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•
vote on the Brexit deal was due to take place in London on 11th December 2018, but was postponed by the UK government. At the time of writing, it is understood that the vote will now take place by 21st January 2019. The European Parliament, with elections due 23rd–26th May 2019, will need to give its consent (voting by a simple majority of thevotescast) totheWithdrawal Agreement aswell.
On 12th December 2018, Theresa May faced a vote of no confidence from her party, the Conservative party, over the Brexit deal agreed with the EU. She comfortably survived the vote (200 to 117) and her party leadershipcannot becontestedfor another year.
In its conclusions of 13th December 2018, the European Council confirmed that the Withdrawal Agreement was not open for renegotiation, and stressed that the Irish backstop was intended as an “insurance policy to prevent a hard border on the island of Ireland”, but that if it were to nevertheless be triggered, “it would apply temporarily”.
As this book goes to press, the UKis still scheduled to leave the European Union on 29th March 2019. Should the Withdrawal Agreement be ratified according to the Article 50 procedure, there will be a transition period (until 31st December 2020) duringwhichtheUKwill remainsubject toEU rules and regulations but unable to take part in any decision-making process. During this period, the UK will be able to negotiate its own trade agreements. The British government and the EU are committed to avoid a “nodeal” scenario,that is,a situationwherebythe UKwouldleave the EU without a Withdrawal Agreement. However, given the uncertainty over ratification in the UK, both the EU and the UK have stepped up their preparation for a potential British “crashing out” of the EU. Article 50 allows for the extension of the negotiation period. The EU has expressed willingness to support this option in order to avert a political crisis. Readerscanfindfurther coverageof Brexit inChapter 27of thisvolume.
Continuing coverage of political developments, relating to both Brexit andthewider EU,canbefoundat: http://ukandeu.ac.uk
https://ideasoneurope.eu/
https://www.politico.eu/section/brexit/ https://euobserver.com/ https://www.euronews.com/ https://www.france24.com/en/ http://www.dw.com
Contents
Detailed contents
List of figures
List of boxes
List of tables
List of contributors
List of abbreviations
How to use this book
How to use the online resources
1
Introduction
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
2
3 4 PART 1
The Historical Context
The European Union: Establishment and Development
David Phinnemore
From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond
Clive Church and David Phinnemore
PART 2
Theories and Conceptual Approaches
Neo-functionalism
Carsten Strøby Jensen
Michelle
Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory
Ben Rosamond
Governance in the European Union
Thomas Christiansen
Europeanization
Tanja A. Börzel and Diana Panke
Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union
Stijn Smismans
Institutions and Actors
The European Commission
Morten Egeberg
The European Council and the Council of the European Union
Jeffrey Lewis
The European Parliament
Charlotte Burns
The Court of Justice of the European Union
Ilias Kapsis
Interest Groups and the European Union
Rainer Eising
Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union
Simona Guerra and Hans-Jörg Trenz
Policy-making in the European Union
Edward Best
Trade and Development Policies
Michael Smith
Enlargement
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies
Anna Maria Friis and Ana E. Juncos
The Single Market
Michelle Egan
The European Union’s Social Dimension
Gerda Falkner
The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Emek M. Uçarer
Economic and Monetary Union
Amy Verdun
The Common Agricultural Policy
Ève Fouilleux and Matthieu Ansaloni
Environmental Policy
David Benson, Viviane Gravey,and Andrew Jordan
Issues and Debates
The Euro Crisis and European Integration
Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter
Brexit
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
The Future of the EU
Brigid Laffan
Glossary
References
Index
Detailed contents
List of figures
List of boxes
List of tables
List of contributors
List of abbreviations
How to use this book
How to use the online resources
1
Introduction
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Introduction: Europeincrisis?
WhyaEuropeanUnion?
What istheEuropeanUnion?
Whocanjoin?
Whopays?
What doestheEuropeanUniondo?
TheEuropeanUnionanditscitizens
Theorganizationof thebook
2 PART 1
The Historical Context
The European Union: Establishment and Development
David Phinnemore
Introduction
IntegrationandcooperationinEurope: ambitions,tensions,anddivisions
3
TheCommunitiesandaEuropeof ‘theSix’
EstablishingtheEuropeanUnion
ReviewingtheUnion: the1996IntergovernmentalConferenceandthe Treatyof Amsterdam
Preparingfor enlargement andthetwenty-first century: the2000 IntergovernmentalConference,theTreatyof Nice,andthe‘Futureof Europe’debate
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond
Clive Church and David Phinnemore
Introduction
Fromthe‘Futureof Europe’debatetotheConstitutionalTreaty
The2003–04IntergovernmentalConferenceandtheConstitutionalTreaty
The‘no’votes: crisis
‘Negotiating’theTreatyof Lisbon
Themainelementsof theTreatyof Lisbon
TheTreatyof Lisbon: anappraisal
Ratificationof theTreatyof Lisbon
Thesignificanceof theTreatyof Lisbon
ImplementingtheTreatyof Lisbon
BeyondtheTreatyof Lisbon: crises,Brexit,andthefutureof theEU
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
4 PART 2
Weblinks Theories and Conceptual Approaches
Neo-functionalism
Carsten Strøby Jensen
Introduction
What isneo-functionalism?
5
A brief historyof neo-functionalism
Supranationalismandspillover
Critiquesof neo-functionalism
Therevivalof neo-functionalism
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Intergovernmentalism
Michelle Cini
Introduction What isintergovernmentalism?
Classicalintergovernmentalismanditscritics
Variantsof intergovernmentalism
Liberalintergovernmentalismanditscritics
New intergovernmentalism
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
6 7
Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory
Ben Rosamond
Introduction
Thelimitsof theclassicaldebateandfivewaysforward
Politicalscience,the‘new institutionalism’,andtheEuropeanUnion
Socialconstructivist approachestotheEuropeanUnion
Internationalrelationsandinternationalpoliticaleconomyrevisited
CriticaltheoriesandtheEuropeanUnion
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Governance in the European Union
8
Thomas Christiansen
Introduction
ConceptualizinggovernanceintheEuropeanUnion Multilevelgovernance ‘New governance’andtheEuropeanregulatorystate Normativedebatesabout governance
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Europeanization
Tanja A. Börzel and Diana Panke
Introduction
WhydoesEuropeanizationmatter?
Explainingtop-downEuropeanization
Explainingbottom-upEuropeanization TowardsasequentialperspectiveonEuropeanization?
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
9
Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union
Stijn Smismans
Introduction
From‘permissiveconsensus’to‘democraticdeficit’
Maastricht andthedebateduringthe1990s EU democracyandthegovernancedebate
TheConstitutionalTreatyandtheTreatyof Lisbon Crises,populism,andEU legitimacy
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
PART 3 Institutions and Actors
10
The European Commission
Morten Egeberg
Introduction
Thefunctionsof theCommission Commissioninfluence
ThePresident andtheCommissioners
Commissioners’cabinets
TheCommissionadministration Committees,networks,andEU agencies
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
11
The European Council and the Council of the European Union
Jeffrey Lewis
Introduction
TheCouncilsystem’sevolvinghierarchyandenigmatictraits
Thelayersof theCouncilsystem
Theministers’Council(s)
TheHighRepresentativeof theUnionfor ForeignAffairsandSecurity Policy
How doestheCouncilsystemwork?
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
12
The European Parliament
Charlotte Burns
Introduction
TheevolvingEuropeanParliament
Thepowersandinfluenceof theEuropeanParliament
Theinternalpoliticsof theEuropeanParliament
13
Elections,thepeople,andtheEuropeanParliament
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
The Court of Justice of the European Union
Ilias Kapsis
Introduction
Thehistoryof theEuropeancourts
Composition,structure,andprocedure
Jurisdiction
‘Judicialactivism’andthereactionof themember states
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
14
Interest Groups and the European Union
Rainer Eising
Introduction
TheEU institutionsandinterest groups
Theincreasingregulationof lobbyingintheEU
Thevarietyof Europeaninterest groups
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
15
Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union
Simona Guerra and Hans-Jörg Trenz
Introduction
Generalperceptionsof theEuropeanUnion
ExplainingpublicattitudestowardsEuropeanintegration
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Part 4 Weblinks
16
Policies and Policy-making
Policy-making in the European Union
Edward Best
Introduction
EU competencesandmodesof governance
ThepolicycycleandEU law
Legislativeprocedures
Policycoordinationandeconomicgovernance
Policy-makinginexternalrelations
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
17
Trade and Development Policies
Michael Smith
Introduction
Institutionsandpolicy-making: theCommonCommercialPolicy
Institutionsandpolicy-making: development assistancepolicy
TheEuropeanUnion’spolicyobjectivesintradeanddevelopment
TheEuropeanUnionasapower throughtradeanddevelopment
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
18
Enlargement
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Introduction
Thehistoryof enlargement
Enlargement: theprocessandactors
Explainingenlargement
Thefutureof enlargement
19
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies
Anna Maria Friis and Ana E. Juncos
Introduction
Theemergenceof theEU asaforeignandsecurityactor
CFSP institutionsandactors
ExplainingtheEU asaninternationalactor
CSDP operationsandmissions: policyinaction
Thefutureof EU foreignandsecuritypolicy: challengesandopportunities
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
20
The Single Market
Michelle Egan
Introduction
Market integrationinhistoricalperspective
Settingthescenefor theSingleMarket
Thepoliticsof neo-liberalismand‘1992’
Correctingthemarket: thepoliticsof regulatedcapitalism
The(modest) revivalof theSingleMarket
GlobalizationanditsrelationshiptotheSingleMarket
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
21
The European Union’s Social Dimension
Gerda Falkner
Introduction
Theearlyyearsof EU socialpolicy
22
Treatyreform: minor turnsmajor
FromMaastricht totheLisbonTreaty
Thedevelopment andscopeof EU policy
EU funds: fightingsocialandregionaldisparities
Theopenmethodof coordination
Socialpartnershipat Europeanlevel
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice
Emek M. Uçarer
Introduction
Preludestocooperation
TheSchengenexperiment
Maastricht andthe‘thirdpillar’
Absorbingthethirdpillar: fromAmsterdamtoLisbon
Policyoutput: babystepstoboldagendas
EU migrationandasylumpolicybeforethemigrationcrisis
ThemigrationcrisisandtheEU response
TowardsaSecurityUnion?
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
23
Economic and Monetary Union
Amy Verdun
Introduction
What iseconomicandmonetarypolicy?
FromTheHaguetoMaastricht (1969–91)
Fromtreatytoreality(1992–2002)
Explainingeconomicandmonetaryunion
Criticismsof economicandmonetaryunion
Theglobalfinancialcrisisandthesovereigndebt crisis
Conclusion
25
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
The Common Agricultural Policy
Ève Fouilleux and Matthieu Ansaloni
Introduction
Theearlydaysof theCommonAgriculturalPolicyandtheissueof CAP reform
After 1992: thelongreformprocess
Past andpresent debatesontheCAP andEU agriculture
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Environmental Policy
David Benson, Viviane Gravey,and Andrew Jordan
Introduction
Thedevelopment of environmentalpolicy: different perspectives
Linkingdifferent perspectives: theunderlyingdynamicsof environmental policy
Futurechallenges
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
26 PART 5
Weblinks Issues and Debates
The Euro Crisis and European Integration
Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter
Introduction
Fromglobalfinancialcrisistoeurocrisis
EU institutionsandtheeurocrisis
ThecrisisandtheEU’sproblemsof legitimacy
27
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Brexit
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán
Introduction
TheUK inEuropeafter 1945
TheBrexit Referendum
TheBrexit negotiationsunder Article50
ExplainingBrexit andfuturescenariosfor anEU–UK relationship
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
28
The Future of the EU
Brigid Laffan
Introduction
Four scenariosonthefutureof theEU
Interveningfactorsshapingthefutureof theEU
Conclusion
Questions
Guidetofurther reading
Weblinks
Glossary
References
Index
List of figures
Chapter 1
1 1
Map of Europe
Chapter 2
2.1 2.2
The pillar structure from Maastricht to Amsterdam
The pillar structure from Amsterdam to Lisbon
Chapter 10
10.1
European Commission: Organization Structure (simplified)
Chapter 12
12.1
Turnout in European Parliament elections 1979–2014
Chapter 14
14.1
Number of registrations in the Transparency Register, 2011–18
Chapter 16
16.1
16.2
The policy cycle
The European Semester
Chapter 18
Key stages in the negotiation process
Chapter 22
Asylum applications per member state, in thousands, January–June 2015
Detections of undocumented border crossings in the EU (2015)
Chapter 24
Distribution of the budget between the two pillars of the CAP
Chapter 25
Environmental infringements per member state in 2017
Chapter 27
The Sequencing of the UK–EU Negotiations
The Future Relationship between the UK and the EU
Chapter 28
28 1
Four scenarios on the future of Europe
List of boxes
Chapter 2
2 1
Key dates in European integration: early efforts
The Schuman Declaration
Key dates in European integration: the establishment and growth of the Communities
The Luxembourg Compromise
From intergovernmental conference (IGC) to treaty
Key dates in European integration: from Single European Act to Eastern enlargement, 1983–2003
The Treaty on European Union
The European Communities: from three to two to one
From confederacy to federation: thoughts on the finality of European integration
Chapter 3
The Laeken Declaration
3.2 3 3
3.4 3.5
Key dates in European integration: from the Treaty of Nice to the Treaty of Lisbon
Key dates in European integration: from rejection of the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon
Structure of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union (TEU)
Structure of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
3.6
Key dates in European integration: the EU and treaty reform beyond the Treaty of Lisbon
Initiative for Europe—Emmanuel Macron, 26 September 2017
Chapter 4
Loyalty shift in the European Parliament
Functional spillover: from the single market to the Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance
Political spillover in the Brexit process
Cultivated spillover in the area of health policy—the use of antibiotics in the veterinarian sector
‘Elite socialization’ and ‘loyalty transfer’
Neo-functionalist expectations about European institutions
Chapter 5
Intergovernmentalism as description, theory, and method
The European rescue of the nation state
Li and de Gaulle
The Maastricht Treaty and the UK’s bargaining position: A critique of liberal intergovernmentalism
Chapter 6
Institutions and the new institutionalism
Rational choice and the science of EU studies
The EU and statehood
Chapter 7
5 1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2
Definitions of ‘governance’
The reform of EU regional policy and the development of the multilevel governance approach
The authorization of GMOs: A case study of European regulatory governance
Managing the Eurozone crisis: Technocratic governance, representative democracy, and normative debate
Chapter 8
Europeanization
Top-down and bottom-up Europeanization: the case of the economic crisis
Explaining ‘downloading’ and ‘taking’
Explaining ‘uploading’ and ‘shaping’
Bottom-up Europeanization: the common fisheries policy
Chapter 9
European citizenship
2
Good governance according to the European Commission Delegated legislation
The European Citizens’ Initiative in practice
Chapter 10
10 1
4
The Commission as a multi-sectoral and multi-functional organization
Has the Commission been weakened by the crisis?
The growing party-politicization of the College of Commissioners?
Commission departments/Directorates-General (DGS)
The politics of administrative reorganization
Chapter 11
EU Council configurations
4
6
8
Renovating the General Affairs Council
The Council’s Brexit (Art. 50) format
The President of the European Council
Poland’s isolation over President Tusk’s 2017 reappointment
The European Council President’s ‘leaders’ agenda’
The division of labour between Coreper I and II
Organization of the General Secretariat of the Council
The new qualified majority voting system
EU Council Presidency rotations by ‘trio’, 2017–30
Article 7—what would it take?
Chapter 12
The evolving European Parliament
2
4
Appointing the Commission
The European Parliament as a policy actor
The seats of the European Parliament
Chapter 13
An example of teleological interpretation
Infringement proceedings initiated by the Commission against Greece
Types of EU legal acts
State liability for breach of EU law
Chapter 14
The debate on lobbies and interest groups
Selected EU-level interest groups
The politicization of interest group funding in the EU
Chapter 15
15.1 15.2
15 3
Euroscepticism
Public opinion: beyond political parties, across civil society
Emotions and the 2016 Brexit referendum
The constraining dissensus through referenda on Europe
Chapter 16
The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive
The troubled introduction of delegated acts
Dealing with diversity
Trilogues and transparency
The EU and Cuba
Chapter 17
The Common Commercial Policy
Key stages in the evolution of the EU’s relations with African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries
EU–China trade disputes: textiles, solar panels, and steel
Brexit and the EU’s trade and development policies
Chapter 18
The accession of Turkey to the EU
Accession process for a new member state
The Copenhagen Criteria
Enlargement, state-building, and peace-building in the Balkans
Chapter 19
19.1
A chronology of the CFSP
19 4
6
The politics of the High Representative
Comprehensive security
CSDP missions and operations
EUNAVFOR: Fighting piracy off the Horn of Africa
The EU global strategy
Chapter 20
Stages in economic integration
Characteristics of capitalism
The Single Market Programme
Updating the Single Market: the digital economy
5
Brexit and the Single Market
Theorizing the Single Market
Chapter 21
The Charter of Fundamental Rights
Will EU social policy abound after Brexit?
The European Globalization Adjustment Fund (EGF)
Youth employment policy in times of crisis
Chapter 22
Catalysts for early cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) matters
What is Schengen?
Strains on Schengen and the freedom of movement: the effects of domestic politics
The Dublin Convention
The humanitarian response
The EU–Turkey Refugee Agreement