AdvancedMaterialsfor SustainableEnvironmental Remediation
TerrestrialandAquaticEnvironments
Editedby
DimitriosA.Giannakoudakis
AssistantProfessor,InstituteofPhysicalChemistryofPolishAcademyof Sciences,Greece
LucasMeili
Professor,CenterofTechnology,FederalUniversityofAlagoas,Brazil
IoannisAnastopoulos
AssistantProfessorattheDepartmentofAgriculture,UniversityofIoannina, Arta,Greece
1.1 Environmentalpollutionandroleofmaterialsinitsremediation.............................1
1.2 Strategiesforenvironmentalremediation...............................................................2
1.3 Presentchallengesandfutureprospectsforutilizationofadvancedmaterials insustainableenvironmentalremediation..
2.1
2.5.1ApplicationofMOFsfortheadsorptionofheavymetals............................36
2.5.2MOFsfortheadsorptionofpharmaceuticalsandpersonalproducts.
2.6 Large-scaleproductionoftheMOFs.
3.1
3.3 SynthesisofMOFs .............................................................................................49
3.4 Adsorptivepurificationofairbornepollutants.......................................................50
3.4.1Toxicindustrialgas.. ................................................................................63
3.4.2Volatileorganiccompound(VOC). ...........................................................69
3.4.3Greenhousegas. ......................................................................................72
3.4.4Particulatematter.....................................................................................75
3.4.5Radioactivenuclide. .................................................................................76
3.4.6Hg0 .........................................................................................................77
3.4.7Chemicalwarfareagent. ...........................................................................78
3.5 Innovativestrategiesforperformanceenhancement. .............................................82
3.5.1Chemicalfunctionalization.......................................................................82
3.5.2Poresizeandshapecontrol. .....................................................................83
3.5.3MOF-derivedcomposites.........................................................................84
3.6 Comparisonwithcommercialadsorbents. ............................................................85
3.7 Regenerationandreusability.... ............................................................................87
3.8 Prospectsandchallenges... ..................................................................................89
3.9 Conclusion.... .....................................................................................................90 References. .........................................................................................................90
CHAPTER4MOF-basedmaterialsassoilamendments...................................105 KowsalyaVellingiri,VanishKumarandLigyPhilip
4.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................105
4.2 Classificationandtoxicityofsoilpollutants........................................................106
4.2.1Heavymetals.........................................................................................106
4.2.2Organophosphoruspesticides.. ................................................................107
4.2.3Polychlorinatedbiphenyls. .....................................................................108
4.2.4Polyaromatichydrocarbons. ...................................................................108
4.2.5Endocrinedisruptors ..............................................................................109
4.3 Overviewofavailablemethodstoidentify/removesoilpollutants.... ....................109
4.3.1Preconcentrationtechniques.. .................................................................110
4.3.2Sensingapplications.. .............................................................................111
4.3.3Treatmenttechniquesforsoilpollutants. .................................................112
4.4 PrerequisitestructuraladvantagesofMOFsandtheircompositesforthe remediationandquantificationofsoilcontaminants. ...........................................113
4.4.1SynthesisandfabricationprocessofMOFsforextractionofsoil pollutant................................................................................................116
4.4.2SynthesisofMOFsforsensingapplications. ...........................................119
4.5 MOFsasanefficienttoolforsoilremediation.....................................................122
4.5.1Extractionofsoilcontaminants.... ...........................................................122
4.5.2Adsorption............................................................................................134
4.5.3Sensingapplications. ..............................................................................136
4.6 Confrontsandfuturescopeofthistechnology. ...................................................140 Conclusions. .....................................................................................................141
CHAPTER5Metal-organicframeworks(MOFs)asacatalystforadvanced oxidationprocesses—Micropollutantremoval.............................155 JulianaJohn,KheerthanaRameshand PadmanabanVelayudhaperumalChellam
5.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................155
5.2 Methodsofsynthesis .........................................................................................157
5.2.1Hydro/solvothermalmethod...................................................................157
5.2.2Microwave-assistedsynthesis.................................................................158
5.2.3Ultrasound-assistedsynthesis...
5.2.4Electrochemicalsynthesis...
5.2.5Mechanochemicalsynthesis
5.2.6Slowevaporationsynthesis....
5.2.7PostsynthesisprocessinvolvinginthegenerationofactiveMOF..
5.3 MOFsandtheirderivatives................................................................................160
5.3.1MOFs....................................................................................................160
5.3.2Carboncomposites.................................................................................160
5.3.3Metaloxides..........................................................................................161
5.3.4MOFcomposites....................................................................................161
5.3.5HybridMOFsbycarbonization..
5.4 ApplicationsofMOFsinAOP...........................................................................164
5.4.1Ozonation....
5.4.2Photocatalysis...
5.4.3Sonolysis(ultrasound)....
5.4.4Fentonreaction.
5.4.5Electrochemicaloxidation..
5.4.6Sulfateradical–basedAOP....
5.5
5.6
6.2 Spheres. ............................................................................................................176
6.3 Pellets..............................................................................................................178
6.4 Monoliths .........................................................................................................180
6.5 3D-printedmonoliths ........................................................................................185 Conclusionsandfurtheroutlook... .....................................................................190 References. .......................................................................................................191
CHAPTER7Aerogel,xerogel,andcryogel:Synthesis,surfacechemistry, andproperties—Practicalenvironmentalapplicationsandthe futuredevelopments....................................................................195 NilayGizli,SelaySertÇokandFato¸sKoç
7.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................195
7.2 Preparationandaffectingsynthesisparametersofaerogels,cryogels, andxerogels.. ...................................................................................................196
7.2.1Solpreparationandgelformation ...........................................................196
7.2.2Aging....................................................................................................199
7.2.3Surfacemodification..............................................................................200
7.2.4Drying...................................................................................................201
7.3 Featuresandapplicationsofaerogels,cryogels,andxerogels.... ..........................203
7.3.1Chemicalcharacteristics—Hydrophilic/hydrophobicityproperties ............203
7.3.2Morphologicalproperties .......................................................................204
7.3.3Thermalconductivity. ............................................................................204
7.3.4Opticalproperties. .................................................................................204
7.3.5Acousticproperties ................................................................................204
7.3.6Electricalproperties. ..............................................................................205
7.3.7Mechanicalproperties. ...........................................................................205
7.4 Surfacechemistryofaerogels,cryogels,andxerogels. ........................................205
7.5 Environmentalapplicationsofaerogels,cryogels,andxerogels. ..........................209
7.5.1Aircleaningapplications. .......................................................................209
7.5.2Watertreatmentapplications...................................................................212
7.5.3Catalyticapplications.............................................................................216 Conclusionandfuturedevelopment. ..................................................................217 References. .......................................................................................................218
CHAPTER8Nanoscalecelluloseandnanocellulose-basedaerogels ..............229
AneebaChaudary,TaybaChudhary,MohammedKayesPatoary, MeilingZhang,ShuaiJiang,MengmengLiandLifangLiu
8.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................229
8.2 Celluloseandnanocellulose. ..............................................................................230
8.2.1Sourceandstructureofcelluloseandnanoscalecellulose(NC) ................230
8.2.2Extractionofcelluloseandnanoscalecellulose. .......................................233
8.2.3Classificationandcharacteristicsofnanoscalecellulose. ..........................236
8.3 Nanocellulose-basedaerogels. ...........................................................................237
8.3.1Characteristicsofnanocellulose-basedaerogels. ......................................239
8.3.2Fabricationofnanocellulose-basedaerogels. ...........................................240
8.4 Applicationsofnanoscalecellulose. ...................................................................243
8.4.1Applicationofnanocellulose-basedaerogels... ........................................244
8.4.2Otherapplicationareas...........................................................................249
8.5 Perspectiveandoutlook. ....................................................................................250
8.6 Summary..........................................................................................................250 References... .....................................................................................................251
CHAPTER9Sol-gel–derivedsilicaxerogels:Synthesis,properties,
DorotaPietras-Ozga,KatarzynaPi ˛ atkowska-Sawczuk,GabrielaDuro, BernardPawlak,NataliyaStolyarchuk,VeronikaTomina,InnaMelnyk, DimitriosA.GiannakoudakisandMariuszBarczak
9.1 Introductionandoverviewofsol-gelmethod. .....................................................261
9.2 Engineeringtheporosityandsurfacechemistryofsilicaxerogels. .......................265
9.3 Adsorptiveremovalofhazardouspollutants. .......................................................267
9.3.1Metalextraction.....................................................................................268
9.3.2Organicwastesremoval..........................................................................270
9.3.3Adsorptionofgasesandvapors. ..............................................................272
9.4 Summaryandoutlook.......................................................................................273
CHAPTER10ProcessingofhybridTiO2 semiconductingmaterialsandtheir environmentalapplication...........................................................277 SajanPonnappaChimmikuttanda,AmolNaik,MaxwellSelaseAkple, andRupeshSingh
10.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................277
10.2 MethodsfortheprocessingofhybridTiO2 .........................................................278
10.2.1SynthesisofhybridTiO2 usinghydrothermalmethod..............................278
10.2.2SynthesisofhybridTiO2 usingsolvothermalmethod...............................278
10.2.3SynthesisofhybridTiO2 usingsol-gelmethod........................................279
10.2.4SynthesisofhybridTiO2 usingchemicalvapordeposition (CVD)method.......................................................................................280
10.2.5SynthesisofhybridTiO2 usingthemicrowavemethod.............................280
10.3 ProcessingofhybridTiO2 nanomaterials. ...........................................................280
10.3.11D,2D,and3DhybridTiO2 materials....................................................280
10.3.2ProcessingofTiO2 compositematerials..................................................282
10.3.3ProcessingofdopedTiO2 .......................................................................284
10.3.4TiO2 dopedwithmetal ...........................................................................284
10.3.5TiO2 dopedwithnonmetal. .....................................................................284
10.3.6Processingofquantumdotsdeposited/modifiedTiO2 ...............................285
10.4 EnvironmentalapplicationofhybridTiO2 nanoparticles. ....................................288
10.4.1ApplicationofhybridTiO2 inwaterpurification......................................288
10.4.2ApplicationofhybridTiO2 inhydrogengeneration.. ................................289
10.4.3ApplicationofhybridTiO2 inairpurification/reduction ofcarbondioxide(CO2 ).........................................................................290
10.4.4ApplicationofhybridTiO2 inmineralizationofchemicalwarfareagents..291
10.4.5ApplicationofhybridTiO2 indye-sensitizedsolarcells(DSSCs) .............292
10.4.6ApplicationofhybridTiO2 intreatmentofcontaminatedsoil. ..................292 Conclusionsandperspectives. ............................................................................293 References. .......................................................................................................293
CHAPTER11Fundamentalsoflayereddoublehydroxidesandenvironmental applications................................................................................301
LuizD.SilvaNeto,AnamáliaF.Silva,JoséT.FreireandLucasMeili
..............................................................................................305
11.3 Environmentalapplications................................................................................309
11.3.1Adsorption............................................................................................309
11.3.2Heavymetalcontrol ...............................................................................311
11.3.3Soiltreatment........................................................................................312
11.3.4CO2 control:Separationandcapture.... ...................................................313 Conclusionandfutureperspectives. ...................................................................313 References. .......................................................................................................314
CHAPTER12Greennanocompositesandgammaradiationasanovel treatmentfordyeremovalinwastewater.....................................323 CristinaA.DeLeón-Condés,GonzaloMartínez-Barrera, GabrielaRoa-Morales,PatriciaBalderas-Hernández andFernandoUreña-Núñez
12.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................323
12.2 Textiledyesandwastewater ...............................................................................324
12.3 Greensynthesisofironoxidenanoparticleandwaterremediation... ....................324
12.3.1Propertiesofironoxidenanoparticles. ....................................................325
12.3.2IronoxidenanoparticlesandFentonprocess ............................................325
12.3.3Ironoxidenanoparticlesandsupportmaterials ........................................328
12.4 Ironoxidenanoparticlessupportedonion-exchangeresins. .................................329
12.5 Waterremediationusinggammairradiation........................................................329
12.6 Waterremediationbyusingironoxidesnanoparticles-basedcomposites. .............331 Conclusions. .....................................................................................................333
CHAPTER13Potentialofzeoliteasanadsorbentfortheremovaloftrace metal(loids)inwastewater..........................................................339 S.KeerthananandMeththikaVithanage
13.1 Tracemetal(loids)contaminationinwater... .......................................................339
13.2 Zeolite:Chemistry ............................................................................................341
13.2.1Naturalzeolite. ......................................................................................341
13.2.2Syntheticzeolite.
13.2.3Surfacechemistry. .................................................................................344
13.3 Roleofzeoliteinremediationoftracemetal(loids)contaminants.
13.3.4Themechanisminvolvedintheremediationoftracemetals
13.4 Modificationofzeolitefortheremovaloftoxicmetals
13.4.2Modificationwithacidandbase..............................................................352
13.4.3Compositeswithothermaterials.............................................................353
13.5 Summaryandfutureperspectives. ......................................................................353 References... .....................................................................................................354
CHAPTER14Naturalandsyntheticclay-basedmaterialsappliedforthe removalofemergingpollutantsfromaqueousmedium.................359 MarinaBarbosadeFarias,MarcelaPiresSpaolonzi,ThiagoLopesdaSilva, MeurisGurgelCarlosdaSilvaandMelissaGurgelAdeodatoVieira
14.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................359
14.1.1Waterpollutionbyemergingcontaminants. .............................................359
14.1.2Adsorptionmechanism.. .........................................................................360
14.1.3Clay-basedmaterialsaspromisingadsorbentsforenvironmental remediation...........................................................................................361
14.2 Naturalclaysforadsorption...............................................................................361 14.2.1Claymineralsclassification....................................................................361
14.2.2Propertiesandcharacteristicsofnaturalclayminerals ..............................363
14.3 Modifiedandsynthesizedclay-basedmaterialsforadsorption.............................364
14.3.1Synthesisandtypesofmodification. .......................................................364
14.4 Adsorptionofemergingcontaminantsbynaturalandmodifiedclays.. .................367
14.4.1Pharmaceuticalproducts... ......................................................................367
14.4.2Endocrinedisruptorsandchemicalofpersonalcareproducts ...................375
14.5 Comparisonofdifferentactivationmethodsinthesameclaytype....
14.6 Futureperspectivesandfinalremarks .................................................................382 Acknowledgments. ............................................................................................383 References. .......................................................................................................383
CHAPTER15Applicationofmagneticbiocharsfortheremovalofaquatic pollutants....................................................................................393
FatimaIqbal,RabiaAmen,ElBarbaryHassan,IrshadBibi, Natasha,AhmadMukhtar,HamnaBashir,MuhammadShahid andNabeelKhanNiazi
15.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................393
15.2 Fabricationtechniquesformagneticbiochar. ......................................................394
15.2.1Impregnation-pyrolysis..........................................................................394
15.2.2Coprecipitation......................................................................................394
15.2.3Reductivecodeposition. .........................................................................396 15.2.4Solvothermal.........................................................................................396
15.2.5Hydrothermalcarbonization.. .................................................................396
15.2.6Otherfabricationtechniques. ..................................................................397
15.3 Physicochemicalpropertiesofmagneticbiochar. ................................................397
15.3.1Specificsurfacearea ...............................................................................397
15.3.2Elementalcomposition.... .......................................................................398
15.3.3Pointofzerocharge(pHpzc )....................................................................398
15.3.4Functionalgroups...
15.4 Factorsaffectingtheadsorptionofpollutants......................................................399
15.4.1Chemicalimpregnationratio...................................................................399
15.4.2Pyrolysistemperature.............................................................................400
15.4.3SolutionpH...........................................................................................401
15.5 Applicationsofmagneticbiochar. ......................................................................401
15.5.1Heavymetal(loid)sadsorption................................................................401
15.5.2Nuclearwastepollutants.........................................................................404
15.5.3Organicpollutants..................................................................................405
15.5.4Anionicpollutants..................................................................................405
15.6 Adsorptionmechanisms. ...................................................................................405
15.6.1Ionexchange... ......................................................................................406
15.6.2Surfacecomplexation.............................................................................407
15.6.3Oxygen-containingfunctionalgroups ......................................................407
15.6.4Electrostaticinteraction..........................................................................408
15.6.5Coprecipitation......................................................................................409
15.6.6Chemicalbondadsorption.. ....................................................................409
15.6.7Reduction. .............................................................................................409
15.7 Magneticbiocharregenerationanddisposal.... ....................................................409 Conclusionsandfuturerecommendations. ..........................................................411 Acknowledgments... ..........................................................................................411 References... .....................................................................................................412
CHAPTER16Progressinthesynthesisandapplicationsofpolymeric nanomaterialsderivedfromwastelignocellulosicbiomass..........419 DibyajyotiHaldar,PranganDuarahandMihirKumarPurkait
16.1 Overviewonthelignocellulosic-derivednanomaterials. ......................................419
16.1.1Nanofibrouscellulose(NFC). .................................................................422
16.1.2Nanocrystallinecellulose(NCC) .............................................................422
16.1.3Ligninnanoparticles(LNPs) ...................................................................422
16.2 Isolationoflignocellulosic-basednanomaterials. ................................................422
16.2.1Cellulosenanomaterials.... .....................................................................422
16.2.2Ligninnanoparticles. ..............................................................................424
16.3 Functionalityimprovementthroughstructuralmodificationofnanocellulose obtainedfrombiomass......................................................................................427
16.4 Progressintheapplicationofcelluloseandlignin-derivednanoparticles... ...........428
16.4.1Environmentalapplicationsofnanocrystallinecellulose. ..........................428
16.4.2Drugdeliveryapplicationsofligninnanoparticles.. ..................................428
16.5 Conclusions. .....................................................................................................429 References... .....................................................................................................430
CHAPTER17Activatedcarbonsinfull-scaleadvancedwastewatertreatment..433 AnaS.Mestre,MargaridaCampinas,RuiM.C.Viegas,ElsaMesquita, AnaP.CarvalhoandMariaJoãoRosa
17.1 Activatedcarbons.. ............................................................................................433
17.2 Environmentalchallengesdrivingtheuseofactivatedcarboninurban wastewatertreatment.........................................................................................437
17.2.1Contaminantsofemergingconcerninurbanwatersystems ......................437
17.2.2CECsinwaterlegislationandregulationinEurope... ...............................438
17.3 ActivatedcarbonbasedprocessesforcontrollingCECsinwastewatertreatment..439
17.3.1AvailabletechnologiesforCECcontrolinurbanWWTPs ........................439
17.3.2OverviewofPACandGACset-upsinWWTPs.......................................440
17.3.3FurtherpracticalissuesinCECremovalbyPACadsorption.....................442
17.3.4Costevaluation......................................................................................445
17.4 Activatedcarbonsusedforwastewatertreatment. ...............................................447
17.4.1Dataavailableinliteratureforlarge-scaleapplicationinurbanWWTPs....447
17.4.2Proceduresusedforactivatedcarbonselection .........................................447
17.4.3Propertiesofactivatedcarbonspreselectedforapplication inurbanWWTPs...................................................................................452
17.5 Finalremarksandresearchneeds... ....................................................................464 Acknowledgments. ............................................................................................465 References. .......................................................................................................467
CHAPTER18Carbonnanotube-basedmaterialsforenvironmental remediationprocesses................................................................475 DanieleCostadaSilvaAlves,BrunaSilvadeFarias,CarmelBreslin, LuizAntoniodeAlmeidaPintoandTitoRobertoSant’AnnaCadavalJunior
18.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................475
18.2 OverviewofCNTssynthesisandcharacterizationtechniques. .............................476
18.3 CNTsasadsorbents,membranes,andphotocatalysts. .........................................479
18.4 CNTcombinedwithbiopolymers. .....................................................................481
18.4.1CNT/chitosancomposites.......................................................................481
18.4.2CNT/cellulosecomposites......................................................................484
18.4.3CNT/xanthangumcomposites.. ..............................................................487
18.4.4CNT/lignincomposites..........................................................................488 18.4.5CNT/alginatecomposites.......................................................................489
18.4.6CNT/dendrimerscomposites. .................................................................491
18.5 Environmentalandhumansafety.......................................................................492
18.6 CNT-basedbiomaterialsinenvironmentalremediation........................................492
18.6.1Adsorption............................................................................................494 18.6.2Membranefiltration...............................................................................495 18.6.3Photocatalyticdegradation. .....................................................................497 Conclusionsandremarks ...................................................................................499 References. .......................................................................................................500
CHAPTER19Applicationsofgrapheneoxide(GO)anditshybridwith nanoparticlesforwaterdecontamination.....................................513 PamelaSepúlveda,L.CarolinaEspinozaandAlejandraGarcia-Garcia
19.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................513
19.2 Grapheneoxide(GO)andreducedgrapheneoxide(rGO):Chemical andstructuralproperties,syntheticroutesofobtention,anduse inanchoringandstabilization. ...........................................................................514
19.2.1ChemicalandstructuralpropertiesofGOandrGO ..................................514
19.2.2SyntheticroutesforGOandrGO... .........................................................515
19.2.3AnchoringandstabilizationofNPsonGO. .............................................517
19.3 Organicandinorganicpollutants:ApplicationofGOandhybridGO nanomaterialstoremovalcontaminants. .............................................................518
19.4 UtilizationofGOandhybrid-GOnanomaterialstowaterdisinfection contaminatedwithvirusesandbacteria. .............................................................519
19.5 Conclusions. .....................................................................................................525 Acknowledgments... ..........................................................................................526 References... .....................................................................................................526
CHAPTER20Graphiticcarbonnitride:Triggeringthesolarlight–assisted decompositionofhazardoussubstances......................................533
SlađanaSavi ´ c,GoranRogli ´ c,BiljanaDoj ˇ cinovi ´ c,DraganManojlovi ´ c, andDaliborM.Stankovi ´ c
20.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................533
20.2 Synthesisofmaterialsandtheircharacteristics ...................................................534
20.3 Photoactivitymechanismsofdiverseg-C3 N4 ......................................................538
20.4 Theextentofdecompositionofhazardoussubstances. ........................................540
20.4.1Metal-freeg-C3 N4 tocombatwaterbornepollutants.................................543
20.4.2Metal-enhancedg-C3 N4 photocatalystsforwastewatertreatment. ............544
20.5 Conclusion. ......................................................................................................546 References... .....................................................................................................547
CHAPTER21Utilizationofflyash-basedadvancedmaterialsinadsorptive removalofpollutantsfromaqueousmedia...................................549 PonchamiSharma,NidhiSharma,ManashR.Das andRabahBoukherroub,PhD
21.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................549
21.2 Synthesismethodsofflyash-/modifiedflyash-basedadsorbents.... ...................550
21.3 Applicationofflyash-basedmaterialsforadsorptionofpollutantsfromwater.....556
21.3.1Adsorptionofheavymetalsfromaqueoussystems ..................................556
21.3.2Adsorptionoftannicacidanditsderivatives. ...........................................557
21.3.3Adsorptionofpesticides.........................................................................559
21.3.4Adsorptionofdyemolecules.... ..............................................................560
21.4 Futureperspectives. ..........................................................................................561 Acknowledgments... ..........................................................................................563 References... .....................................................................................................563
CHAPTER22Activatedcarbonsderivedfrombiomassfortheremoval byadsorptionofseveralpesticidesfromwater............................565 EvaSanz-Santos,SilviaÁlvarez-Torrellas,MarcosLarriba andJuanGarcía
22.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................565
22.2 Modelingsustainableactivatedcarbonsfortheremovalofpesticides byadsorption....................................................................................................568
22.3 Kineticmodeling..............................................................................................568
22.4 Isothermmodeling............................................................................................571
22.5 Thermodynamicstudies... ..................................................................................575
22.6 Relationbetweenadsorptioncapacityandsurfaceareaintheadsorption processofseveralpesticidesbybiomass-derivedcarbonmaterials .......................575
22.7 Concludingremarksandrecommendationsforfuturework... ..............................578 Acknowledgments. ............................................................................................579 References. .......................................................................................................579
CHAPTER23Synthesisandapplicationofnanostructuredironoxides heterogeneouscatalystsforenvironmentalapplications..............583 SoliuO.Ganiyu,PuthiyaVetilNidheeshandMehmetA.Oturan
23.1 Introduction. .....................................................................................................583
23.2 Pristineandengineeredironoxides:Synthesisroutes.. ........................................584
23.2.1Pristineironoxides................................................................................584
23.2.2Syntheticironoxides ..............................................................................584
23.3 Propertiesofnanostructuredironoxides.... .........................................................587
23.3.1Chemicalproperties.. .............................................................................587
23.3.2Redoxproperties ....................................................................................588
23.3.3Magneticproperties.. .............................................................................588
23.4 Applicationofnanostructuredironoxidesforenvironmentalremediation. ...........589 23.4.1Adsorption............................................................................................589
23.4.2Catalyticozonation.... ............................................................................591
23.4.3FentonandFenton-relatedprocesses... ....................................................593
23.4.4Sulfate-basedadvancedoxidationprocesses. ...........................................595
23.4.5Useofironoxidecatalystsinphotocatalysis. ...........................................597 Conclusions... ...................................................................................................599 References. .......................................................................................................599
Contributors
MaxwellSelaseAkple
MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,HoTechnicalUniversity,Ho,Ghana
SilviaÃlvarez-Torrellas
CatalysisandSeparationProcessesGroup(CyPS),ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Department,FacultyofChemistrySciences,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid,Spain
DanieleCostadaSilvaAlves
SchoolofChemistryandFood,FederalUniversityofRioGrande(FURG),RioGrande,Brazil; DepartmentofChemistry,MaynoothUniversity,Maynooth,Co.Kildare,Ireland
RabiaAmen
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan;DepartmentofSustainableBioproducts,MississippiStateUniversity,Starkville,MS, USA
PatriciaBalderas-Hernández
JointCenterforResearchinSustainableChemistry,AutonomousUniversityoftheStateof Mexico-NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico(UAEM-UNAM),Mexico
MariuszBarczak
InstituteofChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemistry,MariaCurie-SklodowskaUniversity,Lublin, Poland
HamnaBashir
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan
IrshadBibi
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan
RabahBoukherroub,PhD
Univ.Lille,CNRS,CentraleLille,Univ.PolytechniqueHauts-de-France,Lille,F-59000,France
CarmelBreslin
DepartmentofChemistry,MaynoothUniversity,Maynooth,Co.Kildare,Ireland
TitoRobertoSant’AnnaCadavalJunior
SchoolofChemistryandFood,FederalUniversityofRioGrande(FURG),RioGrande,Brazil
MargaridaCampinas
WaterQualityandTreatmentLaboratory,UrbanWaterUnit,HydraulicsandEnvironment Department,LNEC—NationalLaboratoryforCivilEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal
AnaP.Carvalho
CentrodeQuímicaEstrutural,InstituteofMolecularSciences,DepartamentodeQuímicae Bioquímica,FaculdadedeCiências,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
AneebaChaudary
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
PadmanabanVelayudhaperumalChellam
DepartmentofBiotechnology,NationalInstituteofTechnology,AndhraPradesh,India
SajanPonnappaChimmikuttanda ChemistryRandD,VerdeEnChemicalsPvt.Ltd,HapurDistrict,UttarPradesh,India
TaybaChudhary DepartmentofChemistry,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,PRChina
SelaySertÇok EgeUniversityChemicalEngineeringDepartment,Turkey
ManashR.Das
AdvancedMaterialsGroup,MaterialsSciencesandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEast InstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat,Assam,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
BiljanaDoj ˇ cinovi ´ c UniversityofBelgrade,InstituteofChemistry,TechnologyandMetallurgy,Departmentof Chemistry,Belgrade,Serbia
PranganDuarah
CentrefortheEnvironment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati,Assam,India
GabrielaDuro
InstituteofChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemistry,MariaCurie-SklodowskaUniversity,Lublin, Poland
NancyE.Dávila-Guzmán
UniversidadAutónomadeNuevoLeón(UANL),FacultaddeCienciasQuímicas,Departamento deIngenieríaQuímica,Av.UniversidadS/N,Cd.Universitaria,SanNicolásdelosGarza,Nuevo León,México
L.CarolinaEspinoza
LaboratoriodeBiosensores,DepartamentodeQuímicaFarmacológicayToxicológica,Facultad deCienciasQuímicasyFarmacéuticas,UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile;Centrode investigacióndeProcesosRedox,CIPRex,FacultaddeCienciasQuímicasyFarmacéuticas, UniversidaddeChile,Santiago,Chile
BrunaSilvadeFarias
SchoolofChemistryandFood,FederalUniversityofRioGrande(FURG),RioGrande,Brazil
MarinaBarbosadeFarias
UniversityofCampinas,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofProcessesandProducts Design,Campinas,SãoPaulo,Brazil
K.Y.Foo
RiverEngineeringandUrbanDrainageResearchCenter(REDAC),UniversitiSainsMalaysia, 14300,Penang,Malaysia
JoséT.Freire
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FederalUniversityofSãoCarlos,SãoCarlos,SP, Brazil
SoliuO.Ganiyu
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB, Canada
JuanGarcía
CatalysisandSeparationProcessesGroup(CyPS),ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Department,FacultyofChemistrySciences,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid,Spain
AlejandraGarcia-Garcia
Groupofsynthesisandmodificationofnanostructuresandbidimensionalmaterials,Advanced MaterialsResearchCenter(CIMAV),Apodaca,NL,Maxico
DimitriosA.Giannakoudakis
InstituteofPhysicalChemistry,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland
NilayGizli
EgeUniversityChemicalEngineeringDepartment,Turkey
DibyajyotiHaldar
DepartmentofBiotechnology,KarunyaInstituteofTechnologyandSciences,Coimbatore, TamilNadu,India
ElBarbaryHassan
DepartmentofSustainableBioproducts,MississippiStateUniversity,Starkville,MS,USA
FatimaIqbal
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan
ShuaiJiang
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
JulianaJohn
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Tiruchirappalli,India
S.Keerthanan
EcosphereResilienceResearchCenter,FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSri Jayewardenepura,SriLanka
Ki-HyunKim
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,Republicof Korea
Fato¸sKoç
EgeUniversityChemicalEngineeringDepartment,Turkey
VanishKumar
NationalAgriFoodBiotechnologyInstitute(NABI),S.A.S.Nagar,Punjab,India
MarcosLarriba
CatalysisandSeparationProcessesGroup(CyPS),ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Department,FacultyofChemistrySciences,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid,Spain
CristinaA.DeLeón-Condés
IndustrialEngineeringDepartment,TechnologicalofHigherStudiesofTianguistenco
MengmengLi
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
LifangLiu
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
DraganManojlovi ´ c
UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofChemistry,DepartmentofAnalyticalChemistry,Belgrade, Serbia
GonzaloMartínez-Barrera
LaboratoryforResearchandDevelopmentofAdvancedMaterials(LIDMA),FacultyofChemistry, AutonomousUniversityoftheStateofMexico,SanCayetano,Mexico
LucasMeili
LaboratoryofProcesses(LaPro),CenterofLaboratoryofProcesses,CenterofTechnology, FederalUniversityofAlagoas,Maceió,AL,Brazil
InnaMelnyk
DepartmentofChemisorptionandHybridMaterials,ChuikoInstituteofSurfaceChemistryof NASU,Kyiv,Ukraine;DepartmentofPhysicalandPhysico-ChemicalMethodsofMineral Processing,InstituteofGeotechnicsSAS,Kosice,SlovakRepublic
ElsaMesquita
WaterQualityandTreatmentLaboratory,UrbanWaterUnit,HydraulicsandEnvironment Department,LNEC—NationalLaboratoryforCivilEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal
AnaS.Mestre
CentrodeQuímicaEstrutural,InstituteofMolecularSciences,DepartamentodeQuímicae Bioquímica,FaculdadedeCiências,UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
AhmadMukhtar
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NFCInstituteofEngineeringandFertilizerResearch, Faisalabad,Pakistan
AmolNaik
ChemistryRandD,VerdeEnChemicalsPvt.Ltd,HapurDistrict,UttarPradesh,India
Natasha
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad,Vehari,Pakistan
NabeelKhanNiazi
InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgricultureFaisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan
PuthiyaVetilNidheesh
CSIR-NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute,Nagpur,Maharashtra,India
MehmetA.Oturan
UniversitéGustaveEiffel,LaboratoireGéomatériauxetEnvironnement(LGE),Marne-la-Vallée, France
MohammedKayesPatoary
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
BernardPawlak
InstituteofChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemistry,MariaCurie-SklodowskaUniversity,Lublin, Poland
LigyPhilip
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai,TamilNadu, India
KatarzynaPi ˛ atkowska-Sawczuk
InstituteofChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemistry,MariaCurie-SklodowskaUniversity,Lublin, Poland
DorotaPietras-Ozga
DepartmentofEpizootiologyandClinicofInfectiousDiseases,FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine, UniversityofLifeSciencesofLublin,Lublin,Poland
LuizAntoniodeAlmeidaPinto
SchoolofChemistryandFood,FederalUniversityofRioGrande(FURG),RioGrande,Brazil
SandraPioquinto-García
UniversidadAutónomadeNuevoLeón(UANL),FacultaddeCienciasQuímicas,Departamento deIngenieríaQuímica,Av.UniversidadS/N,Cd.Universitaria,SanNicolásdelosGarza,Nuevo León,México
MihirKumarPurkait
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Assam,India; CentrefortheEnvironment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati,Guwahati,Assam,India
KheerthanaRamesh
DepartmentofBiotechnology,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Durgapur,India
AlanA.Rico-Barragán
UniversidadAutónomadeNuevoLeón(UANL),FacultaddeCienciasQuímicas,Departamento deIngenieríaQuímica,Av.UniversidadS/N,Cd.Universitaria,SanNicolásdelosGarza,Nuevo León,México
GabrielaRoa-Morales
JointCenterforResearchinSustainableChemistry,AutonomousUniversityoftheStateof Mexico-NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico(UAEM-UNAM),Mexico
GoranRogli ´ c
UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofChemistry,DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,Belgrade,Serbia
MariaJoãoRosa
WaterQualityandTreatmentLaboratory,UrbanWaterUnit,HydraulicsandEnvironment Department,LNEC—NationalLaboratoryforCivilEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal
EvaSanz-Santos
CatalysisandSeparationProcessesGroup(CyPS),ChemicalEngineeringandMaterials Department,FacultyofChemistrySciences,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid,Spain
SlađanaSavi ´ c UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofChemistry,DepartmentofAppliedChemistry,Belgrade,Serbia
PamelaSepúlveda
PhysicsDepartment,FacultyofScience,UniversityofSantiagoofChile(USACH),Santiago, Chile;CenterfortheDevelopmentofNanoscienceandNanotechnology(CEDENNA),University ofSantiagoofChile(USACH),Santiago,Chile;FacultyofChemistryandBiology,Universityof SantiagoofChile(USACH),Santiago,Chile
MuhammadShahid
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad,Vehari,Pakistan
NidhiSharma
AdvancedMaterialsGroup,MaterialsSciencesandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEast InstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat,Assam,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovative Research(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
PonchamiSharma
AdvancedMaterialsGroup,MaterialsSciencesandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEast InstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat,Assam,India;PragyaAcademy,Jorhat,Assam, India
MeurisGurgelCarlosdaSilva
UniversityofCampinas,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofProcessesandProducts Design,Campinas,SãoPaulo,Brazil
ThiagoLopesdaSilva
UniversityofCampinas,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofProcessesandProducts Design,Campinas,SãoPaulo,Brazil
AnamáliaF.Silva
LaboratoryofProcesses(LaPro),CenterofLaboratoryofProcesses,CenterofTechnology, FederalUniversityofAlagoas,Maceió,AL,Brazil
LuizD.SilvaNeto
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FederalUniversityofSãoCarlos,SãoCarlos,SP,Brazil
RupeshSingh
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IITKanpur,UttarPradesh,India
EduardoSoto-Regalado
UniversidadAutónomadeNuevoLeón(UANL),FacultaddeCienciasQuímicas,Departamento deIngenieríaQuímica,Av.UniversidadS/N,Cd.Universitaria,SanNicolásdelosGarza,Nuevo León,México
MarcelaPiresSpaolonzi
UniversityofCampinas,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofProcessesandProducts Design,Campinas,SãoPaulo,Brazil
DaliborM.Stankovi ´ c
UniversityofBelgrade,FacultyofChemistry,DepartmentofAnalyticalChemistry,Belgrade, Serbia
NataliyaStolyarchuk
DepartmentofChemisorptionandHybridMaterials,ChuikoInstituteofSurfaceChemistryof NASU,Kyiv,Ukraine
K.L.Tan
RiverEngineeringandUrbanDrainageResearchCenter(REDAC),UniversitiSainsMalaysia, 14300,Penang,Malaysia
VeronikaTomina
DepartmentofChemisorptionandHybridMaterials,ChuikoInstituteofSurfaceChemistryof NASU,Kyiv,Ukraine
FernandoUreña-Núñez
NationalInstituteforNuclearResearch,LaMarquesaOcoyoacac,Mexico
KowsalyaVellingiri
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai,TamilNadu, India
RuiM.C.Viegas
WaterQualityandTreatmentLaboratory,UrbanWaterUnit,HydraulicsandEnvironment Department,LNEC—NationalLaboratoryforCivilEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal
MelissaGurgelAdeodatoVieira
UniversityofCampinas,SchoolofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofProcessesandProducts Design,Campinas,SãoPaulo,Brazil
KumarVikrant
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
MeththikaVithanage
EcosphereResilienceResearchCenter,FacultyofAppliedSciences,UniversityofSri Jayewardenepura,SriLanka;SustainabilityCluster,SchoolofEngineering,Universityof Petroleum&EnergyStudies,Dehradun,Uttarakhand248007,India
SherifA.Younis
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,HanyangUniversity,Seoul,Republicof Korea;AnalysisandEvaluationDepartment,EgyptianPetroleumResearchInstitute(EPRI), NasrCity,Cairo,Egypt
MeilingZhang
CollegeofTextiles,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina;TheKeyLabofTextileScience& Technology,MinistryofEducation,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai,PRChina
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Iwouldliketowholeheartedlydedicatethisbooktomyparentsasasmallpieceof gratitudeforrealizinghowdemandingandhardtheyhadtofightinordertoprovideme andmybrothertheopportunities,skills,andfreedomtofollowourownlifetrail.And aboveall,forlearnustofightfairlyourfightstowardtheaccomplishmentofthegoals, withself-confidenceandwithoutclosingtheeyesandavoidingthedifficultpathways.
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Thisbookisdedicatedtothelovingmemoryofmymother:myguidinglight,myshining star,forever.Idedicatethisbooktomybelovedfather,myhero,forhisloveandsupport throughoutmylife.Heisalwaysaninspirationtomeforeverything.Ialsothankmy brotherforhisloveandsupport.Iwouldalsoliketodedicatethisbooktomybeloved nephewPanagiotakis.
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