BriefContents
1.1Sociology: Perspective,Theory,andMethod2
2.2Culture42
3.3Socialization: From InfancytoOldAge74
4.4Social InteractioninEverydayLife100
5.5MassMediaandSocial Media124
6.6GroupsandOrganizations156
7.7SexualityandSociety180
8.8Deviance208
9.9Social Stratification240
10.10Global Stratification282 11.11Gender Stratification308
12.12RaceandEthnicity338
13.13EconomicsandPolitics368
14.14FamilyandReligion410
15.15Education,Health,andMedicine450
16.16Population,Urbanization,andEnvironment 492
17.17Social Change: ModernandPostmodernSocieties524
1.Boxesxiv
2.Revel Boxesxv
3.Mapsxvi
4.Prefacexviii
5.About theAuthor xxviii
1.1Sociology: Perspective,Theory,andMethod2
1.ThePower of Societytoguideour choicesinmarriagepartners3
2.TheSociological Perspective4
1.1.1: Explainhowthesociological perspectivehelpsus understandthat societyshapesour individual lives.
2.SeeingtheGeneral intheParticular 4
3.SeeingtheStrangeintheFamiliar 5
4.SeeingSocietyinOur EverydayLives6
5.SeeingSociologically: MarginalityandCrisis7
6.TheImportanceof aGlobal Perspective9
7.TheOriginsof Sociology10
3.ApplyingtheSociological Perspective12
1.1.2: Identifytheadvantagesof sociological thinkingfor developingpublicpolicy,for encouragingpersonal growth,
andfor advancinginacareer.
2.SociologyandPublicPolicy12
3.SociologyandPersonal Growth12
4.Careers: The“SociologyAdvantage”12
4.Sociological Theory14
1.1.3: Summarizesociology’smajor theoretical approaches.
2.TheStructural-Functional Approach14
3.TheSocial-Conflict Approach15
4.Feminism andGender-Conflict Theory16
5.Race-Conflict Theory17
6.TheSymbolic-InteractionApproach18
5.ThreeWaystodoSociology21
1.1.4: Describesociology’sthreeresearchorientations.
2.Positivist Sociology21
3.InterpretiveSociology23
4.Critical Sociology24
5.ResearchOrientationsandTheory24
6.IssuesAffectingSociological Research25
1.1.5: Identifytheimportanceof gender andethicsin sociological research.
2.Gender 25
3.ResearchEthics25
7.ResearchMethods26
1.1.6: Explainwhyaresearcher might chooseeachof sociology’sresearchmethods.
2.TestingaHypothesis: TheExperiment 26
3.AskingQuestions: SurveyResearch28
4.IntheField: Participant Observation31
5.UsingAvailableData: ExistingSources33
6.PuttingIt All Together: TenStepsinSociological Research 36
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife38
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife39
3.MakingtheGrade40
2.2Culture42
1.ThePower of Societytoguideour attitudesonsocial issuessuch asabortion43
2.What IsCulture?44
1.2.1: Explainthedevelopment of cultureasahumanstrategy for survival.
2.CultureandHumanIntelligence47
3.Culture,Nation,andSociety47
4.HowManyCultures?47
3.TheElementsof Culture48
1.2.2: Identifycommonelementsof culture.
2.Symbols48
3.Language50
4.ValuesandBeliefs51
5.Norms53
6.Ideal andReal Culture53
4.TechnologyandCulture54
1.2.3: Analyzehowasociety’slevel of technologyshapesits culture.
2.HuntingandGathering54
3.HorticultureandPastoralism 55
4.Agriculture55
5.Industry55
6.Postindustrial InformationTechnology56
5.Cultural Diversity: ManyWaysof LifeinOneWorld56
1.2.4: Discussdimensionsof cultural differenceandcultural change.
2.HighCultureandPopular Culture56
3.Subculture59
4.Multiculturalism 59
5.Counterculture61
6.Cultural Change61
7.Ethnocentrism andCultural Relativism 62
8.AGlobal Culture?64
6.Theoriesof Culture65
1.2.5: Applysociology’smacro-level theoriestogaingreater understandingof culture.
2.Structural-Functional Theory: TheFunctionsof Culture65
3.Social-Conflict Theory: InequalityandCulture66
4.Feminist Theory: Gender andCulture67
5.Sociobiology: EvolutionandCulture67
7.CultureandHumanFreedom 68
1.2.6: Critiquecultureaslimitingor expandinghuman freedom.
2.CultureasConstraint 69
3.CultureasFreedom 69
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife70
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife71
3.MakingtheGrade72
3.3Socialization: From InfancytoOldAge74
1.ThePower of Societytoshapehowmuchtelevisionwewatch75
2.Social Experience: TheKeytoOur Humanity76
1.3.1: Describehowsocial interactionisthefoundationof personality.
2.HumanDevelopment: NatureandNurture76
3.Social Isolation77
3.UnderstandingSocialization78
1.3.2: Explainsixmajor theoriesof socialization.
2.SigmundFreud’sElementsof Personality78
3.JeanPiaget’sTheoryof CognitiveDevelopment 79
4.LawrenceKohlberg’sTheoryof Moral Development 80
5.Carol Gilligan’sTheoryof Gender andMoral Development 80
6.GeorgeHerbert Mead’sTheoryof theSocial Self 81
7.ErikH.Erikson’sEight Stagesof Development 83
4.Agentsof Socialization83
1.3.3: Analyzehowthefamily,school,peer groups,andthe massmediaguidethesocializationprocess.
2.TheFamily83
3.TheSchool 85
4.ThePeer Group85
5.TheMassMedia86
5.SocializationandtheLifeCourse89
1.3.4: Discusshowour societyorganizeshumanexperience intodistinctivestagesof life.
2.Childhood89
3.Adolescence90
4.Adulthood91
5.OldAge91
6.DeathandDying93
7.TheLifeCourse: PatternsandVariations93
6.Resocialization: Total Institutions94
1.3.5: Characterizetheoperationof total institutions.
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife96
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife97
3.MakingtheGrade98
4.4Social InteractioninEverydayLife100
1.ThePower of Societytoguidethewaywedosocial networking 101
2.Social Structure: AGuidetoEverydayLiving102
1.4.1: Explainhowsocial structurehelpsustomakesenseof everydaysituations.
3.Status103
1.4.2: Statetheimportanceof statustosocial organization.
2.StatusSet 103
3.AscribedandAchievedStatus103
4.Master Status103
4.Role103
1.4.3: Statetheimportanceof roletosocial organization.
2.RoleSet 104
3.RoleConflict andRoleStrain105
4.RoleExit 105
5.TheSocial Constructionof Reality105
1.4.4: Describehowwesociallyconstruct reality.
2.TheThomasTheorem 107
3.Ethnomethodology107
4.RealityBuilding: ClassandCulture107
5.TheIncreasingImportanceof Social Media108
6.Dramaturgical Analysis: The“Presentationof Self”109
1.4.5: ApplyGoffman’sanalysistoseveral familiar situations.
2.Performances109
3.Nonverbal Communication109
4.Gender andPerformances110
5.Idealization111
6.Embarrassment andTact 112
7.InteractioninEverydayLife: ThreeApplications114
1.4.6: Construct asociological analysisof threeaspectsof everydaylife: emotions,language,andhumor.
2.Emotions: TheSocial Constructionof Feeling114
3.Language: TheSocial Constructionof Gender 116
4.RealityPlay: TheSocial Constructionof Humor 117
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife120
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife121
3.MakingtheGrade122
5.5MassMediaandSocial Media124
1.ThePower of Societytoguidethewaywomenandmenuse social media125
2.What IstheMedia?126
1.5.1: Explainthemeaningsof threekeyconcepts: media, massmedia,andsocial media.
2.MassMedia127
3.Social Media127
3.MediaandtheMessage: MediaBiasandMediaLiteracy128
1.5.2: Investigatetheissueof mediabiasandtheneedfor medialiteracy.
2.MediaandBias128
3.MediaLiteracy129
4.TheHistorical Evolutionof MassMediaandSocial Media129
1.5.3: Describethehistorical evolutionof massmediaand social media.
2.Newspapers129
3.Radio130
4.Television132
5.TheInternet andtheRiseof Social Media133
6.InSummary136
5.TheEffectsof Social MediaontheIndividual 137
1.5.4: Explorehowtheuseof social mediaaffects individuals.
2.Social MediaandthePresentationof Self 137
3.Social MediaandSelf-Image137
4.Social MediaandEmpathy138
5.Social MediaandConformity139
6.Social Media,Multitasking,andAttentionSpan139
7.Cyber-Bullying139
8.Social MediaandAddiction140
9.InSummary140
6.TheEffect of Social MediaonRelationships141
1.5.5: Assesshowtheuseof social mediamayaffect social relationships.
2.Social Media,Relationships,Parenting,andPredators141
3.Social MediaandDating142
7.TheEffect of Social MediaonSociety144
1.5.6: Identifyseveral effectsof social mediaonsociety.
2.Social MediaandCulture144
3.Social MediaandWork145
4.Social MediaandPolitics147
8.Theoriesof Social Media147
1.5.7: Applysociology’smajor theoriestosocial media.
2.Structural-Functional Theory: TheFunctionsof Social Media147
3.Symbolic-InteractionTheory: Social MediaandReality Construction149
4.Social-Conflict Theory: Social MediaandInequality149
5.Feminist Theory: Social MediaandGender 150
6.TheFutureof theMedia151
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife152
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife153
3.MakingtheGrade154
6.6GroupsandOrganizations156
1.ThePower of Societytolinkpeopleintogroups157
2.Social Groups158
1.6.1: Explaintheimportanceof varioustypesof groupsto social life.
2.PrimaryandSecondaryGroups159
3.GroupLeadership160
4.GroupConformity160
5.ReferenceGroups162
6.In-GroupsandOut-Groups162
7.GroupSize162
8.Social Diversity: Race,Class,andGender 163
9.Networks163
10.Social MediaandNetworking164
3.Formal Organizations165
1.6.2: Describetheoperationof large,formal organizations.
2.Typesof Formal Organizations165
3.Originsof Formal Organizations166
4.Characteristicsof Bureaucracy166
5.Organizational Environment 167
6.TheInformal Sideof Bureaucracy167
7.Problemsof Bureaucracy168
8.Oligarchy169
4.TheEvolutionof Formal Organizations169
1.6.3: Summarizethechangestoformal organizationsover thecourseof thelast century.
2.ScientificManagement 170
3.TheFirst Challenge: RaceandGender 170
4.TheSecondChallenge: TheJapaneseWorkOrganization 171
5.TheThirdChallenge: TheChangingNatureof Work171
6.The“McDonaldization”of Society172
7.TheFutureof Organizations: OpposingTrends174
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife176
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife177
3.MakingtheGrade178
7.7SexualityandSociety180
1.ThePower of Societytoshapeour attitudesonsocial issues involvingsexuality181
2.UnderstandingSexuality182
1.7.1: Describehowsexualityisbothabiological anda cultural issue.
2.Sex: ABiological Issue183
3.SexandtheBody184
4.Sex: ACultural Issue184
5.TheIncest Taboo185
3.Sexual AttitudesintheUnitedStates186
1.7.2: Explainchangesinsexual attitudesintheUnited States.
2.TheSexual Revolution187
3.TheSexual Counterrevolution188
4.Premarital Sex189
5.SexbetweenAdults189
6.Extramarital Sex189
7.Sexover theLifeCourse190
4.Sexual Orientation190
1.7.3: Analyzefactorsthat shapesexual orientation.
2.What GivesUsaSexual Orientation?191
3.HowManyGayPeopleAreThere?192
4.TheGayRightsMovement 192
5.Transgender 194
5.Sexual IssuesandControversies194
1.7.4: Discussseveral current controversiesinvolving sexuality.
2.TeenPregnancy194
3.Pornography194
4.Prostitution196
5.Sexual Violence: RapeandDateRape196
6.Theoriesof Sexuality197
1.7.5: Applysociology’smajor theoriestothetopicof sexuality.
2.Structural-Functional Theory197
3.Symbolic-InteractionTheory199
4.Social-Conflict andFeminist Theories200
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife204
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife205
3.MakingtheGrade206
8.8Deviance208
1.ThePower of Societytoaffect theoddsof beingincarceratedfor usingdrugs209
2.What isDeviance?210
1.8.1: Explainhowsociologyaddresseslimitationsof a biological or psychological approachtodeviance.
2.Social Control 210
3.TheBiological Context 211
4.PersonalityFactors211
5.TheSocial Foundationsof Deviance212
3.Structural-Functional Theories: TheFunctionsof Deviance213
1.8.2: Applystructural-functional theoriestothetopicof deviance.
2.Durkheim’sBasicInsight 213
3.Merton’sStrainTheory214
4.Deviant Subcultures215
4.Symbolic-InteractionTheories: DefiningDeviance216
1.8.3: Applysymbolic-interactiontheoriestothetopicof deviance.
2.LabelingTheory216
3.TheMedicalizationof Deviance217
4.TheDifferenceLabelsMake217
5.Sutherland’sDifferential AssociationTheory218
6.Hirschi’sControl Theory218
5.Theoriesof Class,Race,andGender: DevianceandInequality 219
1.8.4: Applysocial-conflict theoriestothetopicof deviance.
2.DevianceandPower 219
3.DevianceandCapitalism 219
4.White-Collar Crime220
5.CorporateCrime220
6.OrganizedCrime220
7.Race-Conflict Theory: HateCrimes221
8.Feminist Theory: DevianceandGender 221
6.Crime223
1.8.5: Identifypatternsof crimeintheUnitedStatesand aroundtheworld.
2.Typesof Crime223
3.Criminal Statistics224
4.TheStreet Criminal: AProfile225
5.CrimeinGlobal Perspective226
7.TheU.S.Criminal JusticeSystem 228
1.8.6: Analyzetheoperationof thecriminal justicesystem.
2.DueProcess228
3.Police228
4.Courts229
5.Punishment 230
6.TheDeathPenalty232
7.Community-BasedCorrections234
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife236
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife237
3.MakingtheGrade238
9.9Social Stratification240
1.ThePower of Societytoshapeour chancesof livinginpoverty 241
2.What IsSocial Stratification?ClassandCasteSystems242
1.9.1: Applytheconceptsof caste,class,andmeritocracyto societiesaroundtheworld.
2.TheCasteSystem 243
3.TheClassSystem 244
4.CasteandClass: TheUnitedKingdom 246
5.ClasslessSocieties?TheFormer Soviet Union247
6.China: EmergingSocial Classes248
7.Ideology: ThePower behindStratification250
3.Theoriesof Social Inequality250
1.9.2: Applysociology’smajor theoriestothetopicof social inequality.
2.Structural-Functional Theory: TheDavis-MooreThesis250
3.Social-Conflict Theories: Karl MarxandMaxWeber 252
4.Symbolic-InteractionTheory: StratificationinEveryday Life255
4.Social StratificationandTechnology: AGlobal Perspective256
1.9.3: Analyzethelinkbetweenasociety’stechnologyandits social stratification.
2.Hunting-and-GatheringSocieties256
3.Horticultural,Pastoral,andAgrarianSocieties256
4.Industrial Societies256
5.TheKuznetsCurve256
5.InequalityandSocial ClassintheUnitedStates257
1.9.4: Describethedistributionof incomeandwealthinthe UnitedStates.
2.Income,Wealth,andPower 257
3.Occupational Prestige259
4.Schooling259
5.Ancestry,Race,andGender 260
6.Social ClassesintheUnitedStates261
7.TheDifferenceClassMakes263
6.Social Mobility264
1.9.5: Assesstheextent of social mobilityintheUnited States.
2.ResearchonMobility267
3.MobilitybyIncomeLevel 267
4.Mobility: Race,Ethnicity,andGender 268
5.MobilityandMarriage268
6.TheAmericanDream: Still aReality?269
7.TheGlobal EconomyandtheU.S.ClassStructure270
7.PovertyandtheTrendtowardIncreasingInequality270
1.9.6: Discusspatternsof povertyandincreasingeconomic inequalityintheUnitedStates.
2.TheExtent of Poverty270
3.WhoArethePoor?270
4.ExplainingPoverty271
5.TheWorkingPoor 273
6.Homelessness273
7.TheTrendtowardIncreasingInequality274
8.AretheVeryRichWorththeMoney?275
9.CantheRest of UsGet Ahead?276
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife278
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife279
3.MakingtheGrade280
10.10Global Stratification282
1.ThePower of Societytodetermineachild’schanceof survival toagefive283
2.Global Stratification: AnOverview285
1.10.1: Describethedivisionof theworldintohigh-,middle-, andlow-incomecountries.
2.AWordabout Terminology285
3.High-IncomeCountries286
4.Middle-IncomeCountries289
5.Low-IncomeCountries289
3.Global WealthandPoverty290
1.10.2: Discusspatternsandexplanationsof povertyaround theworld.
2.TheSeverityof Poverty290
3.TheExtent of Poverty291
4.PovertyandChildren292
5.PovertyandWomen293
6.Slavery293
7.Explanationsof Global Poverty295
4.Theoriesof Global Stratification296
1.10.3: Applysociological theoriestothetopicof global inequality.
2.ModernizationTheory296
3.DependencyTheory298
4.TheFutureof Global Stratification302
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife304
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife305
3.MakingtheGrade306
11.11Gender Stratification308
1.ThePower of Societytoguideour lifechoices309
2.Gender andInequality310
1.11.1: Describethewaysinwhichsocietycreatesgender stratification.
2.Male–FemaleDifferences310
3.Gender inGlobal Perspective311
4.PatriarchyandSexism 312
3.Gender andSocialization314
1.11.2: Explaintheimportanceof gender tosocialization.
2.Gender andtheFamily314
3.Gender andthePeer Group315
4.Gender andSchooling315
5.Gender andtheMassMedia315
4.Gender andSocial Stratification316
1.11.3: Analyzetheextent of gender inequalityinvarious social institutions.
2.WorkingWomenandMen317
3.Gender,Income,andWealth318
4.Housework: Women’s“SecondShift”319
5.Gender andEducation320
6.Gender andPolitics321
7.Gender andtheMilitary322
8.AreWomenaMinority?322
9.Violenceagainst Women322
10.Violenceagainst Men323
11.Sexual Harassment 325
12.Pornography325
5.Theoriesof Gender 325
1.11.4: Applysociology’smajor theoriestogender stratification.
2.Structural-Functional Theory326
3.Symbolic-InteractionTheory326
4.Social-Conflict Theory327
5.IntersectionTheory328
6.Feminism 330
1.11.5: Contrast liberal,socialist,andradical feminism.
2.BasicFeminist Ideas330
3.Typesof Feminism 331
4.PublicSupport for Feminism 332
5.Gender: LookingAhead333
1.SeeingSociologyinEverydayLife334
2.SeeingSociologyinYour EverydayLife335
3.MakingtheGrade336
12.12RaceandEthnicity338
1.ThePower of Societytoshapepolitical attitudes339
2.TheSocial Meaningof RaceandEthnicity340
1.12.1: Explainthesocial constructionof raceandethnicity.
2.Race340
3.Ethnicity342
4.Minorities343
3.PrejudiceandStereotypes344
1.12.2: Describetheextent andcausesof prejudice.
2.MeasuringPrejudice: TheSocial DistanceScale345
3.Racism 347
4.Theoriesof Prejudice347
4.Discrimination348
1.12.3: Distinguishdiscriminationfrom prejudice.
