A
Clinician’s Pearls & Myths in Rheumatology
Second Edition
Editor
John H. Stone
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard University Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
ISBN 978-3-031-23487-3 ISBN 978-3-031-23488-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23488-0
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2009, 2023
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To Sarah Lucretia (“Lu”) Stone (1936–1991)
A mother holds her children’s hands for a short time, and their hearts forever.
Preface
When I was a child in the second grade, my mother developed an acutely painful index fnger on her right hand. After several sleepless nights with unrelenting pain that was disguised from me, she was admitted to the hospital. The surgeon suspected a glomus tumor—a benign growth that sometimes develops in the nailbed. But no tumor was found at surgery. Instead, the surgeon shared an astonishing observation with my father: “When I removed her fngernail, she didn’t bleed.”
And at that point, the nature of her disease began to dawn on her doctors and on my father, who was himself a physician. My mother had developed Raynaud’s phenomenon as a teenager. When she and my father were newlyweds and he was a medical student, they had mused together at the oddity of her intermittently pale white fngers, which developed sometimes even in the summer. Around the time I was born, she suffered from a skin problem that I learned—years later—was dermatitis herpetiformis. As a young boy, I remember her scratching her intensely itchy legs. As I grew up, I became aware of the subtle scars left on her face, usually well-hidden with makeup.
The active skin infammation faded after a few years, but other aspects of the autoimmune kaleidoscope came into sharper focus. The ischemic fnger in the context of her preceding issues led to the diagnosis of scleroderma. In that light, most of the medical events in my mother’s life make sense now. Her fnger hadn’t bled at surgery because of the severity of vasoconstriction. The shapes of her fngers that I can still see and remember dearly, including the curved fngernail that never grew back normally, were the result of her disease. The calcinoses and digital pitting that developed in her fngers were also consequences of her slowmoving but relentless illness, as were the intermittent bouts of dysphagia caused by esophageal dysmotility. For a time, during my teens, my mother often had to excuse herself from the dinner table because she just couldn’t swallow her food. A painful memory for me.
Despite that, Mom led a full life and it seemed to most that nothing slowed her down: raising two rambunctious boys; being a loving wife and returning to graduate school; becoming a devoted frst-grade teacher; using her hands constantly in spite of sensitive fngers on sewing, knitting, cooking, and playing the piano; enjoying lifelong friends; attending our soccer games with mittens on to counter Raynaud’s attacks; and delighting in family travel.
It all came to a halt far too early. When I was a medical intern, the hospital operator paged me to return a call from my father. Mom had developed an acute bowel obstruction because of scleroderma gut and had been taken to surgery that morning. I few home, to her bedside in the intensive care unit. There, far more fragile that anyone had realized, she died twelve days later of adult respiratory distress syndrome. The real cause, of course, was scleroderma. She was 54 years old.
It is little consolation that traumatic health events in one’s family make a physician a better doctor. Yet it is true. My mother’s nearly lifelong struggle with scleroderma—ironically regarded as “limited”—helps me understand the uncertainties, frustrations, and tears of my patients and their families. Mom’s illness, of course, contributed to my becoming a rheumatologist and dedicating my career to helping patients address diseases like hers. It is only ftting, then, that this book is dedicated to her.
So much has happened since the First Edition was published in 2009. New rheumatic diseases have been identifed. (IgG4-related disease was scarcely mentioned in the First Edition!) Biomedical science has witnessed important advances in assessment and diagnosis, some of which have already altered approaches to patient care. Creative new therapies have been conceived and studied. Some in fact have worked, been approved, and are already improving patients’ lives. The world has endured (and still persists in) a viral pandemic that has underscored the importance of vaccines and public health and forced us to re-think how we apply many of our existing treatments. Though many challenges remain, my inherent optimism - a trait inherited from my mother - inspires confdence that the coming years will mark growing progress for the patients we treat.
The judgment of inspired clinicians will remain fundamental to inspiring advances and maintaining safe speeds on the paths ahead. It is in this spirit that this book is written: by clinicians, for clinicians. I am grateful to the more than 200 contributors who offer guidance here from their own approaches to our art, sharing their hard-earned and frequently elegant clinical wisdom.
Boston, MA, USA
John H. Stone
1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Kevin D. Deane, Daniel Aletaha, Joan M. Bathon, Paul Emery, George E. Fragoulis, V. Michael Holers, T. W. J. Huizinga, Jason R. Kolfenbach, James R. O’Dell, Duane W. Pearson, Elizabeth Park, Josef Smolen, Yoshiya Tanaka, Peter C. Taylor, Annette van der Helm-van Mil, Ronald F. van Vollenhoven, and E. William St. Clair
2 Rheumatoid Vasculitis
Ashima Makol, Tanaz Kermani, Kenneth Warrington, John H. Stone, and Eric L. Matteson
3 Adult-Onset Still’s Disease .
Yutong Su and Chengde Yang
4 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Randy Q. Cron, Sangeeta Sule, Jordan T. Jones, Tristan A. Kerr, Kimberly A. Morishita, Ross E. Petty, and Carol B. Lindsley
5 Monogenic Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Ivona Aksentijevich and Eldad Ben-Chetrit
6 Juvenile Spondyloarthritis
Dax G. Rumsey, David A. Cabral, and Shirley M. L. Tse
7 Axial Spondyloarthritis
Xenofon Baraliakos, Dennis McGonagle, and Jürgen Braun
8 Psoriatic Arthritis
Philip Helliwell, Laura C. Coates, and Dafna Gladman
9 Reactive Arthritis
John H. Stone
10 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) and Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Ami A. Shah, Janet E. Pope, Dinesh Khanna, Maureen Mayes, Virginia Steen, and Christopher Denton
11 Sjögren’s Disease
Alan Baer, Vatinee Bunya, Ava Wu, Xavier Mariette, and Frederick Vivino
12 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 167
Michelle Petri, Martin Aringer, Isabelle Ayoub, Salem Almaani, Hermine Brunner, Maria Dall’Era, Mengdi Jiang, Richard Furie, Jessica Greco, Fiona Goldblatt, Jennifer Huggins, T. W. J. Huizinga, David Isenberg, Nicholas L. Li, R. C. Monahan, Samir V. Parikh, David Pisetsky, Abin P. Puravath, Brad Rovin, Daniel Wallace, Xuan Zhang, and Lidan Zhao
13 Childhood-Onset SLE and Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
Deborah M. Levy, Jill Buyon, and Earl D. Silverman
14 The Antiphospholipid Syndrome 225
David P. D’Cruz, Jason S. Knight, Lisa Sammaritano, Jane Salmon, Ricard Cervera, and Munther Khamashta
15 Reproductive Health in the Rheumatic Diseases 241
Julia Sun, Laura Andreoli, Jane Salmon, Meghan Clowse, Caroline Gordon, Jill Buyon, Rosalind Ramsay-Goldman, and Lisa Sammaritano
16 Inflammatory Myopathies
Chester Oddis, Vidya Limaye, Frederick Miller, and Lisa Christopher-Stine
17 Juvenile Dermatomyositis 275
Lauren M. Pachman, Sarah Tansley, Ann M. Reed, Clarissa M. Pilkington, Brian M. Feldman, and Lisa G. Rider
18 Vasculitic Neuropathy 287
John H. Stone
19 Pediatric Vasculitis
Seza Ozen, Despina Eleftheriou, Anne Rowley, and Paul Brogan
20 Behçet Syndrome
Johannes Nowatzky, Gulen Hatemi, Vedat Hamuryudan, Hasan Yazici, and Yusuf Yazici
21 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
John H. Stone
22 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 335
John H. Stone
23 Microscopic Polyangiitis 357
Duvuru Geetha and John H. Stone
24 Oral Manifestations Associated with Rheumatic Diseases 369
Sonia Marino, Sook-Bin Woo, Roberta Gualtierotti, John A. G. Buchanan, Shaiba Shandu, Francesco Spadari, and Massimo Cugno
25 Cryoglobulinemia 395
Franco Dammacco, Patrice Cacoub, John H. Stone, and David Saadoun
26 Polyarteritis Nodosa
John H. Stone
27 Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Peter M. Villiger, Lisa Christ, Luca Seitz, Godehard Scholz, Christoph Tappeiner, Francesco Muratore, Carlo Salvarani, Sue Mollan, Vanessa Quick, Christian Dejaco, Michael Lee, Neil Basu, Neil Miller, and John H. Stone
28 Takayasu’s Arteritis 447
Kaitlin A. Quinn, Durga P. Misra, Aman Sharma, Andrew Porter, Justin Mason, and Peter C. Grayson
29 Central Nervous System Vasculitis and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Rula A. Hajj-Ali, David S. Younger, and Leonard H. Calabrese
30 Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Ashima Makol, Leslie T. Cooper, John H. Stone, and Eric L. Matteson
31 Less Common Vasculitides
Eric L. Matteson and John H. Stone
32 Relapsing Polychondritis 491
Jeremie Dion, Guillaume Moulis, and Nathalie Costedoat
33 Fibromyalgia .
Daniel Clauw
34 Clinical Features of Gout
Robert Terkeltaub, Nicola Dalbeth, Naomi Schlesinger, Brian Mandell, and Michael Pillinger
35 Epidemiology of Gout
Hyon K. Choi and John H. Stone
36 Treatment of Gout
Nicola Dalbeth, Michael Pillinger, Naomi Schlesinger, Brian Mandell, and Robert Terkeltaub
37 CPPD and Other Microcrystalline Disorders
Ann K. Rosenthal, Mariano Andres, Abhishek Abhishek, and Robert Terkeltaub
38 Inflammatory Eye Disease 545
Bart Chwalisz, Michael Lee, Lucia Sobrin, and Suzanne K. Freitag
39 Immune-Mediated Inner Ear Disease 569 Soumyajit Das and Steven Rauch
40 Osteoporosis: Epidemiology and Assessment
Mary Beth Humphrey, Bita Zahedi, Amy Warriner, Sarah Morgan, Benjamin Z. Leder, Ken Saag, and Elaine W. Yu
41 Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment 587
Mary Beth Humphrey, Bita Zahedi, Amy Warriner, Sarah Morgan, Benjamin Z. Leder, Ken Saag, and Elaine W. Yu
42 Paget’s Disease of Bone
Ian R. Reid and Margaret Seton
43 Lyme
Sheila L. Arvikar, John J. Halperin, and Allen C. Steere 44 Osteoarthritis
Lauren King, Ian Stanaitis, and Gillian Hawker
45 Regional Musculoskeletal Problems
Atul Deodhar and John H. Stone
46 Low Back and Neck Pain
Rajiv K. Dixit, Daniel Tobert, and Joseph H. Schwab
47 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
Marlies Colman, Anne De Paepe, and Fransiska Malfait
48 Sarcoidosis
Marc A. Judson, Elyse E. Lower, Edward S. Chen, Jeffrey A. Sparks, Jocelyn R. Farmer, and Robert P. Baughman
49 Amyloidosis 687
Andrew Staron, Morie Gertz, and Giampaolo Merlini
50 IgG4-Related Disease 701
Mitsuhiro Kawano, Yoh Zen, Takako Saeki, Lingli Dong, Wen Zhang, Emanuel
Della-Torre, Philip A. Hart, Judith A. Ferry, and John H. Stone
51 Castleman Disease 727
Luke Chen and David C. Fajgenbaum
52 Erdheim-Chester Disease 737
Matthew J. Koster
53 Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease
Guillaume Dumas and Olivier Fain
54 Whipple’s Disease
Rima N. El-Abassi, Daniel Raines, and J. D. England
743
Contributors
Abhishek Abhishek University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Ivona Aksentijevich Infammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
Daniel Aletaha Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Salem Almaani Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Laura Andreoli Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Mariano Andres Sección de Reumatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, and ISABIAL, Elche, Spain
Martin Aringer Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
Sheila L. Arvikar Center for Immunology and Infammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Isabelle Ayoub Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Alan Baer Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Xenofon Baraliakos Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
Neil Basu Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Infammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Joan M. Bathon Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Robert P. Baughman Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Eldad Ben-Chetrit Rheumatology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Jürgen Braun Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Herne, Germany
Paul Brogan Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Hermine Brunner Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
John A. G. Buchanan Centre for Education and Innovation, Dental Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Vatinee Bunya Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jill Buyon New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
David A. Cabral Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Patrice Cacoub AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
Leonard H. Calabrese Cleveland Clinic Center for Vasculitis Care and Research, Cleveland, OH, USA
Ricard Cervera Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
Edward S. Chen Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Luke Chen Division of Hematology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Hyon K. Choi Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Lisa Christ Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Lisa Christopher-Stine Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Johns Hopkins Myositis Precision Medicine Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, USA
Bart Chwalisz Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infrmary, Boston, MA, USA
Daniel Clauw Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Meghan Clowse Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Laura C. Coates Nuffeld Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Marlies Colman Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Leslie T. Cooper Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Nathalie Costedoat UMR 1027 Inserm, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
Randy Q. Cron University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Massimo Cugno Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
David P. D’Cruz Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
Nicola Dalbeth Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maria Dall’Era School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Franco Dammacco Department of Biological Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Bari, Italy
Soumyajit Das Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
Kevin D. Deane Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Christian Dejaco Rheumatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
Rheumatology, Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy
Emanuel Della-Torre IRCCS San Raffaele Scientifc Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientifc Institute, Milan, Italy
Christopher Denton CL Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
UCL Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
Atul Deodhar Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Anne De Paepe Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Jeremie Dion National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
Rajiv K. Dixit Northern California Arthritis Center, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
Lingli Dong Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Guillaume Dumas APHP, Service de médecine intensive et de réanimation, hôpital SaintLouis, Paris, France
Center of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, INSERM, Université de Paris, UMR 1153, Paris, France
Rima N. El-Abassi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Despina Eleftheriou Infection, Immunity and Infammation Programme Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Paul Emery Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
J. D. England Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Olivier Fain AP-HP, service de médecine interne, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
David C. Fajgenbaum Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment and Laboratory & Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jocelyn R. Farmer Department of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Brian M. Feldman Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, IHPME, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
Judith A. Ferry Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
George E. Fragoulis Institute of Infection, Immunity and Infammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Suzanne K. Freitag Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infrmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Richard Furie Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, NY, USA
Duvuru Geetha Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Morie Gertz Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Dafna Gladman Department of Medicine, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Fiona Goldblatt Department of Rheumatology, The Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Caroline Gordon University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Peter C. Grayson, MD, Mac National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Jessica Greco Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Roberta Gualtierotti Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Rula A. Hajj-Ali Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
John J. Halperin Atlantic Health System, Summit, NJ, USA
Vedat Hamuryudan Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Behçet’s Disease Research Centre, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
Philip A. Hart Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Gulen Hatemi Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Behçet’s Disease Research Centre, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
Gillian Hawker Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Philip Helliwell Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
V. Michael Holers Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Jennifer Huggins Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
T. W. J. Huizinga Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Mary Beth Humphrey University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
David Isenberg Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Mengdi Jiang Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Jordan T. Jones University of Kansas City Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
Marc A. Judson Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
Mitsuhiro Kawano Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
Tanaz Kermani Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Tristan A. Kerr Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Munther Khamashta Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College University, London, UK
Dinesh Khanna University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Lauren King University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jason S. Knight Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jason R. Kolfenbach Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Matthew J. Koster Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Benjamin Z. Leder, MD Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Michael Lee Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Deborah M. Levy Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vidya Limaye Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Carol B. Lindsley University of Kansas City Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
Nicholas L. Li Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Elyse E. Lower Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Ashima Makol Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Fransiska Malfait Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Brian Mandell Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Xavier Mariette Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Centre de recherche en Immunologie des infections virales et des maladies auto-immunes, Paris, France
AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Rheumatology Department, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
Sonia Marino Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Maxillo-Facial and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Justin Mason Vascular Sciences and Rheumatology, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Eric L. Matteson Division of Rheumatology and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Maureen Mayes Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
Dennis McGonagle LTHT, Leeds NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Giampaolo Merlini Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Centre, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifco Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Frederick Miller Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Neil Miller Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Durga P. Misra Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
Sue Mollan Metabolic Neurology, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
R. C. Monahan Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Sarah Morgan Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Kimberly A. Morishita Department of Paediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Division of Rheumatology, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Guillaume Moulis Department of Internal Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU de Toulouse), Toulouse, France
CIC 1436, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU de Toulouse), Toulouse, France
Francesco Muratore Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Johannes Nowatzky Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Behçet’s Disease Program, NYU Langone Ocular Rheumatology Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
James R. O’Dell Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Chester Oddis Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Seza Ozen Department of Paediatrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Lauren M. Pachman Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Cure JM Center of Excellence in JM Research and Care, Chicago, LI, USA
Samir V. Parikh Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Elizabeth Park Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Duane W. Pearson Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Michelle Petri Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
Ross E. Petty Department of Paediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clarissa M. Pilkington Adolescent and Pediatric Rheumatology, University College and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Michael Pillinger The Division of Rheumatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
The Section of Rheumatology, New York Harbor Health Care System, New York Campus of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, USA
David Pisetsky Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center and Medical Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Janet E. Pope Division of Rheumatology, St Joseph’s Hospital, Western University, London, ON, Canada
Andrew Porter Rheumatology Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Abin P. Puravath Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Vanessa Quick Rheumatology, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK
Kaitlin A. Quinn, MD, MHS National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Daniel Raines Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Rosalind Ramsay-Goldman Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Steven Rauch Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Ann M. Reed Cure JM Center of Excellence in JM Research and Care, Durham, NC, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
Ian R. Reid Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
Lisa G. Rider Cure JM Center of Excellence in JM Research and Care, Washington, DC, USA
Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Ann K. Rosenthal Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Brad Rovin Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Anne Rowley Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Dax G. Rumsey Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
David Saadoun AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
Ken Saag University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Takako Saeki Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan
Jane Salmon Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Carlo Salvarani Rheumatology Service, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Lisa Sammaritano Weill Cornell Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
Naomi Schlesinger Division of Rheumatology, Rutgers—Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Godehard Scholz Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Joseph H. Schwab Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Luca Seitz Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Margaret Seton Boston, MA, USA
Ami A. Shah Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Shaiba Shandu Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Aman Sharma Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Services, Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
Earl D. Silverman Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Josef Smolen Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Lucia Sobrin Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
Francesco Spadari Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, Maxillo-Facial and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Jeffrey A. Sparks Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
E. William St. Clair Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Ian Stanaitis Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Andrew Staron Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Virginia Steen Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
Allen C. Steere Center for Immunology and Infammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
John H. Stone Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Sangeeta Sule Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Julia Sun Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Yutong Su Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Yoshiya Tanaka The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
Sarah Tansley Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Christoph Tappeiner Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Peter C. Taylor Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Robert Terkeltaub Rheumatology, Allergy-Immunology Section, San Diego VA Medical Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Daniel Tobert Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Spine Center and Orthopedic Oncology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Shirley M. L. Tse Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto/SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
Annette van der Helm-van Mil Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ronald F. van Vollenhoven Unit for Clinical Therapy Research, Infammatory Diseases (ClinTRID), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Peter M. Villiger Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Frederick Vivino Division of Rheumatology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Penn Sjogren’s Syndrome Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Daniel Wallace Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Amy Warriner Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Kenneth Warrington Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
Sook-Bin Woo Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Center of Oral Pathology, StrataDx, Lexington, MA, USA
Ava Wu Sjögren’s Syndrome Clinic, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Chengde Yang Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Hasan Yazici Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Yusuf Yazici Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
David S. Younger Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Elaine W. Yu, MD, MMSC Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Bita Zahedi, MD, MA Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Yoh Zen Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
Wen Zhang Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
Xuan Zhang Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Lidan Zhao Departments of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
