 297 DiwakarKumarSinghandAnuragGarg

18.1 Introduction.............................................................................297

18.2 Thermalhydrolysis(TH)...............................................................298

18.2.1Mechanismofthermalhydrolysis............................................298

18.2.2ResearchstudiesonTHprocess..............................................299

18.3

19.5.1Advantageousco-disposalofwastesinlandfillbioreactor.................322 19.5.2Leachatestrengthreductionandtreatment...................................323 19.5.3Settlementandpostclosuremonitoring......................................323

20.2 Organicwastegeneration..............................................................333

20.2.1Existingscenariosoforganicwastemanagement...........................335

20.3 Challengesandopportunitiesassociatedwiththeorganicwastemanagement....335 20.3.1Lackofskillandinformation.................................................336

20.3.2Lackoffundsandinfrastructure..............................................336

20.3.3Politicalconflicts...............................................................336

20.4 Potentialbenefitsarticulatedtowardshealthandsafetyenvironment..............338 20.4.1Extendedemploymentopportunities.........................................338 20.4.2Cleanwaterandsanitation....................................................338

20.4.3Goodhealthandwell-being...................................................339

20.5 Integratingsustainabilitywithorganicwastemanagementfor

21.3.3Optimizationofwastecollectionrouteandtransportation.................355 21.3.4Identificationofsuitablesitesforprocessingandlandfill..................356

CHAPTER22Circularsystemofresourcerecoveryandreverselogistics

AbhishekGaur,SureshKumarGurjarandSangeetaChaudhary 22.1

22.4.2Identifyresourceswithinthewastestreamandmakeaplan..............370

22.4.3Sortingofwaste...............................................................370

22.4.4Circularloops.................................................................370

22.4.5Exploreandapplywastereduction..........................................371

22.4.6Insistonproducerresponsibility............................................371

22.4.7Stimulatethemarketforrecycledandreusableproducts.................371

22.4.8Fundlocalandregionaldiversionandresourcerecoveryinitiatives.....371

22.5 Lifecyclemanagementandassessment(LCA)......................................371

22.5.1BenefitsofLCA..............................................................372

22.5.2LimitationsofLCA...........................................................372

22.6 Reverselogisticsapproach.............................................................373

22.7 Greenengineeringprinciples..........................................................373

22.7.1Principle1:inherentratherthancircumstantial............................373

22.7.2Principle2:preventioninsteadoftreatment................................373

22.7.3Principle3:designforseparation...........................................374

22.7.4Principle4:maximizemass,energy,space,andtimeefficiency..........374

22.7.5Principle5:output-pulledversusinput-pushed............................374

22.7.6Principle6:conservecomplexity............................................374

22.7.7Principle7:durabilityratherthanimmortality.............................374

22.7.8Principle8:meetneed,minimizeexcess...................................374

22.7.9Principle9:minimizematerialdiversity....................................374

22.7.10Principle10:integratelocalmaterialandenergyflows...................374

22.7.11Principle11:designforcommercial“afterlife”............................375

22.7.12Principle12:renewableratherthandepleting..............................375

24.4

25.1

25.2

25.3 Integrationoftechnologiesforwastemanagementinsmartcities.................411

25.3.1Spatialtechnologies..........................................................411

25.3.2Identificationtechnologies...................................................411

25.3.3Dataacquisitiontechnologies...............................................412

25.3.4Datacommunication.........................................................412

25.4 Integratedframeworkforsmartwastemanagementpractices......................412

25.4.1Module1:productlifecycledatacollationframework....................413

25.4.2Module2:minimizationofwastegenerationthrough innovativeideasbyawareandresponsiblecitizens........................414

25.4.3Module3:optimalinfrastructurewithintelligentandsensor-based technologiesforeffectivesegregation,real-timecollection, andrecyclingofwaste........................................................417

25.5 Factorsaffectingtheintegratedframeworkofsmartwastemanagement practices.................................................................................418

25.6 Uncertaintiesassociatedwithsmartwastemanagement............................418

25.7

26.1

26.2 Challengesinorganicwasterecycling................................................427

26.2.1Segregationofwaste.........................................................427

26.2.2Highmoisturecontent........................................................429

26.2.3Presenceofinfectiouspathogens............................................430

26.2.4Removalofpollutants........................................................432

26.3 Treatmentalternativesofslaughterhousewaste......................................432

26.3.1Incineration...................................................................432

26.3.2Rendering.....................................................................433

26.3.3Composting...................................................................435

26.3.4Anaerobicdigestion..........................................................435

26.3.5Alkalinehydrolysis...........................................................436

26.3.6Enzymaticmanagement......................................................437

26.3.7Dryingtreatment..............................................................438

26.4 Achievementofcircularbioeconomythroughwastevalorization..................439

26.5 Conclusionandrecommendations....................................................441

PART6TransitionTowardsSustainability

CHAPTER27AnemergingtrendinwastemanagementofCOVID-19 451 LakshmiMounicaKondepudi,ShreyaPusapati,MuraliMohanChalla andPrameelaKandra

27.1 Introduction.............................................................................451

27.2 Transmission,symptoms,dataofCOVID-19disease...............................451

27.3 ImpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemic..................................................453

27.3.1Socialimpacts................................................................453

27.3.2Economicimpacts............................................................454

27.3.3Healthcareimpacts...........................................................454

27.3.4ImpactofCOVID-19onthewastemanagementsector...................454

27.4 Typesofprotectivesystemsbeingused...............................................455

27.5 BiomedicalwastesgeneratedduringCOVID-19andtheireffects.................457

27.6 TreatmentsforbiomedicalwastesgeneratedduringCOVID-19...................460

27.6.1Collection.....................................................................460

27.6.2Disinfectiontechnologiesemployedtotreatbio-medicalwaste (BMWorCOVID-waste)....................................................461

27.6.3Thermalbasedtechnologies.................................................461

27.6.4Chemicalbasedtechnologies................................................462

27.6.5Irradiativemethods...........................................................463

27.6.6Mechanicalmethods.........................................................463

27.6.7Biologicalmethods...........................................................464

27.7 Futureoutlookandchallenges.........................................................464

27.7.1Generalmodifications-totacklethecrisisbetter..........................465

27.8 Websites.................................................................................468

CHAPTER28ImplicationsofCOVID-19pandemiconwastemanagementpractices: Challenges,opportunities,andstrategiestowardssustainability 473 NehaParashar,SubrataHaitandChaudheryMustansarHussain

28.1 Introduction.............................................................................473

28.2 TheglobaloverviewofthesolidwasteduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.........475

28.2.1Pandemicinducedsurgeinthesolidwastegeneration....................475

28.2.2ImplicationsofCOVID-19onfoodsupplychainandrelated foodwastegeneration........................................................476

28.3 SolidwastemanagementandtheCOVID-19pandemic............................478

28.3.1ChallengesofsolidwastemanagementduringtheCOVID-19pandemic478

28.3.2PoliciesandguidelinesformanagingCOVID-19relatedsolidwaste...480

28.3.3Opportunitiesandstrategiesforsustainablesolidwastemanagement...483

28.4 Futureprospects........................................................................485

Contributors

GangagniRaoAnupoju

BioEngineeringandEnvironmentalSciences(BEES)Group,DepartmentofEnergyandEnvironmentalEngineering(DEEE)CSIR-IndianInstituteofChemicalTechnology(IICT),Hyderabad,India; AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad-201002,India

VijayalakshmiArelli

ShashiArya

CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),NehruMarg,Nagpur, Maharashtra,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,Uttar Pradesh,India

SameenaBegum

BioEngineeringandEnvironmentalSciences(BEES)Group,DepartmentofEnergyandEnvironmentalEngineering(DEEE)CSIR-IndianInstituteofChemicalTechnology(IICT),Hyderabad,India

SartajAhmadBhat

RiverBasinResearchCenter,GifuUniversity,1-1Yanagido,Gifu,Japan

AnkitaBhowmik

SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India

ShantanuBhunia

SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India

RanjitChakma

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

SumedhaChakma

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi

MuraliMohanChalla

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofTechnology,GITAM(DeemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

DigambarChavan

CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur,Maharashtra, India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India

SangeetaChaudhary

DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofRajasthan,Jaipur,Rajasthan

ShinjiniPaulChoudhury

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

GuangyuCui

StateKeyLaboratoryofPollutionControlandResourceReuse,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

Dharmendra

DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Hamirpur, HimachalPradesh,India

ChaichiDevi

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnologyMeghalaya,Shillong,Meghalaya, India

JorgeDomínguez

GrupodeEcoloxíaAnimal(GEA),UniversidadedeVigo,36310Vigo,Spain

AnuragGarg

EnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringDepartment(ESED),IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay,Mumbai,India

RavaliGarimella

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofScience,GITAM(DeemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

AbhishekGaur

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur,UttarPradesh,India; CentreforGangaRiverBasinManagementandStudies,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur, UttarPradesh,India

SureshKumarGurjar

CentreforGangaRiverBasinManagementandStudies,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur, UttarPradesh,India;DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur,Uttar Pradesh,India

SubrataHait

DepartmentofCivilandofEnvironmentalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyPatna,Bihar, India

IzharulHaq

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

JayeetaHazarika

DepartmentofCivilEngineering(EnvironmentalDivision),IITGuwahati,Assam,India

KuiHuang

SchoolofEnvironmentalandMunicipalEngineering,LanzhouJiaotongUniversity,Lanzhou,China

ChaudheryMustansarHussain

DepartmentofChemistryandEnvironmentalScience,NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark, NJ,UnitedStates

SudharshanJuntupally

AjaySKalamdhad

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

NikitaKanaujia

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity,Lucknow,India

PrameelaKandra

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofTechnology,GITAM(DeemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

HeenaKauser

CentreforRuralTechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,India

RamshaKhan

FacultyofCivilEngineering,InstituteofTechnology,ShriRamswaroopMemorialUniversity, Barabanki,UP

MeenaKhwairakpam

CentreforRuralTechnology,IITGuwahati,Assam,India

LakshmiMounicaKondepudi

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofScience,GITAM(DeemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

DivyaVaniKoraganji

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofScience,GITAM(deemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

RakshakKumar

BiotechnologyDivision,CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresourceTechnologyPalampur,Himachal Pradesh,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresourceTechnology,Palampur,HimachalPradesh,India

SunilKumar

CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),Nagpur,Maharashtra,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh, India

SareekaKumari

VivekManyapu

BiotechnologyDivision,CSIR-InstituteofHimalayanBioresourceTechnologyPalampur,Himachal Pradesh,India

KrishnaChaitanyaMaturi

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

JoydeepMukherjee

SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India

NehaParashar

DepartmentofCivilandofEnvironmentalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyPatna,Bihar, India

SuryatejaPottipati

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

RajnikantPrasad

EnvironmentalEngineeringSection,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SardarVallabhbhaiNational InstituteofTechnology,Surat,Gujarat-395007,India

ShreyaPusapati

DepartmentofBiotechnology,GITAMInstituteofScience,GITAM(DeemedtobeUniversity), Visakhapatnam,AndhraPradesh,India

ParveenFatemehRupani

KULeuven,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,ProcessandEnvironmentalTechnologyLab,J. DeNayerlaan5,2860Sint-Katelijne-Waver,Belgium

BiswanathSaha

CentreforRuralTechnology,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

ArunSathyan

CentrefortheEnvironment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati,Assam, India

DayanandSharma

CivilEngineeringDepartment,NationalInstituteofTechnologyPatna,AshokRajpath,Mahendru, Patna,Bihar-800005,India

SaurabhShukla

FacultyofCivilEngineering,InstituteofTechnology,ShriRamswaroopMemorialUniversity, Barabanki,UP

DiwakarKumarSingh

EnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringDepartment(ESED),IndianInstituteofTechnology Bombay,Mumbai,India

JiwanSingh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity,Lucknow, India

ShwetaSingh UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia

RajivK.Sinha

GriffithUniversity,Brisbane,Australia

AbhishekNSrivastava

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi

InduchoodanTG

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Guwahati,Assam,India

ShilpaVishwakarma

CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute(CSIR-NEERI),NehruMarg,Nagpur, Maharashtra,India

HuiXia

SchoolofEnvironmentalandMunicipalEngineering,LanzhouJiaotongUniversity,Lanzhou,China

KunwarD.Yadav

EnvironmentalEngineeringSection,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SardarVallabhbhaiNational InstituteofTechnology,Surat,Gujarat-395007,India

HossainM.Zabed

SchoolofFoodandBiologicalEngineering,JiangsuUniversity,Zhenjiang,Jiangsu,China

Organicwaste:generation, compositionandvalorisation

1

Dharmendra

DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Hamirpur, HimachalPradesh,India

1.1 Introduction

ConventionalSWMstudieshaveconcentratedonthrillingproceduresi.e.,collection,separation, treatmentanddisposalbecausethesewasteshavethoughtfuleconomicandhumanimpact.Nevertheless, researchandpracticesfromthelastfewdecadesshowedthewholerangeofsolidwasteinconsistency innatureandcharacteristics.Themaintenanceofthesewastesplaysanimportantroleinecosystem ofthemanagementauthoritiesduetotheirenvironmentalimpact.Thereisnecessitytounderstandthe problemsandsignificanceofvariabilityfromtheperceptionoftheadaptivereactionofthelinkofinterconnectionofseveralbioticandabioticmethodsandnotfromtheperceptionoftheinconsistencyasa levydriveronthesystem.TheMSWcoversthedomestic,industrial,biomedicalandsanitationwastesof anycity.Thismayvaryaccordinglytosocio-economicconditions,populationdensity,culture,industrial uses,urbanstructures,lifestylesandwastereductiontechniquesoftheprospectivenations.Thiswaste includescarbonbasedandinorganicwastesbecausetheydifferindecompositionproblemsinnature. Inancienttimes,organicwastewasmainlyusedeitherasfertilizerfortheagriculturepurposesoras fodder.Nowrapidincreaseinpopulationandurbanizationcreatedaseriousdisposalproblemofsolid wastesinruralandurbanareasofmostdevelopingandwellsettlednations.Thisproblemisalsodueto increasingmunicipalbudgetandincrementincomplexorganicwasteproducts.

Problemwithdisposaloforganicwasteandduetolowmunicipalbudget,valorizationoforganic solidwasteisimportanttomanagethisissue.Newtrendhasbeenobservedindevelopingcountries relatedtomanagementoforganicsolidwaste.Thisawarenessresultedinnewtrendofcollection coverageaswellasreduceddumpsiteandlandfillofwastemanagementpractices.Inlastdecade worldwidemoreattentionisgiventorecyclingandvalorizationoforganicsolidwaste.Albeitfood andbiodegradablemunicipalwastearestillreceivedlessfocusedcomparetootherwasteproducts, suchaspaper,metal,orglass.Despiteithashighenergycontentitendsuponopendumponstreetsor lowlyingarea.There,itattractsvectordiseasesandproducesonsitegreenhousegases.

1.2 Sources,compositionandcharacterizationofthesolidwaste

Theissueoftheenvironmentalistisnotonlythemanagementofcertaindumpstoclearbackyards,roads andothersuchemptyareaswheremunicipalwasteaccumulatesforthevisuallycleanappearanceof